Chemical Analysis Branch Handbook 9th Edition - … · CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 3...
40
Chemical analysis branch handbook 9th edition Workplace and biological monitoring exposure analysis
Transcript of Chemical Analysis Branch Handbook 9th Edition - … · CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 3...
Chemical analysis branch handbook
9th edition
Workplace and biological monitoring exposure analysis
Disclaimer
This publication may contain work health and safety and workers compensation information. It may include some of your obligations under the various legislations that WorkCover NSW administers. To ensure you comply with your legal obligations you must refer to the appropriate legislation.
Information on the latest laws can be checked by visiting the NSW legislation website legislation.nsw.gov.au
This publication does not represent a comprehensive statement of the law as it applies to particular problems or to individuals or as a substitute for legal advice. You should seek independent legal advice if you need assistance on the application of the law to your situation.
© WorkCover NSW
Contents
General information 2
Workplace monitoring 2
Biological monitoring 3
Table 1 – Workplace monitoring analysis 5
Volatile organics screen – 73 reported compounds* 17
Table 2 – Biological monitoring analysis 18
Additional information about the organophosphate metabolites in urine screen 32
Abbreviations used in table 1 and table 2 33
Laboratory accreditation 34
Quality assurance 34
Measurement uncertainty 35
Useful references and websites 36
2 WORKCOVER NSW
General informationThe Chemical Analysis Branch is located at Thornleigh in the northern suburbs of Sydney. It is a specialised occupational health analytical service focusing on the presence of hazardous substances in the workplace and is National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA) accredited to ISO/IEC 17025. The branch is part of TestSafe Australia which is owned by WorkCover NSW.
Tests are performed on biological (blood or urine) and workplace (air, dust, vapour, solid or liquid) samples as part of worker and workplace assessments. The main areas of analysis cover exposure to pesticides, metals, elements, solvents, organic vapours, dusts, and various inorganic and organic substances including carcinogenic substances.
The laboratory utilises state of the art modern instrumental techniques which include gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, x-ray diffractometry/fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry and microscopy.
Laboratory staff are specialists in the above areas and have NATA signatory status.
The laboratory’s NATA accreditation number is 3726. For more information about the scope of accreditation, visit nata.com.au
For technical enquiries or administrative assistance, call 61 2 9473 4000 or email [email protected]
Workplace monitoringTable 1 lists the routine occupational hygiene tests that are available for workplace assessments. The types of samples or sampling devices are specified along with recommended sampling conditions or requirements. It is also recommended that field blanks(s) or control(s) be submitted with samples when requesting tests from the laboratory. Information is also supplied about the analytical methods used. Wherever possible, in-house methods are based on those of NIOSH, OHSA, HSE and Australian Standards. Results are reported in terms of an amount found in the sample or sampling device.
The laboratory also performs many non-routine tests which are not listed in table 1. For many of these requests, the acquisition of analytical reference standards is all that is required for the laboratory to be able to validate modified or new test procedures. Where methods do not exist, the laboratory can often develop a new procedure to allow the test to be performed however this approach may take several weeks or months.
For assistance contacting consulting occupational hygienists who are members of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists, call 61 2 9473 4000 or visit aioh.org.au
Between collection and transportBetween collection and transport to the laboratory, samples for organic requests should always be kept cool to maintain sample integrity. An ice-brick is recommended to accompany the specimens during transportation. Samples should be transported as soon as possible after collection. If this is not possible, store samples in the fridge until transport can be arranged.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 3
Biological monitoringTable 2 lists the blood and urine tests available from the laboratory.
Collection of urine specimensPrior to collection, workers are encouraged to change out of their work clothes and thoroughly wash their hands to avoid possible contamination when collecting the urine specimen. Showering prior to collection is even better.
Urine specimens (except 24-hour urines) should be midstream. The collection of urine specimens may appear to be an easy alternative to collecting blood specimens. However, it is often difficult to obtain a urine specimen that is not contaminated or a specimen that is not too diluted or too concentrated. Also care must be taken to ensure that the worker does not have significant renal impairment. In the past, 24 hour specimens were routinely collected for many analyses in order to average out the fluctuations in urine concentration that often occur. Because of the difficulty in achieving worker compliance with this form of urine collection, an attempt has been made to use spot urine specimens for routine urine analyses. Correction of the urinary analyte to either a standard specific gravity, a standard urinary volume rate or to the creatinine content have now been advocated in an attempt to compensate for fluctuations in urinary concentration. Currently the laboratory policy is to report urinary analyses in terms of the creatinine concentration of the urine. This form of correction is not effective for all substances eliminated from the body in the urine – eg toluene, styrene or fluoride. At present the policy is to align the laboratory’s creatinine correction procedures with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). This organisation is currently reviewing their creatinine correction policy and the laboratory will await further developments before making any changes to the current procedure.
It is recommended that if a collected urine specimen is obviously either too diluted or too concentrated, arrangements should be made for recollection rather than submit it for analysis. The ACGIH recommends rejection of urine specimens with creatinine concentrations greater than or equal to 3g/L or less than or equal to 0.3g/L. To convert a creatinine corrected result to an uncorrected result, multiply the corrected result by the creatinine result – eg a 50µg analyte/g creatinine result for a urine specimen with 2g creatinine/L of urine converts to 100µg analyte/L of urine.
The biological half-life of a substance should also be taken into consideration when arranging the timing of collection of specimens and when interpreting results, particularly when the substance is eliminated rapidly.
‘End of shift’‘End of shift’ collections should be the first lot of urine voided after the work shift. Collection should take place in the last two hours of exposure or immediately after the shift has ended.
‘End of shift at end of workweek’ or ‘End of workweek’‘End of shift at end of workweek’ or ‘End of workweek’ sampling times imply a continuous exposure of the worker to the chemical substance throughout the entire working week. If the worker is exposed on only one occasion during a working week, the sampling time then should be at the end of shift/exposure.
Between collection and transportBetween collection and transport to the laboratory, specimens should always be kept cool to maintain specimen integrity. An ice-brick is recommended to accompany the specimens during transportation. Specimens should be transported as soon as possible after collection.
Baseline or background analysesThese are analyses performed to determine a person’s exposure level of a chemical in their blood or urine. The subsequent results are compared against this result to determine the net increase in absorption of the chemical due to occupational exposure.
4 WORKCOVER NSW
Biological half-lifeBiological half-life (T(½)) refers to the length of time it takes the body to rid itself of half the amount of a chemical it has absorbed – eg absorbing 40 µmol of a chemical having a T(½) of three days:
• after three days 20 µmol will remain in the body
• after six days 10 µmol will remain in the body
• after nine days 5 µmol will remain in the body.
For best interpretation of analytical results performed on a routine specimen, the collection time for that specimen should be within one half-life from the end of the chemical exposure. Biological half-lives are reflected in the given sampling times.
Biological Occupational Exposure Limit (BOELS)BOELs are reference values intended as guidelines for evaluating potential health hazards. Table 2 lists the blood and urine tests available from the laboratory and a compilation of BOELs. These limits have been adopted by WorkCover. The source of the BOEL adopted is stated in table 2 (see ‘reference’ column). In most cases the laboratory is aligned with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) which has adopted biological exposure indices (BEIs).
ConfidentialityThe branch ensures confidentiality between the laboratory and the customer. No information shall be passed onto any person within TestSafe Australia, WorkCover NSW or to corporate entities or other individuals.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 5
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
sS
ub
stan
ceS
amp
leS
amp
le r
equ
irem
ents
LOQ
Exp
osu
reM
eth
od
Co
mm
ents
Aci
d s
cree
nA
ir/si
lica
gel t
ube
(SKC
-226
-10
-03
) [25
mm
cel
lulo
se a
ceta
te
mem
bran
e fil
ter (
0.8µ
m) c
an
also
be
used
for s
ulfu
ric a
cid]
0.2–
0.5L
/min
for t
ubes
. M
in. V
ol.3
L M
ax. V
ol.1
00L
B
lank
s re
quire
d [1
.5L
/min
for fi
lters
with
a
reco
mm
ende
d sa
mpl
e si
ze o
f 180
L]
2.5µ
g/t
ube
or fi
lter
NIO
SH
790
3 (M
odifi
ed),
IC
WC
A194
(Scr
een)
WC
A109
(H2S
O4)
Sam
ples
are
des
orbe
d w
ith d
eion
ised
wat
er a
nd
the
inor
gani
c an
ions
are
an
alys
ed b
y H
PLC
usi
ng
cond
uctiv
ity d
etec
tion.
R
esul
ts a
re re
port
ed a
s th
e co
rres
pond
ing
acid
.
Hyd
rob
rom
ic a
cid
H
ydro
chlo
ric
acid
H
ydro
flu
ori
c ac
id
Nit
ric
acid
O
xalic
aci
d
Ph
osp
ho
ric
acid
S
ulf
uri
c ac
id
9.9m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) 7.
5mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
2.6m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) 5.
2mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
1mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
1mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
1mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
Ace
tic
acid
Coc
onut
she
ll ch
arco
al s
orbe
nt
tube
(SKC
226
-01)
Flow
rate
: 0.2
L/m
in
Vol:
240m
in2.
