Chemical Bonding
description
Transcript of Chemical Bonding
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1. Compare & contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron position.
2. Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.
3. Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of - binary ionic compounds - binary covalent compounds
4. Apply the Law of Conservation of Matter by balancing the following types of chemical
equations:• Synthesis
• Decomposition• Single Replacement• Double Replacement
GOALGOALSS
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3416
3. Determine the Types of ions formed by representative elements
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Why do Atoms Form Compounds?•Stability.•What makes an atom stable?•Full outer energy level.
–Eight.
•They can either……–1) Gain electrons–2) Lose electrons–3) Share electrons
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•A Chemical Bond holds atoms together in a compound.
•Two basic typesTwo basic types:
1. Ionic2. Covalent
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Ionic Bonding
TransferTransfer of
electrons
from one
atom to
another
atom.
Occurs between metals &
nonmetals.
Remember: Atoms need a full outer energy level to be stable. EIGHT!
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Called compounds.
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Occurs between metals and nonmetals.
Metals are electron donors.
SO, they become POSITIVE
Non-metals are electron accepters.
SO, they become NEGATIVE.
6 Ionic Bonding
OPPOSITS ATTRACT!
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When Atoms gain or lose When Atoms gain or lose electrons, they are called electrons, they are called Ions.Ions.
Cation
Anion
3P
3P3P
3P
3P
3P
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• Metals lose electrons to become stable.
• Nonmetals gain electrons to become stable.
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Atoms can gain or lose electronsAtoms can gain or lose electrons
Ionization: requires energy
Why do atoms lose and gain electrons?
To become more stable.
Stability=full outer energy level
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OPPOSITS ATTRACT!
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Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Crystalline solids at room temperature.
• Arranged in repeating three-dimensional patterns
• Have high melting points• Can conduct electricity
when melted or dissolved in water
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Ionic
Bondin
g
CLIP
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Covalent Bonding
The
sharing of
electrons
between
atoms.
Occurs between nonmetal
s and nonmetal
s.Called Molecules.
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Hydrogen and Fluorine
Hydrogen and Chlorine
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17 Single, Double,
Triple 2 e- 4e- 6e-
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Clip
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Unequal Sharing
δ+
Called Polarδ_
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Polar molecules
happen when one
atom has a greater positive charge
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Properties of Covalent Molecules
• Many are gases or liquids at room temperature
• Composed of two nonmetals.
• Have low melting and boiling points
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• Ionic and Covalent Bonding Review Clip
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1.CO2
2.NaCl3.H2O
4.MgCl2
5.NO2
6.Li2S
7.NaF
9.BeO 10.HCl11.NaF12.KCl13.H2O2
14.N2
15.Cl2
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21 Covalent or Ionic?(write the formula, then write “C” or “I”
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Goals revisited
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•Writing chemical formulas is a shorthand way of indicating what a substance is made of. •These formulas also let you know how many atoms of each type are found in a molecule. The chemical formula for water is H2O. Carbon Dioxide is CO2. Why does oxygen combine in different ratios, in different compounds? The chemical formula for table salt is NaCl. Calcium Chloride is CaCl2.
Why does chlorine combine in different ratios, in different compounds?
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The simplest compounds are ones
with only two elements
These are called binary
KI, CO, H2O, NaCl
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+1
+2
-1
-2
-3
+3
+4 -4
0Oxidation numbers
Tell you how many electrons an atom must gain, lose or share to become
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We can predict the ratio of atoms in ionic compounds based on
their oxidation numbers
Oxidation numbers
K Cl+1
-1
KClTells you how many electrons an atom must gain, lose or share to become
stable.
1 valence electron
7 valence electronAll All
compounds compounds are neutralare neutralThat means the That means the
overall charge is overall charge is
ZERO!ZERO!
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Subscripts show the number of atoms of that kind in the compound
Na
Br
+1
-1
NaBr
Ca Br
+2
-1
CaBr2
To make it ZERO, you
need 1 Ca & 2 Br.
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Now You Try writing Binary Ionic formulas
1.K + Br2.Mg + Cl3.Ca + I4.K + O5.K + I6.Sr + Br7.Na + O
8.Ga + Br9.Mg + O10.Al + P
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Some elements have more than one oxidation number (Chart p588)
Fe O
+3
-2
Fe2O
3
Fe O
+2
-2
FeOWe call these elements- Multivalent
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Multivalent Practice
1. Fe+2 + O2. Fe+3 + O3. Cu+2 + F4. Cr+3 + O
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Cations: ammonium, NH4+
Anions: nitrate, NO3-
sulfate, SO42-
hydroxide, OH-
phosphate, PO43-
carbonate, CO32-
chlorate, ClO3-
permanganate, MnO4-
chromate, CrO42-
Polyatomic Ions
Groups of Covalently Bonded
atoms that stay
together.
