Chemical Analysis of Motor Gasoline by Superior Kerosene and … · The Motor gasoline laboratory...
Transcript of Chemical Analysis of Motor Gasoline by Superior Kerosene and … · The Motor gasoline laboratory...
Journal of Applied Chemical Research, Volume 17, 75-82 (2011)
Journal of App l ied Chemical Research
www.jacr.k iau.ac. i r
Chemical Analysis of Motor Gasoline by Superior Kerosene and High Speed Diesel with Reference to
Adulteration
J.Balakrishnan , V.Balasubramanian* Department of Chemistry, AMET University, Chennai, India.
(Received 21 March 2011; Final version received 14 April 2011)AbstractThe study of the motor gasoline blended with superior kerosene (SK) and high speed diesel, HSD (mixture of hydrocarbon with high aromatic content) revealed that distillation parameter gives the basic idea or significant role of adulteration. The motor gasoline laboratory blends give an idea that about 4% of SK and 2% of HSD can be adulterated based on the EURO-III specification and parameter does not show the control point of adulteration. The distillation test attempt to realize that whether the Motor gasoline is adulterated with Superior Kerosene. The Motor gasoline laboratory blends analysis has made finger print region with deviation of +1% and correlated with the data. Key Words: Motor Gasoline, Superior Kerosene, High Speed Diesel, Distillation, Density of Motor Gasoline.
Introduction
The fuel, Motor Gasoline (MG) is a volatile
liquid fraction of petroleum. Petroleum[1-3]
is obtained from decay and decomposition of
plant and animal body.The petroleum[4-6]
is processed to get various products like
methane, LPG, naphtha, motor gasoline [7-
9], superior kerosene, high speed diesel, lube
oil, fuel oil, wax, and asphalt. The liquid
fraction of petroleum plays vital role in our
day to day life in various fields like fuel for
transports[10], burning and lubrication etc.
Superior Kerosene and High Speed Diesel are
liquid fraction[11] obtained from petroleum
which contain high aromatic fraction, but
motor gasoline is volatile fraction. They differ
in carbon numbers. Superior Kerosene is used
for lightening and household purpose while the
High Speed Diesel is mainly used for transport.
The Motor gasoline should meet the EURO-III
Specification (Table-1), which have various test
like Distillation[12], Density, Octane number,
Reid vapor pressure, Gum content, Color, Total
acidity, Existent gum (Gum formation) etc.
* Corresponding author: Dr. V. Balasubramanian, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, AMET University, 135 East cast road, Kanathur, Chennai, Taminadu, India - 603112. Email: [email protected]. Tel:+91 44-27472155, Fax: +91 44 27472804.
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)76
Table 1. Indian standards- motor gasoline fuel specification (3rd Revision).
S.No Parameters Requirements (MG) Methods of Test[P:] of IS 1448Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium
1 Color, Visual Orange Red -2 [email protected]/m3 720-775 720-775 [P:16]3 Distillationa) Recovered up to 700C(E70) percent by
volume10-45 10-45
[P:18]
b) Recovered up to 1000C(E100) percent by volume
40-70 40-70
c) Recovered up to 1500C(E150) percent by volume, Min
75 75
3d) Final Boiling Point(FBP),Max 2100C 2100C4 Research Octane Number(RON)Min 91 91 [P:27]5 Motor Octane Number(MON)Min 81 91 [P:26]6 Reid Vapor pressure(RVP),kPa 60 60 [P:39]7 Existent gum, g/m3, Max 40 40 [P:29]
Experimental
Material and Methods
Sixty nine motor gasoline samples[13] were
obtained from fuel filling station, various
locations in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India for
analysis. The standards of Motor Gasoline
were obtained from Oil Company. Then Motor
Gasoline blended with SK &HSD at various
ratios (v/v %) and these blended samples are
analyzed as per IS 1448 [12].