0µg
/tub
e10
ppm
(TW
A)
15pp
m (S
TEL)
OS
HA
PV
2119
, IC
WC
A 2
08S
ampl
es a
re e
xtra
cted
w
ith 0
.01
N N
aOH
and
an
alys
ed b
y IC
usi
ng a
co
nduc
tivity
det
ecto
r.
Ald
ehyd
e sc
reen
Ace
tald
ehyd
e A
cro
lein
C
hlo
roac
etal
deh
yde
Cro
ton
ald
ehyd
e Fo
rmal
deh
yde
n-V
aler
ald
ehyd
e
Air/
glas
s fib
re fi
lter i
mpr
egna
ted
with
2,4
-Din
itrop
heny
lhyd
razi
ne
Pas
sive
sam
plin
g ca
n be
un
dert
aken
usi
ng U
ME
x-10
0 sa
mpl
ing
devi
ces.
0.5L
/min
. Tw
o th
ick
37m
m fi
lters
in a
ir m
onito
ring
cass
ette
. Kee
p co
ol a
nd c
over
ed in
foil
whe
n no
t sam
plin
g.
Min
. Vol
.15L
, Max
. Vol
. 60
L B
lank
filte
r req
uire
d.
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r fil
ters
.
0.25
µg
/filte
r 0.
25µ
g/fi
lter
0.25
µg
/filte
r 0.
25µ
g/fi
lter
0.25
µg
/filte
r 0.
25µ
g/fi
lter
0.25
µg
/filte
r
36m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (2
0ppm
) 0.
23m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (0
.1pp
m)
3.2m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (1
ppm
) 5.
7mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
(2pp
m)
1.2m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (1
ppm
) 17
6mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
(50p
pm)
OS
HA
Met
hod
64 (m
odifi
ed),
LC W
CA
179
Filte
rs a
re d
esor
bed
with
ace
toni
trile
and
th
e D
NP
H d
eriv
ativ
e is
an
alys
ed b
y H
PLC
at
365
nm.
Acr
ylic
aci
dA
ir/X
AD
-8 s
ilica
bea
d so
rben
t tu
be (S
KC-2
26-3
0-0
8).
Sam
ple
sect
ion
100m
g. T
wo
tube
s ar
e us
ed in
line
.
0.1L
/min
M
in. V
ol.1
.5L
Rec
omm
ende
d Vo
l.24L
1µg
/tub
e5.
9mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
(2pp
m)
OS
HA
Vol
. 1
Met
hod
28,
LC W
CA
157
Tube
is d
esor
bed
with
a
met
hano
l/ w
ater
sol
utio
n an
d an
alys
ed u
sing
UV
de
tect
ion
at 2
10nm
.
6 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Alk
alin
e d
ust
NaO
H, K
OH
, LiO
H a
nd
o
ther
bas
ic s
alts
as
du
st
or
mis
t
Filte
r, 1µ
m P
TFE
37m
m
mem
bran
e (e
g Ze
fluor
from
G
elm
an S
cien
ces
or e
quiv
alen
t)
Flow
rate
bet
wee
n 1
and
4L/m
in fo
r a s
ampl
e si
ze
of 7
0 to
100
0L. D
o no
t ex
ceed
a fi
lter l
oadi
ng o
f ab
out 2
mg
tota
l dus
t
0.03
mg
/sam
ple
(a
s N
aOH
) (7
x 1
0-4
mol
es o
f al
kalin
ity)
2mg
/m3 (
NaO
H)
(Cei
ling)
NIO
SH
Met
hod
7401
, (Is
sue
2),
TR W
CA
177
The
met
hod
mea
sure
s to
tal a
lkal
inity
of a
lkal
i hy
drox
ides
, car
bona
tes,
bo
rate
s, s
ilica
tes,
ph
osph
ates
, and
oth
er
basi
c sa
lts, e
xpre
ssed
as
equi
vale
nts
of s
odiu
m
hydr
oxid
e.
Am
ines
in a
ir (
alip
hat
ic)
Iso
-pro
pyl
amin
e
Pro
pyl
amin
e
Sec
-Bu
tyla
min
e
n-B
uty
lam
ine
H
exyl
amin
e
Cyc
loh
exyl
amin
e D
imet
hyl
amin
e D
ieth
ylam
ine
D
ipro
pyl
amin
e
Dib
uty
lam
ine
D
imet
hyl
eth
ylam
ine
Trim
eth
ylam
ine
Trie
thyl
amin
e
Trib
uty
lam
ine
Te
rt-B
uty
lam
ine
Air/
silic
a ge
l tub
e (S
KC-2
26-1
0)
0.01
to 1
.0L
/min
To
tal v
olum
e of
3 to
30L
0.01
mg
/tub
eM
ethy
lam
ine
13m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (10
ppm
) n-
But
ylam
ine
15m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (5p
pm)
Die
thyl
amin
e 30
mg
/m3
(TW
A) (
10pp
m)
Trim
ethy
lam
ine
24m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (10
ppm
) Tr
ieth
ylam
ine
12m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) (3p
pm)
NIO
SH
met
hod
2010
(mod
ified
) G
CM
S
WC
A 1
80
Tube
is d
esor
bed
with
an
aci
difie
d m
etha
nol
solu
tion.
Alk
ali i
s ad
ded
and
the
free
vol
atile
am
ines
are
ana
lyse
d by
he
adsp
ace
GC
MS
.
Am
mo
nia
Air/
silic
a ge
l tub
e
(SKC
-226
-10
-06
)0.
1 to
0.5
L/m
in.
96L
max
vol
ume.
1µg
/tub
e17
mg
/m3
(25p
pm) T
WA
NIO
SH
met
hod
6016
(mod
ified
), IC
WC
A 1
49
Tube
is d
esor
bed
with
w
ater
and
ana
lyse
d by
H
PLC
with
con
duct
ivity
de
tect
ion.
Asb
esto
sB
ulk
sam
ples
(eg
fibro
, lag
ging
, du
sts)
5–1
0g o
r a 5
0 x
50m
m
piec
eTr
ace
N/A
AS
4964
-200
4 P
LM/D
S
WC
A 2
01
Chr
ysot
ile, a
mos
ite
and
croc
idol
ite in
bul
k sa
mpl
es d
eter
min
ed
by p
olar
ised
ligh
t m
icro
scop
y in
clud
ing
disp
ersi
on s
tain
ing.
Q
ualit
ativ
e de
term
inat
ion
only
.
Atr
azin
eA
ir/G
F fil
ter
0.5L
/min
0.3µ
g/s
ampl
e5m
g/m
3Ve
rmeu
len
et a
l J.
Chr
omat
. 198
2,
240
(1) 2
47-2
53,
LC W
CA
167
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 7
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Cri
sto
bal
ite
α-q
uar
tz +
cri
sto
bal
ite
rep
ort
ed
Res
pira
ble
dust
A
ir/25
mm
PV
C m
embr
ane
filte
r G
LA
5000
(pal
l cor
pora
tion)
or
equi
vale
nt, 5
µm
Res
pira
ble
dust
(A
S 29
85-2
004)
0.01
mg
/filte
r0.
1mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
NH
MR
C m
etho
d fo
r mea
sure
men
t of
α-q
uart
z in
ai
rbor
ne d
ust
by F
TIR
and
X
RD
(198
4),
XR
D W
CA
220
Non
-des
truc
tive
tech
niqu
e. A
mor
phou
s (n
on-c
ryst
allin
e) fo
rms
of s
ilica
not
det
ecte
d.
Free
sili
ca p
olym
orph
s (α
-qua
rtz,
cris
toba
lite
and
trid
ymite
) res
olve
d.
Cyt
oto
xic
dru
gs
Cyc
lop
ho
sph
amid
e If
osf
amid
e D
oxo
rub
icin
V
incr
isti
ne
Eto
po
sid
e M
eth
otr
exat
e
Swab
– Is
opro
pano
l
Wip
e a
know
n ar
ea o
f the
su
rfac
e (e
g 10
x 1
0cm
)
3ng
/sam
ple
(equ
ival
ent t
o 0.
03ng
/cm
2 w
hen
10 x
10c
m
sam
pled
)
LCM
S
WC
A 2
33Sw
ab is
trea
ted
with
0.
03M
NaO
H a
nd th
en
extr
acte
d w
ith e
thyl
ac
etat
e an
d an
alys
ed b
y U
PLC
/MS
MS
ES
I+.
Dru
gs
Air/
25 m
m g
lass
fibr
e fil
ter
1L/m
inEn
quire
at L
abEn
quire
at L
abIn
Hou
se M
etho
d LC
Dru
gs a
re d
esor
bed
from
fil
ters
in o
rgan
ic/a
queo
us
solu
tions
and
ana
lyse
d by
HP
LC.
Du
stM
embr
ane
Filte
r2
blan
k fil
ters
mus
t be
supp
lied
0.01
mg
/filte
r LO
Q
0.00
1mg
/filte
r LO
D10
mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
mea
sure
d as
inha
labl
e du
st
AS
3640
– 1
989
GR
AV
W
CA
151
For p
re a
nd p
ost
wei
ghin
g of
filte
rs.