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Try these……p591
1.Na + SO4
2.Mg + PO4
3.Ca + CO3
4.Na + OH5.Mg + OH6.NH4 + OH
7.K + PO4
8.NH4 + NO3
9.H + SO4
10.Ca + SO4
11.K + NO3
12. Na + PO4
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Mixed Practice
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Naming Binary Compounds and Molecules
• Steps:– If it is Binary-1. Decide if it is an ionic or covalent
bond.– Metal- nonmetal…..
» Ionic– Nonmetal- nonmetal….
» Covalent
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Example:• NaCl
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If ionic …….
2.2. Check to see if any Check to see if any elements are elements are multivalent or multivalent or polyatomic.polyatomic.
3.3. If all single valentIf all single valent, , write the name of write the name of the positive ion the positive ion first.first.
4.4. Write the root of the Write the root of the negative ion and negative ion and add –ide.add –ide.
Examples:1.NaCl2.K2O
3.AlCl34.BaF2
5.KI6.Li2O
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If ionic …….5. Check to see if any
elements are multivalent.
6. If multivalent ions, determine the oxidation number of the element.
7. Use Roman numerals in parentheses after the name of the element.
8. Write the root of the negative ion and add –ide.
Examples:
1.FeO2.Fe2O3
3.CuO4.Cu2O
5.PbCl4
6.PbI2
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If it contains a polyatomic ion...2. Write the name
of the positive ion.
3. Write the name of the polyatomic ion.
Examples:1. NaCO3
2. KNO3
3. NaC2H3O2
Example:•KOH
•Potassium Hydroxide•CaCO3
•Calcium Carbonate
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If Covalent...2. Use Greek prefix to
indicate how many atoms of each element are in the molecule
3. Add -ide to the more electronegative element
Greek Prefixes1- mono-2- di-3- tri-4- tetra-5- penta-6- hexa-7- hepta-8- octa-
Example:•NO
•Nitrogen Monoxide•PCl3
•Phosphorous trichloride
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Name the following:Mixed Practice
1.KBr2.HCl3.MgO4.CaCl25.H2O
6.NO2
7.CuSO4
8.CaSO4
9.NH4OH
10.CaCO3
11.Cu(ClO3) 2
12.Cr2O 3
13. FeO
14. LiBr15 MgCl
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Goals revisited
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Chemical Reactions• A chemical reaction is a change in A chemical reaction is a change in
which one or more substances are which one or more substances are converted into new substances.converted into new substances.– Rearrangement of bonds in compounds and Rearrangement of bonds in compounds and
molecules.molecules.
• Chemical Equations make it possible to see clearly what is happening during a chemical reaction
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Chemical equations are a shorthand way to show
chemical reactions.
Reactants Products
H2 + O2 H2O
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Conservation of Mass
The mass of the
products always
equals the mass
of the reactants
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H2 + O2 H2O
2 Hydrogen atoms
2 Oxygen atoms
2 Hydrogen atoms & one Oxygen atom
Does this meet the Conservation of Mass
Law?
Must Balance the Equation to show Conservation of
Mass.
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2
H2 + O2 H2O2
4 1 2 2
2
4
Balanced!!
Can add coefficients to Balance equations.
Steps:
1. Count Atoms on both sides2. If not Balanced, add coefficients to
balance.3. Recount atoms after adding each coefficient.
2
4. Keep adding coefficients until balanced.
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45 Chemical Reactions
• You start with one or more compounds and turn it into different compounds.
Vapors of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride.
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1.Synthesis2.Decomposition
3.Single Replacement (Single Displacement)
4.Double Replacement (Double Displacement)
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Synthesis“to make”
A + B AB
Cu + O CuO
2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Decomposition“to breakdown”
2H2O 2H2 + O2
AB A + B
NaOH Na + OH
Animation
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Single ReplacementWhen one element replaces another
element in a compound
A + BC AC + BCu+AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2+
2Ag
The more reactive metal will always replace the less reactive
metal. (p749)
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• Clip
Single Replacement
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Double ReplacementPositive Ion of One compound replaces the positive ion of another compound
and a Precipitate is formed.
AB + CD AD + CBBa(NO3)2+KSO4 2KNO3 + BaSO4
Review Clip
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Review Clip
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
• All chemical reactions release or absorb energy.– Heat, light, sound
• Chemical reactions are the making and breaking or bonds.
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1. Exergonic
• Chemical reactions that releases energy are called exergonic.– Glow sticks
• If heat is released, it is called exothermic.
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2. Endergonic
• Chemical reactions that require energy are called endergonic.
• Ex: Cold Packs• If heat is absorbed, it is called
endothermic
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Catalysts and InhibitorsSome reactions proceed slowly.
•They can be sped up by a catalysts.– Catalysts are not used up in the reaction.– EX: enzymes (biological catalysts)
Some reactions proceed too fast.•They can be slowed down by
inhibitors.– EX: Preservatives in food
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1. Compare & contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron position.
2. Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.
3. Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of• binary ionic compounds • binary covalent compounds
4. Apply the Law of Conservation of Matter by balancing the following types of chemical
equations:• Synthesis
• Decomposition• Single Replacement• Double Replacement
GOALS GOALS Revisited…..Revisited…..