Motor Gasoline Lab Blends with SK & HSD
A series of blend like MG100%,
(MG95%+SK5%), (MG90%+SK10%),
(MG99%+HSD1%), (MG98%+HSD2%),
(MG95%+HSD5%), were prepared and these
blended samples were tested as per IS 1448.
Table 2.Comparative chart of Motor Gasoline Blend with Superior Kerosene & High Speed Diesel.
Motor Gasoline(MG) Blend With Superior Kerosene (SK) & High Speed Diesel (HSD)
Test report MG-100% MG-95% MG -90% MG-99% MG-98% MG-95%SK-5% SK-10% HSD-1% HSD-2% HSD-5%
Density @150C Kg/m3 742.0 743.5 755.0 742.0 744.0 755.0DistillationInitial Boiling Point 40 43 45 43 45 40
Recovery of 5% 48 55 54 53 53 49
Recovery of 10% 59 60 60 59 59 56
Recovery of 20% 67 69 69 67 67 66
Recovery of 30% 75 77 78 75 75 77
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 77
Recovery of 40% 84 88 90 85 86 91
Recovery of 50% 98 100 103 97 98 106
Recovery of 60% 108 112 116 108 110 120
Recovery of 70% 121 125 128 120 121 133
Recovery of 80% 133 136 142 132 134 151
Recovery of 90% 148 154 161 146 148 250
Recovery of 95% 162 170 185 156 164 270
Final Boiling Point 178 218 233 195 250 > 300
Recovery@70 oC 25% 22% 21% 24% 23% 24%
Recovery@100 oC 52% 50% 48% 53% 52% 45%
Recovery@150 oC 91% 88% 84% 92% 91% 79%Recovery@180 oC 99% 97% 94% 98% 97% 85%
Densitymeasurements have done for all the
motor gasoline bends were as per method.
Density measure is carried out at 15o Celcius
i.e. Density at 15oC Kg/m3.
Distillationparameters were done for all the motor
gasoline blends, apart from the specification,
Initial Boiling Point (IBP), 5-95% RecoveryoC,
Final Boiling Point (FBP), Recovery at 70oC,
Recovery at 100oC and Recovery at 150oC were
carried out.
Result and Discussion
Density
The density [12] of MG blends with SK and
HSD show gradualincrease as % of SK and HSD
content increases (Table2 and Figure 1), since
the density of SK & HSD is greater than MG.
Figure 1. Density of motor gasoline blends.
The density of MG (100%) is 742.0 + 1%. The
density of blend of MG with 5% SK blend
with MG is found to be 743.5 and that of 10%
SK found to be 755.0.The density of blend of
MG with1% HSD blend found to be 742.0 and
that of 2% HSD found to be 744.0 & 5% HSD
found to be 755.0.All these blends of MG
with SK and HSD are well within the limit of
specification.
Distilation (Boiling point test)
Initial Boiling Point (IBP) 0C
The IBP (oC) of MG found was 40oC. The IBP
of blend with 5% HSD was found as the MG.
The blends with 5% SK and 1%HSD resemble
same with increase in 3oC (Table2 and Figure
2). While the blends with 10% SK and 2%
HSD resembles same with increase in 5oC.
Figure 2. Initial Boiling Point of motor gasoline Blends.
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)78
5% Volume Recovery
5% volume recovered at 48oC for MG (100%),
the blend of MG with 5% SK is recovered
variation of 7oC. Also the blend of MG with
10% SK is recovered with variation of 6oC
(Table 2 and Figure 3).The blend of MG with
1% HSD and 2% HSD is recovered with
variation of 5oC. While that of 5% HSD is
recovered of variation of 1oC.
Figure 3. Comparison of motor gasoline blends of Initial Boiling Point & Recovery of 5%.
10% Volume Recovery
10% volume recovered at 59oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered with difference of 1oC.
The blend of MG with 1% HSD and 2% HSD
is recovered at 59oC which resembles the
same as MG(Table2 and Figure 4), While that
of 5% HSD is recovered earlier at 56oC with
variation 3oC.
Figure 4. Recovery of 10%.