16 E
lem
ents
As,
Cd
, Cr,
Co,
Cu
, Fe
, Pb,
Mn
, Mo,
Ni,
S
e, S
n, T
i, V,
W, Z
n
Inha
labl
e du
st A
ir/25
mm
PV
C
mem
bran
e fil
ter G
LA
500
0
(Pal
l Cor
pora
tion)
or e
quiv
alen
t,
5µm
2L
/min
Inha
labl
e du
st (A
S 36
40-
2004
) 2L
/min
1µg
/filte
rEn
quire
at L
abX
RF
WC
A 1
81M
embr
ane
filte
rs a
re
anal
ysed
dire
ctly
by
x-ra
y flu
ores
cenc
e sp
ectr
omet
ry w
hich
is
a n
on-d
estr
uctiv
e te
chni
que.
See
also
, Hur
st J
and
G
eyer
R, 1
2th
Ann
ual
AIO
H C
onfe
renc
e 19
93.
(Mod
ified
HSE
MD
HS
91)
Nor
th, M
.R.,a
nd H
asw
ell,
S.J.
J A
nal.
At.S
pec
1988
.
Wel
ding
Fum
es A
ir/25
m
m m
embr
ane
filte
r DM
80
0 (G
elm
an S
cien
ces)
or
equi
vale
nt. A
ny P
VC
filte
r tha
t co
mpl
ies
with
AS
TM D
298
6-
71 ie
, DO
P 0.
3µm
at 3
2L/m
in
99.9
4%
Wel
ding
Fum
es
(AS
3853
.1-1
991)
1µg
/filte
rTo
tal I
nhal
able
Dus
t 10
mg
/m3
XR
F W
CA
182
Elem
ents
on
su
rfac
es
Be,
V, C
r, M
n, C
o, N
i, C
u, Z
n, A
s, S
e, S
r, C
d,
In, S
n, S
b, P
t, H
g, T
l, P
b,
Bi,
U
Sur
face
/sw
ab
Gho
st w
ipe
pref
erre
d sw
abSw
ab a
sur
face
are
a us
ually
of 1
0 x
10cm
5µg
/sam
ple
(1µ
g/s
ampl
e B
e)W
CA
.219
A s
urfa
ce s
ampl
e is
ta
ken
of k
now
n ar
ea.
The
sam
ple
is d
iges
ted
with
nitr
ic a
cid
and
anal
ysed
by
ICP
MS
.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
8 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
50 E
lem
ents
Al,
Sb,
As,
Ba,
Bi,
Br,
C
d, C
s, C
a, C
l, C
r, C
o,
Cu
, Ga,
Ge,
Au
, Hf,
In, I
, Ir
, Fe,
Pb,
Mg
, Mn
, Hg
, N
i, N
b, P
d, P
, Pt,
K, R
h,
Rb,
Se,
Si,
Ag
, Na,
Sr,
S,
Tl,
Te, T
a,S
n, T
i, W
, U, V
, Y,
Zn
, Zr
Bul
k so
lids
(eg
soil,
pow
ders
)10
g pr
efer
ably
less
than
2m
m a
ggre
gate
0.01
% w
/wN
/AIn
Hou
se M
etho
d X
RF
WC
A 1
13
Sam
ples
ana
lyse
d as
pr
esse
d po
wde
rs u
sing
U
niqu
ant s
oftw
are.
Eth
ylen
edia
min
e (E
DA
) D
ieth
ylen
etri
amin
e (D
ETA
) Tr
ieth
ylen
etet
ram
ine
(TE
TA)
XA
D-2
(SKC
226
-30
-18
)Fl
ow ra
te: 0
.01
to 0
.1L
/M
in. V
ol: 1
L –
20L
3.0µ
g/t
ube
ED
A
0.1µ
g/t
ube
DE
TA
0.2µ
g/t
ube
TETA
10pp
m (T
WA
) for
ED
A
1ppm
(TW
A) f
or D
ETA
2p
pm (T
WA
) for
TE
TA
OS
HA
60
NIO
SH
254
0 LC
W
CA
222
Sam
ples
are
col
lect
ed
on X
AD
-2 re
sin
coat
ed w
ith 1
0%
1-na
phth
ylis
othi
ocya
nate
(N
ITC
). S
ampl
es
are
deso
rbed
with
di
met
hylfo
rmam
ide,
and
th
e am
ine
deriv
ativ
e is
an
alys
ed b
y H
PLC
usi
ng
UV
dete
ctio
n at
254
nm
.
Eth
ylen
e ox
ide
3M M
onito
r (35
50-3
551)
Pas
sive
mon
itor s
uita
ble
for 1
5 m
ins
sam
ple
or
8 hr
s
0.5µ
g/s
ampl
e (0
.4pp
m fo
r 15
min
or
0.0
1ppm
for 8
ho
urs)
1ppm
(TW
A)
3M (E
thyl
ene
Oxi
de)
GC
MS
W
CA
217
EO is
abs
orbe
d on
ch
arco
al th
at h
as
been
che
mic
ally
tr
eate
d w
ith H
Br.
The
vapo
urs
are
conv
erte
d to
2-b
rom
oeth
anol
, de
sorb
ed w
ith 1
0%
met
hyle
ne c
hlor
ide
in m
etha
nol a
nd
quan
titat
ed u
sing
a G
C/
MS
in S
IM m
ode.
Eth
ano
lam
ine
(ME
A)
Die
than
ola
min
e (D
EA
) Tr
ieth
ano
lam
ine
(TE
A)
Sili
ca g
el s
orbe
nt tu
be
(SKC
226
-10
)Fl
ow ra
te: 0
.1 to
0.2
L/m
in
Vol:
4 –
24L
1.0µ
g/t
ube
ME
A
2.0µ
g/t
ube
DE
A
3.0µ
g/t
ube
TEA
3ppm
(TW
A) a
nd
6ppm
(STE
L) fo
r ME
A
3ppm
(TW
A) f
or D
EA
NIO
SH
200
7 N
IOS
H 3
509
(mod
ified
) IC
W
CA
228
Sam
ples
are
col
lect
ed o
n si
lica
gel t
ubes
(SKC
226
-10
), ex
trac
ted
with
1.7
m
M H
NO
3 an
d an
alys
ed
by Io
n C
hrom
atog
raph
y (I
C) u
sing
a c
ondu
ctiv
ity
dete
ctor
.
Filt
er w
eig
ht
Mem
bran
e fil
ter
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r pre
-w
eigh
ing
of fi
lters
.0.
01m
g/fi
lter
AS
3640
– 1
989
GR
AV
W
CA
156
For s
ingl
e w
eigh
ing
of
filte
r.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 9
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Flu
ori
de
Air/
cellu
lose
ace
tate
mem
bran
e fil
ter (
0.8
mm
) with
Na 2C
O3
trea
ted
cellu
lose
bac
king
pad
1–2L
/min
M
in.V
ol. 1
2L,
Max
.Vol
. 800
L B
lank
filte
r re
quire
d.
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r fil
ters
.
3µg
F/sa
mpl
e fil
ter
2.5m
g/m
3 (T
WA
)N
IOS
H 7
902
mod
ified
IS
E
WC
A 1
17
Mea
sure
men
t usi
ng
ion
spec
ific
elec
trod
e.
Met
hod
mea
sure
s so
lubl
e pa
rtic
ulat
e an
d ga
seou
s fo
rms
of
fluor
ide.
Form
ald
ehyd
eA
ir/Im
ping
er s
olut
ion
cont
aini
ng
aque
ous
sodi
um m
etab
isul
phite
(2
0mls
)
0.2–
1L/m
in
Min
. Vol
. 1L;
M
ax. V
ol. 1
00L
Bla
nk s
olut
ion
requ
ired
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r im
ping
er s
olut
ion.
1µg
/impi
nger
so
lutio
n 0.
2µg
/pas
sive
m
onito
r
1.2m
g/m
3 (1
ppm
) TW
AN
IOS
H 3
500
mod
ified
S
PE
C
WC
A 1
11
Form
alde
hyde
is
trap
ped
in th
e aq
ueou
s m
etab
isul
phite
sol
utio
n an
d th
en re
acte
d w
ith
a ch
rom
otro
pic
acid
re
agen
t to
form
a
colo
ured
com
plex
whi
ch
is m
easu
red
at 5
75 n
m.
Form
alde
hyde
vap
our
mon
itors
are
des
orbe
d w
ith w
ater
and
this
is
then
reac
ted
with
a
chro
mot
ropi
c ac
id
reag
ent t
o fo
rm a
co
lour
ed c
ompl
ex w
hich
is
mea
sure
d at
575
nm
.
3M P
assi
ve M
onito
r (37
21)
(See
als
o al
dehy
de s
cree
n)½
–1 w
hole
wor
kshi
ft1.
2mg
/m3
3M –
Met
hod
SP
EC
W
CA
111
Form
ald
ehyd
e an
d/o
r g
luta
rald
ehyd
eA
ir/gl
ass
fibre
filte
r im
preg
nate
d w
ith 2
,4-D
initr
ophe
nylh
ydra
zine
Tw
o 37
mm
filte
rs in
air
mon
itorin
g ca
sset
te. K
eep
cool
an
d co
vere
d in
foil
whe
n no
t sa
mpl
ing.
S
KC tu
be S
KC 2
26-1
19
UM
Ex
100
Pas
sive
sam
pler
0.5L
/min
for f
orm
alde
hyde
1L
/min
for g
luta
rald
ehyd
e.
Sam
ple
Vol.
15L
for
glut
aral
dehy
de P
eak
Lim
itatio
n,
Max
. Vol
. 120
L B
lank
filte
r req
uire
d.
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r fil
ters
. 0.
03 –
0.5
L/m
in
Min
:1L
Max
: 15L
0.25
µg
/filte
r0.
41m
g/m
3 (0
.1pp
m) P
eak
Lim
itatio
nO
SH
A M
etho
d 64
m
odifi
ed
LC
WC
A 1
14
NIO
SH
201
6
Filte
rs a
re d
esor
bed
with
ace
toni
trile
and
th
e D
NP
H d
eriv
ativ
e is
an
alys
ed b
y H
PLC
at
365
nm.
Sam
plin
g ra
tes
for
UM
Ex-
100
Form
alde
hyde
: 28.
6 m
L/
min
and
Glu
tara
ldeh
yde:
14
.3 m
L/m
in
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
10 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Gly
cols
XA
D7-
OV
S tu
be 2
00m
g/1
00
mg
(SKC
226
-57)
0.5
– 2L
/min
M
in. V
ol. 5
L
Max
Vol
. 60L
S
hip
to la
b in
esk
y w
ith
ice-
bric
k
25µ
g/t
ube
Ethy
lene
gly
col (
vapo
ur)
52m
g/m
3 (20
ppm
)
Pro
pyle
ne g
lyco
l (to
tal
vapo
ur a
nd p
artic
ulat
es)
474m
g/m
3 (10
ppm
)
Die
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
100m
g/m
3 (23
ppm
)
NIO
SH
552
3 G
C
WC
A 2
09
XA
D-7
OV
S tu
be is
de
sorb
ed w
ith m
etha
nol
and
ultr
ason
icat
ion.
The
gl
ycol
s ar
e th
en a
naly
sed
by d
ual c
olum
n G
C/F
ID.
Hex
aval
ent c
hro
miu
m
(To
tal)
Air/
25 m
m P
VC
mem
bran
e Fi
lter (
0.5µ
m)
Flow
rate
: 1–4
L/m
in
Use
inha
labl
e du
st
sam
plin
g he
ad.
0.5µ
g/fi
lter
0.05
mg
/m3 T
WA
AS
3853
.1-2
006
SP
EC
W
CA
176
The
test
mea
sure
s bo
th w
ater
sol
uble
and
in
solu
ble
Chr
omiu
m V
I af
ter i
nitia
lly s
cree
ning
fo
r tot
al c
hrom
ium
.
Hyd
rog
en s
ulfi
de
Air/
pre-
filte
r (ze
fluor
; 0.5
µm
25
mm
) / c
harc
oal t
ube
(SKC
22
6-0
9)
Rec
omm
end
flow
rate
: 0.
2L/m
in
Flow
rate
rang
e:
0.1–
1.5L
/min
M
in. V
ol. 1
.2L
Max
Vol
40L
B
lank
tube
requ
ired
2.0µ
g/t
ube
as H
S
214
mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
(10p
pm)
NIO
SH
601
3 (M
odifi
ed)
IC
WC
A 1
83
Cha
rcoa
l tub
es a
re
deso
rbed
with
an
amm
onia
/hyd
roge
n pe
roxi
de s
olut
ion
whi
ch o
xidi
ses
H2S
to
the
sulfa
te a
nion
. The
su
lfate
is a
naly
sed
by
HP
LC u
sing
con
duct
ivity
de
tect
ion.
Inh
alab
le d
ust
Inha
labl
e du
st A
ir/25
mm
PV
C
mem
bran
e fil
ter G
LA
500
0
(Pal
l Cor
pora
tion)
or e
quiv
alen
t,
5µm
2L
/min
Inha
labl
e du
st
(AS
3640
-200
4) 2
L/m
in0.
01m
g/F
ilter
Tota
l inh
alab
le d
ust
10m
g/m
3
WC
A 1
90A
gra
vim
etric
de
term
inat
ion
of b
oth
a pr
e-w
eigh
t and
a
post
-wei
ght s
ampl
e is
per
form
ed. I
t is
pref
erab
le fo
r bot
h w
eigh
ts to
be
perf
orm
ed
in th
e sa
me
labo
rato
ry.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 11
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Iso
cyan
ates
Air/
impi
nger
sol
utio
n co
ntai
ning
m
etho
xy p
heny
l pip
eraz
ine
(10m
L) o
r gla
ss fi
bre
filte
rs
impr
egna
ted
with
met
hoxy
ph
enyl
pip
eraz
ine.
Impi
nger
sol
utio
n to
be
kept
in th
e da
rk a
s m
uch
as p
ossi
ble.
1L
/min
for 1
5min
. B
lank
sol
utio
n m
ust b
e su
pplie
d w
ith s
ampl
es.
A s
ampl
e of
the
isoc
yana
te(s
) bei
ng u
sed
shou
ld b
e su
pplie
d to
the
labo
rato
ry.
Con
tact
labo
rato
ry fo
r im
ping
er s
olut
ion
or fi
lters
. Fi
lter 2
L/m
in fo
r 15
min
. Fo
r com
bine
d Im
ping
er/
Filte
r sam
plin
g us
e a
flow
ra
te o
f1L
/min
.
0.1µ
g To
tal N
CO
/sa
mpl
e
(Thi
s is
equ
ival
ent
to 0
.001
mg
/m3
NC
O fo
r a 1
5min
sa
mpl
e at
1L
/min
flo
w ra
te)
0.02
mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
as N
CO
HS
E-M
DH
S 25
/3
LC
WC
A 1
10
Ana
lysi
s re
quire
s th
e de
tect
ion
by b
oth
UV
an
d el
ectr
oche
mic
al
dete
ctor
s.
This
met
hod
mea
sure
s to
tal i
socy
anat
es
(ie m
onom
ers
and
poly
mer
s) e
xpre
ssed
as
NC
O g
roup
s.
For i
socy
anat
es
pres
ent a
s ae
roso
ls
an im
ping
er s
olut
ion
follo
wed
by
a fil
ter i
s th
e re
com
men
ded
sam
plin
g de
vice
. Fo
r vap
ours
a fi
lter
sam
pler
alo
ne is
su
ffici
ent.
Lead
Pai
nt fl
akes
Min
imum
100
mg
pain
t fla
kes
0.01
% w
/w1%
by
wei
ght o
f the
dry
pa
int
AS
4361
.2 1
998
Gui
de to
Lea
d P
aint
M
anag
emen
t: P
art 2
R
esid
entia
l and
C
omm
erci
al B
uild
ings
19
88.
In-h
ouse
met
hod
ICP
MS
W
CA
213
Pai
nt fl
akes
are
dig
este
d in
nitr
ic a
cid
and
then
an
alys
ed u
sing
ICP
MS
.
Mal
eic
anh
ydri
de
Air/
15m
L im
ping
er s
olut
ion
cont
aini
ng 0
.1%
aqu
eous
ph
osph
oric
aci
d
0.2–
1.5
L/m
in
Min
. Vol
. 40L
, Max
. Vol
. 50
0L. B
lank
sol
utio
n re
quire
d.
7.5µ
g/s
ampl
e1m
g/m
3 (0
.25p
pm) T
WA
Mod
ified
NIO
SH
35
12, L
C W
CA
160
Abs
orbi
ng s
olut
ion
is
anal
ysed
by
HP
LC w
ith
dete
ctio
n of
mal
eic
anhy
drid
e at
254
nm.
Mer
cury
in a
ir
(ele
men
tal)
Sol
id s
orbe
nt tu
be
For e
xpec
ted
high
load
ings
use
S
KC h
opca
lite
Cat
No.
226
-17-
3A (8
x 1
10m
m –
500
mg)
Fo
r typ
ical
load
ings
use
S
KC h
opca
lite
Cat
No.
226
-17-
1A (6
x 7
0mm
– 2
00m
g)
0.15
–0.2
5L/m
in
Sam
ple
size
2 –
100
L0.
1µg
/tub
e0.
025m
g/m
3N
IOS
H 6
009
CVA
AS
W
CA
174
Elem
enta
l mer
cury
is
trap
ped
on h
opca
lite
tube
s. D
esor
bed
with
ni
tric
/hyd
roch
loric
aci
d so
lutio
n. A
naly
sis
by c
old
vapo
ur a
tom
ic a
bsor
ptio
n sp
ectr
opho
tom
etry
. In
orga
nic
and
orga
nic
mer
cury
com
poun
ds
may
cau
se a
pos
itive
in
terf
eren
ce.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
12 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Met
hyl
bro
mid
eA
ir/an
asor
b 74
7 co
conu
t ch
arco
al tu
be
(SKC
226
-83
x 2i
n se
ries)
(8
x 1
10 m
m –
400
/200
mg)
0.01
– 0
.1L
/min
M
in V
ol. 1
L, M
ax V
ol. 5
L (U
se 1
L sa
mpl
e vo
lum
e if
rela
tive
hum
idity
is >
50%
)
Pac
k in
dry
ice
for
ship
men
t
0.5µ
g/s
ampl
e5p
pm (1
9mg
/m3)
WC
A 2
32Tw
o A
naso
rb 7
47
sam
plin
g tu
bes
are
used
in s
erie
s an
d ar
e se
para
ted
afte
r sam
plin
g,
capp
ed s
epar
atel
y.