20% Volume Recovery
20% volume Recovered at 67oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%
SK is recovered at 69oC of variation 2oC. The
blend of MG with 1% HSD and 2% HSD is
recovered at 67oC which resembles as same as
MG (Table 2 and Figure 5), While that of 5%
HSD is recovered earlier at 66oC of negative
variation 1oC.
Figure 5. Recovery of 20%.
30% Volume Recovery
30% volume recovered at 75oC for MG (100%),
the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is
recovered at 77oC & 780Cof variation 2oC and
3oC respectively. The blend of MG with 1%
HSD and 2% HSD is recovered at 75oC which
resembles as same as MG (Table 2 and Figure
6),While that of 5% HSD is recovered at 77oC
of variation 2oC.
Figure 6. Recovery of 30%.
40% Volume Recovery
40% volume recovered at 84oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%
SK is recovered at 88oC & 90oC of variation
4oC and 6oC respectively(Table2 and Figure
7).The blend of MG with 1% HSD &2% HSD
is recovered at 85oC and 86oCof variation 1oC
and 2oC respectively. While that of 5% HSD is
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 79
recovered at 91oC of variation 7oC.
Figure7.Recovery of 40%.
50% Volume Recovery
50% volume recovered at 98oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%
SK is recovered at 100oC &103oC of variation
2oC and 5oC respectively (Table 2 and Figure
8).The blend of MG with 1% HSD & 2% HSD
is recovered at 97oC and 98oC of variation -1oC
and 2oC respectively. While that of 5% HSD is
recovered at 106oC of variation 8oC.
Figure8. Recovery of 50%.
60%Volume Recovery
60% volume recovered at 108oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered at 112oC & 116oC of
variation 4oC and 8oC respectively (Table 2
and Figure 9). The blend of MG with 1% HSD
is recovered at 108oC the same as MG & 2%
HSD is recovered at 110oC of variation 2oC.
While that of 5% HSD is recovered at 120oC
of variation 12oC.
Figure9.Recovery of 60%.
70%Volume Recovery
70% volume recovered at 121oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered at 125oC & 128oC of
variation 4oC and 7oC respectively (Table2 and
Figure 10).The blend of MG with 1% HSD
is recovered at earlier at 120oC of variation
-1oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 121oC the same
as MG.While that of 5% HSD is recovered at
133oC of variation 12oC.
Figure10. Recovery of 70%.
80%Volume Recovery
80% volume recovered at 133oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered at 136oC & 142oC of
variation 3oC and 11oC respectively (Table 2
and Figure 11).The blend of MG with 1% HSD
is recovered at earlier at 132o Cof variation
-1oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 134oC. While
that of 5% HSD is recovered at 151oC of
variation 18oC.
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)80
Figure11. Recovery of 80%.
90% Volume Recovery
90% volume recovered at 148oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered at 154oC & 161oC of
variation 6oC and 13oC respectively (Table2
and Figure 12).The blend of MG with 1% HSD
is recovered at earlier at 146oCof variation
-2oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 148oC the same
as MG. While that of 5% HSD is recovered at
250oC of variation by big difference 112oC.
Figure12.Comparison of 90% & 95% recovery.
95%Volume Recovery
95% volume recovered at 162oC for MG
(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and
10% SK is recovered at 170oC & 185oC of
variation 8oC and 23oC respectively. The blend
of MG with 1% HSD is recovered at earlier at
156oC of negative variation -6oC& 2% HSD is
recovered at 164oC variation 2oC. While that
of 5% HSD is recovered at 270oC of variation
by big difference 102oC (Table 2).
Final Boiling Point (FBP)oC
The FBP(oC)of MG was foundto be 178oC.
The blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK
is found to be 218oC and 233oC of variation
40oC and 55oC respectively. The FBP oC blend
of MG with 1% HSD found to be 195oC of
variation 17oC & 2% HSD is found to be
250oC variation 72oC. While that of 5% HSD
found to be more than 300oC of variation by
big difference more than 120oC (Table 2).