The
sam
ples
are
then
sh
ippe
d to
the
labo
rato
ry
on d
ry ic
e. A
naly
sis
is
perf
orm
ed b
y de
sorp
tion
with
dic
hlor
omet
hane
an
d an
alys
ed b
y G
CM
S
in th
e S
IM m
ode.
Min
eral
sB
ulk
solid
s (e
g sa
nds,
pow
ders
)5
–10g
pre
fera
bly
less
than
2m
m a
ggre
gate
1–10
% w
/wN
/AIn
Hou
se M
etho
d X
RD
W
CA
112
Scr
eeni
ng te
st u
sing
IC
DD
Min
eral
Dat
a B
ase.
Sam
ples
ana
lyse
d by
x-r
ay p
owde
r di
ffra
ctom
etry
and
mus
t ha
ve c
ryst
allin
e ph
ases
. A
mor
phou
s fo
rms
not
dete
cted
.
Nic
oti
ne
Air/
XA
D-4
sor
bent
tube
(S
KC 2
26-9
3)
1L/m
in
Min
.Vol
. 60L
, Max
.Vol
. 40
0L. B
lank
s re
quire
d.
0.02
µg
/Tub
e0.
5mg
/m3
Mod
ified
Ogd
en
Met
hod
(198
9)
NIO
SH
255
1,
GC
MS
W
CA
143
XA
D-4
tube
s ar
e de
sorb
ed w
ith e
thyl
ac
etat
e an
d an
alys
ed
by G
C/M
S us
ing
SIM
m
ode.
Nit
ric
oxid
e an
d
nit
rog
en d
ioxi
de
Air/
3 x
sorb
ent t
ubes
con
nect
ed
in s
erie
s.
Mol
ecul
ar s
ieve
/Oxi
dise
r/M
olec
ular
sie
ve.
SKC
226
-40
Mol
ecul
ar s
ieve
(c
oate
d w
ith tr
ieth
anol
amin
e)
0.02
5L/m
in fo
r bot
h N
O
and
NO
2
0.2L
/min
for N
O2 o
nly
1µg
NO
2/sa
mpl
eN
O 2
5ppm
31m
g/m
3 (T
WA
) N
O2 3
ppm
; 5.6
mg
/m3
(TW
A)
NIO
SH
601
4 (m
odifi
ed)
OS
HA
ID-1
82 a
nd
ID-1
90
The
sam
plin
g de
vice
co
ntai
ns th
ree
tube
s in
se
ries.
A m
olec
ular
sie
ve
coat
ed w
ith tr
ieth
anol
amin
e fo
llow
ed b
y an
oxi
dise
r tub
e an
d fo
llow
ed b
y an
othe
r m
olec
ular
sie
ve c
oate
d w
ith
triet
hano
lam
ine.
N
O2 i
s co
llect
ed o
n th
e fir
st tu
be; N
O2 p
asse
s th
roug
h th
e fir
st tu
be a
nd
is o
xidi
sed
on th
e se
cond
tu
be a
nd c
aptu
red
on th
e th
ird tu
be.
If N
O2 i
s so
ught
onl
y th
en
one
tube
alo
ne c
an b
e us
ed.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 13
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Oil
mis
t (M
iner
al O
il)(2
5) o
r 37m
m m
embr
ane
filte
rs
0.8
µm
MC
E, 5
µm
PV
C,
2µm
PTF
E or
gla
ss fi
bre
B
lank
s re
quire
d Fo
r hig
h co
ncen
trat
ions
use
GFF
A s
ampl
e of
the
oil
prod
ucin
g th
e m
ist m
ust
be s
ubm
itted
with
the
sam
ple(
s) fo
r cal
ibra
tion
purp
oses
1–3L
/min
M
in. V
ol. 2
0 L
@ 5
mg
/m3
Max
. Vol
. 500
L
50µ
g/fi
lter a
ppro
x.5m
g/m
3 (T
WA
)N
IOS
H M
etho
d 50
26 (M
odifi
ed)
The
mem
bran
e fil
ter
is d
esor
bed
usin
g a
halo
gena
ted
hydr
ocar
bon
solv
ent a
nd th
en
anal
ysed
usi
ng F
TIR
.
Org
ano
chlo
rin
es s
cree
n
Ald
rin
, ch
lord
ane,
d
ield
rin
, hep
tach
lor,
D
DT,
HC
B
Air/
sorb
ent t
ube
orbo
42
or
44 o
r SKC
226
-49
-102
(Orb
o 42
sm
all)
or S
KC 2
26-3
0-0
4 (O
rbo
44);
swab
; soi
l. or
bo 4
4 pr
efer
red
but,
can
use
orb
o 42
(L
arge
) or o
rbo
42 (s
mal
l) S
KC
226
-30
-16
(OV
S)
0.2–
1L/m
in.
Min
. Vol
. 12L
, M
ax.V
ol. 2
40L
B
lank
s re
quire
d Sw
ab –
app
rox
2cm
di
amet
er.
10ng
/tub
e 50
ng/s
wab
10
0µg
/Kg
soil
Enqu
ire a
t lab
for r
elev
ant
pest
icid
eIn
-hou
se m
etho
d G
C
WC
A 1
03
Sam
ples
are
des
orbe
d or
ex
trac
ted
with
isoo
ctan
e an
d an
alys
ed b
y G
C
usin
g E
CD
.
Org
ano
ph
osp
hat
es
scre
en
Ch
lorp
yrif
os,
D
emet
on
-S, D
iazi
no
n,
Dib
rom
, Dic
hlo
rvo
s,
Dis
ulf
oto
n, E
thio
n,
Fen
amip
ho
s,
Fen
clo
rph
os,
Fen
thio
n,
Mev
inp
ho
s, P
ho
rate
, P
rop
ho
s, S
ulp
rofo
s,
Tetr
ach
lorv
inp
ho
s
Air/
25m
m g
lass
fibr
e fil
ter,
sorb
ent t
ube
[SKC
226
-30
-16
(OV
S) o
r SKC
226
-30
-05
or
Orb
o 60
8] o
r equ
ival
ent
0.2–
1L/m
in.
Min
. Vol
. 12L
, M
ax. V
ol. 2
40L
B
lank
s re
quire
d
0.1µ
g/t
ube
Enqu
ire a
t lab
In-h
ouse
met
hod
GC
MS
W
CA
210
Sam
ples
are
ext
ract
ed
with
a to
luen
e/ a
ceto
ne
solu
tion
and
anal
ysed
by
GC
/MS
.
Pes
tici
des
Air/
25m
m g
lass
fibr
e fil
ter
1L/m
inEn
quire
at l
abEn
quire
at l
abIn
-hou
se m
etho
d G
CM
S
WC
A 1
75
Pest
icid
es a
re d
esor
bed
from
filte
rs w
ith a
su
itabl
e so
lven
t and
an
alys
ed b
y G
C/M
S.
Po
lych
lori
nat
ed
bip
hen
yls
(PC
Bs)
Air/
Sor
bent
Tub
e (O
rbo
60 o
r S
KC S
T 22
6-3
9);
Swab
; Soi
l. Is
o-oc
tane
for s
wab
obt
aina
ble
from
labo
rato
ry.
0.05
–0.2
L/m
in
Min
. Vol
. 1L,
Max
. Vol
. 50L
B
lank
s re
quire
d C
otto
n w
ool s
wab
–
appr
ox 2
cm d
iam
eter
, soi
l: 1–
10g.
1µg
/tub
e 1µ
g/s
wab
1g
/Kg
soil
PC
Bs
(42%
chl
orin
e)
1mg
/m3
PC
Bs
(54%
chl
orin
e)
0.5m
g/m
3
In-h
ouse
met
hod
GC
W
CA
153
Sam
ples
are
des
orbe
d or
ex
trac
ted
with
isoo
ctan
e an
d an
alys
ed b
y G
C
usin
g E
CD
.
Ph
eno
lA
ir/X
AD
-7 s
ampl
ing
tube
(O
rbo
47 o
r SKC
226
-95)
Min
.Vol
. 1L,
Max
.Vol
. 24L
0.
1L/m
in fo
r 4 h
ours
1µg
/tub
e4m
g/m
3 (1
ppm
) TW
AO
SH
A N
o. 3
2 LC
W
CA
137
Sam
ples
are
des
orbe
d in
met
hano
lic s
odiu
m
hydr
oxid
e so
lutio
n an
d an
alys
ed b
y H
PLC
.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
14 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Ph
thal
ic a
nh
ydri
de
Air/
GF
filte
rs1L
/min
5µg
/sam
ple
6.1m
g/m
3 (1
ppm
) TW
AM
odifi
ed N
IOS
H
S179
LC
W
CA
168
Sam
ple
filte
rs a
re
deso
rbed
usi
ng 0
.2
M s
odiu
m h
ydro
xide
so
lutio
n.
Po
lycy
clic
aro
mat
ic
hyd
roca
rbo
ns
(PA
Hs)
Nap
hth
alen
e
Ace
nap
thyl
ene
A
cen
aph
then
e
An
thra
cen
e B
enz(
a)an
thra
cen
e B
enzo
(b)
flu
ora
nth
ene
Ben
zo(a
)p
yren
e B
enzo
(gh
i)p
eryl
ene
Ben
zo(k
)fl
uo
ran
then
e C
hry
sen
e D
iben
z(a,
h)a
nth
race
ne
Flu
ora
nth
ene
Flu
ore
ne
Ind
eno
(1,2
,3-c
d)p
yren
e P
hen
anth
ren
e P
yren
e
Air/
37m
m 2
µm
PTF
E fil
ter a
nd
XA
D-2
(SKC
-226
-30
-04)
, S
upel
co O
rbo
43 tu
be o
r eq
uiva
lent
2L/m
in
Min
. 200
L M
ax. 1
000L
B
lank
s re
quire
d W
rap
sam
ples
in
alum
iniu
m fo
il an
d sh
ip a
t co
ld o
n an
ice-
bric
k U
V lig
ht m
ay c
ause
sa
mpl
e de
grad
atio
n.
0.1µ
g/s
ampl
eN
o cu
rren
t exp
osur
e st
anda
rd e
xcep
t for
na
phth
alen
e. (5
2mg
/m3 ;
10
ppm
) TW
A e
xpos
ures
sh
ould
be
cont
rolle
d to
lo
wes
t pra
ctic
able
leve
l
NIO
SH
met
hod
5515
Mod
ified
and
ca
lif
EPA
Met
hod
429
GC
MS
W
CA1
78
Sam
ples
are
ext
ract
ed
with
cyc
lohe
xane
and
an
alys
ed b
y G
C/M
S
usin
g S
IM M
ode.
Pyr
eth
roid
s
Bif
enth
rin
B
ioal
leth
rin
C
yhal
oth
rin
C
yper
met
hri
n
Del
tam
eth
rin
Fe
np
rop
ath
rin
Fe
nva
lera
te
MG
K-2
64
Per
met
hri
n
Pip
ero
nyl
bu
toxi
de
Gla
ss fi
bre
filte
r/X
AD
-2 O
VS
O
VS
tube
ass
embl
y (S
KC 2
26-
30-1
6) o
r equ
ival
ent.
68-4
80 a
t 1L
/min
0.01
–0.1
µg
/filte
r or
tube
sec
tion
N/A
NIO
SH
Met
hod
5008
(Mod
ified
) G
CM
S
WC
A 1
99
Filte
rs a
nd s
orbe
nt
tube
s ar
e de
sorb
ed
with
ace
toni
trile
and
the
deso
rbat
e an
alys
ed b
y G
C/M
S.
α-Q
uar
tz
α-q
uar
tz +
cri
sto
bal
ite
rep
ort
ed
Res
pira
ble
dust
air/
25m
m P
VC
m
embr
ane
filte
r GL
A50
00 5
µm
(P
all C
orpo
ratio
n) o
r equ
ival
ent
Res
pira
ble
dust
(AS
2985
-20
04) B
CIR
A c
yclo
ne
2.2L
/min
SIM
PE
DS
2.2L
/m
in A
L cy
clon
e 2.
5L/m
in
0.01
mg
/filte
r0.
1mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
NH
MR
C m
etho
d fo
r mea
sure
men
t of
α-q
uart
z in
ai
rbor
ne d
ust b
y IR
an
d X
RD
(198
4).
XR
D
WC
A 2
20
Non
-des
truc
tive
tech
niqu
e. A
mor
phou
s (n
on-c
ryst
allin
e) fo
rms
of
silic
a no
t det
ecte
d. F
ree
silic
a po
lym
orph
s (α
-qua
rtz,
cris
toba
lite
and
trid
ymite
) res
olve
d.
Bla
nk fi
lters
sho
uld
be
subm
itted
.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 15
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
α-Q
uar
tzB
ulk
solid
sS
ampl
es a
naly
sed
as
grou
nd p
owde
r1%
w/w
NS
W a
bras
ive
blas
ting
regu
latio
ns p
rohi
bits
m
ater
ials
bei
ng u
sed
in a
pro
cess
that
hav
e an
y sa
nd o
r fre
e si
lica
in
them
.
In H
ouse
Met
hod
XR
D
WC
A 1
15
Sam
ples
ana
lyse
d as
pr
esse
d po
wde
rs u
sing
S
iroqu
ant s
oftw
are.
Non
- de
stru
ctiv
e te
chni
que.
am
orph
ous
form
s of
si
lica
not d
etec
ted.
Fr
ee s
ilica
pol
ymor
phs
(α-q
uart
z, c
risto
balit
e an
d tr
idym
ite) r
esol
ved.
Res
pir
able
du
stR
espi
rabl
e du
st A
ir/25
mm
PV
C
mem
bran
e fil
ter
GL
A 5
000
(Pal
l Cor
pora
tion)
or
equi
vale
nt, 5
µm
2L
/min
Res
pira
ble
dust
(A
S 29
85-2
009
)
BC
IRA
2.
2L/m
in
SIM
PE
DS
2.
2L/m
in
Al c
yclo
ne
2.5L
/min
0.01
mg
/Filt
er2m
g/m
3 am
orph
ous
fum
ed s
ilica
WC
A 1
91A
gra
vim
etric
de
term
inat
ion
of b
oth
a pr
e-w
eigh
t and
a
post
-wei
ght s
ampl
e is
per
form
ed. I
t is
pref
erab
le fo
r bot
h w
eigh
ts to
be
perf
orm
ed
in th
e sa
me
labo
rato
ry.
So
lven
ts –
ind
oo
r ai
r (A
lco
ho
ls, a
liph
atic
an
d
aro
mat
ic h
ydro
carb
on
s,
chlo
rin
ated
h
ydro
carb
on
s, e
ster
s,
keto
nes
an
d c
om
ple
x so
lven
ts)
Air/
char
coal
tube
(SKC
226
-01)
0.02
–0.2
L/m
in fo
r ch
arco
al tu
be (1
to 1
00
L of
air
to b
e sa
mpl
ed
depe
ndin
g on
atm
osph
eric
co
ncen
trat
ion)
0.1µ
g/t
ube
– hy
droc
arbo
ns
0.2µ
g/t
ube
– al
coho
ls/k
eton
es
0.2µ
g/t
ube
– ch
lorin
ated
hy
droc
arbo
ns
1µg
/tub
e –
met
hyle
ne c
hlor
ide
Enqu
ire a
t lab
for r
elev
ant
solv
ents
Mod
ified
NIO
SH
15
00 a
nd 1
501
GC
W
CA
154
Cha
rcoa
l tub
es a
re
deso
rbed
with
CS
2 and
an
alys
ed b
y G
C u
sing
FI
D w
ith 2
col
umns
of
diff
eren
t pol
arity
at a
se
nsiti
ve s
ettin
g. T
he
use
of p
assi
ve m
onito
rs
is n
ot re
com
men
ded.
So
lven
ts –
ind
ust
rial
air
(A
lco
ho
ls, a
liph
atic
an
d
aro
mat
ic h
ydro
carb
on
s,
chlo
rin
ated
h
ydro
carb
on
s, e
ster
s,
keto
nes
an
d c
om
ple
x so
lven
ts)
Air/
char
coal
tube
(SKC
226
-01)
or
pas
sive
mon
itor (
3M 3
500
or
3520
) or S
KC e
qiva
lent
0.02
–0.2
L/m
in fo
r ch
arco
al tu
be (1
to 1
00
L of
air
to b
e sa
mpl
ed
depe
ndin
g on
atm
osph
eric
co
ncen
trat
ion)
½
–1 w
orks
hift
for p
assi
ve
mon
itor.
5µg
/tub
e fo
r si
mpl
e so
lven
ts
50µ
g/t
ube
for
com
plex
sol
vent
s
Enqu
ire a
t lab
for r
elev
ant
solv
ents
Mod
ified
NIO
SH
15
00 a
nd 1
501
GC
W
CA
106
Cha
rcoa
l tub
es o
r pa
ssiv
e m
onito
rs a
re
deso
rbed
with
CS
2 and
an
alys
ed b
y G
C u
sing
FI
D w
ith t
wo
colu
mns
of
diff
eren
t pol
arity
.
Su
lfu
r d
ioxi
de
Air/
IAB
C tu
be (S
KC 2
26-8
0)
0.1L
/min
. 12L
of a
ir1.
0µg
/tub
e5.
2mg
/m3 (
TW
A) 2
ppm
OS
HA
Met
hod
ID-2
00 (M
odifi
ed),
IC W
CA
198
Sam
ples
are
ana
lyse
d as
su
lpha
te b
y H
PLC
/IC
.
TGIC
Tr
igly
cid
yl is
ocy
anu
rate
Air/
37m
m g
lass
fibr
e fil
ter,
A
E bi
nder
free
1L/m
in2.