Recovery at 70oC
25% of MG (100%) is recovered at 70oC, The
blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% Superior
Kerosene is shows that 22% recovery and
21% recovery respectively. The blend of MG
with SK shows that 3% & 4% less recovery
when compared to the MG (100%).The blend
of MG with of both 1% HSD and 5% HSD
shows 24% recovery which is 1% less than
MG (100%).while of 2% HSD shows 23%
recovery which is 2% less that MG(100%)
(Table 2, Figure 13).
Recovery at 100oC
52% of MG (100%) is recovered at 100oC,the
blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is shows
50% recovery and 48% recovery respectively.
The blend of MG with SK shows that 2% &
4% less recovery when compared to the MG
(100%).The blend of MG with of 1% HSD
shows 53% recovery which is 1% less than
MG (100%) and 2% HSD shows 52% recovery
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 81
which is as same as that of MG (100%), while
of 5% HSD shows 45% recovery which is 7%
less that MG (100%) which is big difference
(Table 2, Figure 13).
Recovery at 150oC
91% of MG (100%) is recovered at 150oC. The
blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is shows
88% recovery and 84% recovery respectively.
The blend of MG with SK shows that 3%
&7% less recovery when compared to the MG
(100%) which is big difference(Table 2, Figure
13).The blend of MG with of 1% HSD shows
92% recovery which is 1% more than MG
(100%), 2% HSD shows 91% recovery which
is as same as that of MG (100%), while of 5%
HSD shows 79% recovery which is 12% less
that MG (100%)which is big difference.
Figure13. Comparison of Recovery at 70oC,at100oC & at150oC.
Conclusion
It is possible to adulterate the motor gasoline
with up to 4% of SK and 1% HSD. The
Density of Motor gasoline blended with 5%,
10% of SK and 1%, 2%, 5% of HSD fulfilled
the specification. The density parameters are
within the range of EURO-III-specification.
The parameter recovery at 80%, 90% 95%
and FBP shows that the motor gasoline is
adulterate with other substance, but this
parameter is not included in the specification.
The distillation parameter, recovery at 70oC, at
100oC & at 150oC having wide range of limit,
all the blend of MG with SK & HSD is well
within the limit of the specification. Therefore
the sample motor gasoline is adulterated, but
the specification has to be modified to control
adulteration. Volumeshould be included in the
specification with modification; this parameter
shall be useful of detection for adulteration.
Acknowledgement
The authors express their gratitude and thank
for the support and encouragement extended
by Mr.R.Balasubramanian and Mr.J.Janakiram
for petroleum instrumental analysis.
References
[1]B Graham. Moody, Petroleum Exploration
Hand book McGraw Hill 1st Ed 5, (1961).
[2] Ernest Beerstech, Petroleum microbiology,
Elsevier, 74 (1954).
[3] Baker Hughes Petroleum geology (1999).
[4] Harold H.Schobert, The chemistry of
hydrocarbon fuels. Butterworths, Elsevier Ltd
London, 34 (1990).
[5] M.Van Winkle, Hydrocarbon process,
April, 139 (1964).
[6] H.S Bell, American Petroleum Refining.
Van Nostrand, 47 (1945)
[7]G.James Speight and Ozum.Petroleum
J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)82
refining processes. Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York (2002).
[8] G.James, Speight Chemistry and
technology of petroleum. Marcel Dekker.
New York 3rd Ed (1990).
[9] B.K.Bhaskara Rao. Modern Petroleum
Refining Process Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt Ltd New Delhi, 5th Ed (2008).
[10]R.N. Rao,Trends in Analytical Chemistry,
21, 175 (2002)
[11]D.Patra, A.K. Mishra, Analytical Chimica
Acta, 454, 209 (2002)
[12] Bureau of Indian Standards, New Dehli
110002, India.IS–1448 (1991).
[13] R John.Huges.The storage and handling
of petroleum liquids 2nd Edition (1970).