5µg
/sam
ple
0.08
mg
/m3 (
TW
A)
In H
ouse
Met
hod
LC
WC
A 1
61
Filte
rs a
re d
esor
bed
in
aque
ous
acet
onitr
ile
solu
tion
and
anal
ysed
by
HP
LC.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
16 WORKCOVER NSW
Su
bst
ance
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
req
uir
emen
tsLO
QE
xpo
sure
Met
ho
dC
om
men
ts
Un
kno
wn
org
anic
sLi
quid
, sol
id o
r sor
bent
tube
Sam
ples
sho
uld
be
subm
itted
in a
ir tig
ht
cont
aine
rs
Varie
s fr
om 1
–10
ppm
in s
olut
ion
Enqu
ire a
t Lab
In H
ouse
Met
hod
GC
MS
W
CA
175
Ana
lysi
s is
per
form
ed
by g
as c
hrom
atog
raph
y/m
ass
spec
trom
etry
(GC
/M
S) i
n th
e sc
an m
ode.
Un
kno
wn
ino
rgan
ics
(Cry
stal
line
sub
stan
ces)
Sol
idS
ampl
es s
houl
d be
su
bmitt
ed in
air
tight
co
ntai
ners
1–10
% w
/w fo
r X
RD
ana
lysi
s de
pend
ing
on
mat
rix
This
is a
qua
litat
ive
anal
ysis
onl
y
0.01
% w
/w fo
r X
RF
anal
ysis
N/A
In H
ouse
Met
hod
XR
F/X
RD
W
CA
112
W
CA
113
Ana
lysi
s co
nsis
ts o
f an
XR
D s
can
for c
ryst
allin
e su
bsta
nces
and
an
XR
F S
can
for 5
0 co
mm
on
elem
ents
of t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e.
Vin
yl c
hlo
rid
eC
ocon
ut s
hell
char
coal
sor
bent
tu
be (S
KC22
6-0
1)
Pre
fera
bly
2 ta
ndem
tube
s
Flow
rate
: 0.0
5L/m
in
Vol:
0.7L
– 5
L0.
1µg
/tub
e5p
pm (T
WA
)N
IOS
H 1
007
MD
HS
96, G
CM
S
WC
A 2
12
Pre
fera
bly
stor
ed a
nd
tran
spor
ted
in d
ry ic
e.
VO
C s
can
S
ee f
urt
her
fo
r fu
ll lis
t o
f 73
vola
tile
org
anic
co
mp
ou
nd
s re
po
rted
Air/
char
coal
tube
(SKC
226
-01)
or
pas
sive
mon
itor (
3M 3
500
or
3520
) or S
KC e
quiv
alen
t
0.02
–0.2
L/m
in fo
r ch
arco
al tu
be (1
to 1
00
L or
air
to b
e sa
mpl
ed
depe
ndin
g on
atm
osph
eric
co
ncen
trat
ion)
½
–1 w
orks
hift
for p
assi
ve
mon
itor.
See
list
73
com
poun
dsEn
quire
at L
abIn
Hou
se M
etho
d G
CM
S
WC
A 2
07
Cha
rcoa
l tub
es o
r pa
ssiv
e m
onito
rs a
re
deso
rbed
with
CS
2 and
an
alys
ed b
y G
C/M
S.
Wel
din
g f
um
esW
eldi
ng fu
me
Air/
25m
m P
VC
m
embr
ane
filte
r G
LA
500
0 (P
all C
orpo
ratio
n) o
r eq
uiva
lent
, 5 m
2L
/min
2L/m
in0.
01m
g/F
ilter
Wel
ding
fum
e
10m
g/m
3
WC
A 1
92A
gra
vim
etric
de
term
inat
ion
of b
oth
a pr
e-w
eigh
t and
a
post
-wei
ght s
ampl
e is
per
form
ed. I
t is
pref
erab
le fo
r bot
h w
eigh
ts to
be
perf
orm
ed
in th
e sa
me
labo
rato
ry.
Tab
le 1
– W
orkp
lace
mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 17
Volatile organics screen – 73 reported compounds and total VOC’s*Aliphatic hydrocarbons
(LOQ = 5µg)Aromatic hydrocarbons
(LOQ = 1µg)
1 2-Methylbutane 39 Benzene and TVOC
2 n-Pentane 40 Ethylbenzene
3 2-Methylpentane 41 Isopropylbenzene
4 3-Methylpentane 42 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
5 Cyclopentane 43 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
6 Methylcyclopentane 44 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
7 2,3-Dimethylpentane 45 Styrene
8 n-Hexane 46 Toluene
9 3-Methylhexane 47 p-Xylene and/or m-Xylene
10 Cyclohexane 48 o-Xylene
11 Methylcyclohexane Ketones (LOQ = 25µg)
12 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 49 Acetone
13 n-Heptane 50 Acetoin
14 n-Octane 51 Diacetone alcohol
15 n-Nonane 52 Cyclohexanone
16 n-Decane 53 Isophorone
17 n-Undecane 54 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
18 n-Dodecane 55 Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
19 n-Tridecane Alcohols (LOQ = 25µg)
20 n-Tetradecane 56 Ethyl alcohol
21 α-Pinene 57 n-Butyl alcohol
22 b-Pinene 58 Isobutyl alcohol
23 D-Limonene 59 Isopropyl alcohol
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (LOQ = 5µg)
60 2-Ethyl hexanol
61 Cyclohexanol
24 Dichloromethane Acetates (LOQ = 25µg)
25 1,1-Dichloroethane 62 Ethyl acetate
26 1,2-Dichloroethane 63 n-Propyl acetate
27 Chloroform 64 n-Butyl acetate
28 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 65 Isobutyl acetate
29 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Ethers (LOQ = 25µg)
30 Trichloroethylene 66 Ethyl ether
31 Carbon tetrachloride 67 tert-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)
32 Perchloroethylene 68 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
33 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Glycols (LOQ = 25µg)
34 Chlorobenzene 69 Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
35 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 70 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether
36 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 71 Propylene Glycol monomethyl ether acetate
Miscellaneous (LOQ #37 = 5µg and #38 = 25µg)
72 Cellosolve acetate
73 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
37 Acetonitrile
38 n-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
*For charcoal sorbent tube or passive sampler devices. LOQ: Limit of quantitation.
18 WORKCOVER NSW
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Met
als
(See
als
o m
ult
i-el
emen
t scr
een
ing
)
Lead
(S
ee a
lso
m
ult
i-el
emen
t sc
reen
ing
)
Blo
od F
EP
(Fre
e er
ythr
ocyt
e pr
otop
orph
yrin
)
10m
L in
he
parin
ised
tu
be
Tim
ing
not c
ritic
al
but l
evel
rela
ted
to b
lood
lead
leve
l 2–
3 m
onth
s pr
ior
to c
olle
ctio
n. N
ot
affe
cted
by
lead
co
ntam
inat
ion
of
spec
imen
.
1.8µ
mol
/LW
CA
100µ
g/d
LW
CA
132
0.
5µm
ol/L
FL
UO
R
Mea
sure
of l
ead
effe
ct
on h
aem
syn
thes
is.
Sui
tabl
e te
st fo
r bot
h m
oder
ate
and
high
le
vels
(>3.
0 µ
mol
/L) o
f le
ad e
xpos
ure.
Mar
ked
incr
ease
can
occ
ur in
iro
n de
ficie
ncy
anem
ia
Mer
cury
(a
cute
exp
)B
lood
mer
cury
10m
L w
hole
bl
ood
in
hepa
rinis
ed
tube
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k40
–60
days
75nm
ol/L
AC
GIH
15µ
g/L
WC
A 2
23
20nm
ol/L
IC
PM
S
BO
EL re
fers
to to
tal
mer
cury
. Ana
lysi
s m
easu
res
inor
gani
c m
ercu
ry a
nd s
ome
orga
nic
mer
cury
if
it is
pre
sent
. Blo
od
mer
cury
is fo
r acu
te
expo
sure
– a
ccid
enta
l sp
ills.
Die
tary
sea
food
ca
n in
terf
ere
in th
e bl
ood
test
.
Mer
cury
(c
hro
nic
exp
)U
rinar
y m
ercu
ry50
mL
urin
e in
pla
stic
co
ntai
ner
Pre
-shi
ft a
t end
of
wor
k w
eek
(fol
low
ing
expo
sure
in
pre
viou
s sh
ift)
55 d
ays
20µ
mol
/m
ol c
r0.
17µ
mol
/LA
CG
IH35
µg
/LW
CA
215
20
nmol
/L
ICP
MS
BO
EL re
fers
to
inor
gani
c m
ercu
ry.
Urin
ary
mer
cury
is th
e pr
efer
red
met
hod
of
mon
itorin
g fo
r med
ium
to
long
term
chr
onic
ex
posu
re o
f at l
east
six
m
onth
s or
long
er.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 19
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Oth
er c
hem
ical
s
Cre
atin
ine
This
test
is
perf
orm
ed
on e
ach
urin
e re
ceiv
ed a
t the
la
bora
tory
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
App
ropr
iate
to
anal
ysis
requ
ired
N/A
N/A
Nor
mal
R
ange
0.
0027
–
0.02
65
mol
/L
AC
GIH
(W
HO
)N
orm
al
rang
e 0.
3–3
.0g
/L
WC
A 1
28
0.00
05 m
ol/L
S
PE
C
Urin
e re
sults
with
a
crea
tinin
e va
lue
outs
ide
the
norm
al
rang
e ar
e no
t rep
orte
d re
lativ
e to
cre
atin
ine,
–
ie th
ey a
re n
ot
crea
tinin
e co
rrec
ted
but r
epor
ted
rela
tive
to
the
volu
me
of u
rine.
Cya
nid
eU
rinar
y th
iocy
anat
e50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
Hou
rs–
–La
uwer
ys–
WC
A 1
24
3µm
ol/L
S
PE
C
Mus
t be
a no
n-sm
oker
. Sm
okin
g ca
uses
incr
ease
s in
th
iocy
anat
e up
to 2
50
µm
ol/L
(28
mm
ol/m
ol
crea
tinin
e). D
ieta
ry
sour
ces
may
be
sign
ifica
nt, e
spec
ially
co
nsum
ptio
n of
leaf
y ve
geta
bles
. Lau
wer
ys
has
quot
ed a
refe
renc
e va
lue
of le
ss th
an
6 m
g/g
cre
at. (
11.7
m
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine
or 1
03 µ
mol
/L).
Cyt
oto
xic
dru
gs
Cyc
loph
osph
amid
e ifo
sfam
ide
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
3–1
2 ho
urs
WC
A 2
31
0.2µ
g/L
LC
MS
At p
rese
nt, n
o B
OEL
is
set
for c
ytot
oxic
dr
ugs.
How
ever
, it
is c
onsi
dere
d th
at
any
leve
l abo
ve th
e LO
Q is
indi
catio
n of
an
exp
osur
e an
d th
at
wor
k pr
actic
es s
houl
d be
revi
ewed
. Thi
s do
es n
ot n
eces
saril
y ha
ve im
plic
atio
ns o
n a
pers
on’s
hea
lth.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
20 WORKCOVER NSW
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Flu
ori
de
Urin
ary
fluor
ide
50 m
L in
pla
stic
co
ntai
ner
Pre
and
pos
t sh
ift s
peci
men
re
com
men
ded
4–7
hou
rs42
mm
ol/
mol
cr
370µ
mol
/LD
FG7
mg
/LW
CA
150
5µ
mol
/L IS
EN
ote
that
sin
ce
fluor
ide
is u
sual
ly
pres
ent i
n re
ticul
ated
w
ater
and
as
a co
nseq
uenc
e al
so
in p
roce
ssed
food
, th
at le
vels
up
to 1
5%
of th
e B
OEL
can
be
expe
cted
from
die
tary
so
urce
s. A
ccum
ulat
ion
of fl
uorid
e in
bon
es
also
occ
urs
but c
hron
ic
(>5
year
s) e
xces
sive
ex
posu
re is
requ
ired
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f flu
oros
is.
A n
on-o
ccup
atio
nally
ex
pose
d le
vel s
houl
d be
bel
ow 5
2.6
µm
ol/L
(1
mg
/L).
Met
hyl
bro
mid
eB
lood
bro
mid
e10
mL
in
hepa
rinis
ed
tube
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k9
–15
days
–0.
25
mm
ol/L
WC
A20
mg
/LW
CA
148
0.
02m
mol
/L
XR
F
Non
spec
ific
test
. May
be
rais
ed fr
om d
ieta
ry
sour
ces
of b
rom
ine.
A
leve
l of l
ess
than
0.
07 m
mol
/L is
co
nsid
ered
nor
mal
.
MO
CA
4,4’
-Met
hyl
ene
bis
-(2-
ch
loro
anili
ne)
Urin
ary
MO
CA
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k20
hou
rs15
µm
ol/
mol
cr
132n
mol
/LH
SE
35µ
g/L
WC
A 1
87
25nm
ol/L
G
C
Exp
osur
e is
by
skin
ab
sorp
tion
whi
ch m
ay
not b
e ap
pare
nt to
th
e w
orke
r. Th
is m
ay
expl
ain
varia
ble
MO
CA
ex
cret
ion.
MO
CA
le
vels
are
usu
ally
hi
gher
at t
he e
nd o
f th
e sh
ift a
nd re
flect
ex
posu
re o
ver t
he
prec
edin
g 2–
3 da
ys.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 21
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Pen
tach
loro
-p
hen
ol (
PC
P)
Urin
ary
PC
P
(Tot
al)
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
Pre
shift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
kB
ipha
sic:
(in
gest
ion)
1.
5 da
ys
17 d
ays
(Urin
e)
0.25
mm
ol/
mol
cr
(0.8
5mm
ol/
mol
cr)
2.6n
mol
/L
2.3µ
mol
/L
(7.5
µm
ol/L
)
DFG
AC
GIH
U
nder
re
view
0.6m
g/L
(2m
g/L
)
WC
A 1
66
10µ
g/L
G
C
Pote
ntia
l en
viro
nmen
tal
cont
amin
ant.
Sm
all
amou
nts
(30
µg
/L)
may
be
pres
ent i
n th
e ur
ine
of p
erso
ns
not o
ccup
atio
nally
ex
pose
d.
Po
ly-c
hlo
rin
ated
b
iph
enyl
s (P
CB
s)
Blo
od P
CB
S
cree
n10
mL
in
hepa
rinis
ed
or E
DTA
tube
Not
crit
ical
Pers
iste
ntN
ot S
et(2
00µ
g/L
un
offic
ial
guid
elin
e lim
it)
WC
A.1
52
30µ
g/L
G
C
PC
Bs
are
mai
nly
form
s of
aro
chlo
r. T½
aro
chlo
r 124
2 (b
lood
) 7-8
mon
ths.
T½
aro
chlo
r 126
0 (b
lood
) 33-
34 m
onth
s B
ackg
roun
d le
vel <
20
µg
/L u
sual
ly ≈
1 µ
g/L
.
Po
lycy
clic
ar
om
atic
h
ydro
carb
on
s (P
AH
s)
End
of s
hift
6–3
5 ho
urs
0.5µ
mol
/m
ol c
r (u
nder
re
view
)
5nm
ol/L
(u
nder
re
view
)
AC
GIH
1.0
µg
/L
(und
er
revi
ew)
WC
A 1
58
0.5µ
g/L
LC
1-H
ydro
xypy
rene
is
cons
ider
ed to
be
a su
itabl
e bi
olog
ical
m
arke
r for
exp
osur
e to
pol
ycyc
lic a
rom
atic
hy
droc
arbo
ns.
Pes
tici
des
Her
bic
ides
Urin
ary
herb
icid
e sc
reen
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
or e
nd
of w
ork
wee
k if
usin
g ev
ery
day.
WC
A 1
02
10µ
g/L
G
C
Urin
e co
llect
ions
mus
t be
mad
e w
ithin
48
hour
s of
last
exp
osur
e.
Bro
mox
ynil
Clo
pyra
lid
Dic
amba
P
iclo
ram
Tr
iclo
pyr
2,4-
D
hour
s ho
urs
hour
s ho
urs
5–6
hrs
12
–22
hrs
WC
A
WC
A
WC
A
WC
A
Not
set
N
ot s
et
100µ
g/L
10
0µg
/L
100µ
g/L
10
0µg
/L
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
22 WORKCOVER NSW
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Urin
ary
glyp
hosa
te50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
6 ho
urs
Not
set
WC
A 1
36
25µ
g/L
LC
Urin
e co
llect
ions
m
ust b
e m
ade
with
in
48 h
ours
of l
ast
expo
sure
. Lite
ratu
re
indi
cate
s gl
ypho
sate
is
not
eas
ily a
bsor
bed
thro
ugh
skin
.
Urin
ary
MC
PA
(4-c
hlor
o-2-
met
hyl
phen
oxy
acet
ic
acid
)
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
hour
sN
ot s
etW
CA
193
10
µg
/L
GC
MS
Urin
e co
llect
ions
mus
t be
mad
e w
ithin
48
hour
s of
last
exp
osur
e.
Org
ano
-ch
lori
ne
inse
ctic
ides
Blo
od
orga
noch
lorin
e in
sect
icid
e sc
reen
10m
L in
he
parin
ised
or
ED
TA tu
be
WC
A
WC
A15
0µg
/L
50µ
g/L
10
0µ/L
20
µg
/L
WC
A 1
01
2µg
/L
GC
Chl
orda
ne a
nd
hept
achl
or a
re s
tore
d in
adi
pose
tiss
ues
and
are
mea
sure
d in
blo
od
as th
e m
etab
olite
he
ptac
hlor
epox
ide.
A
ldrin
bre
aks
dow
n to
giv
e th
e m
etab
olite
di
eldr
in.
Hex
achl
oro-
benz
ene
D
ield
rin
DD
T (t
otal
) H
epta
chlo
repo
xide
Not
crit
ical
N
ot c
ritic
al
Not
crit
ical
N
ot c
ritic
al
Pers
iste
nt
Pers
iste
nt
Pers
iste
nt
Pers
iste
nt
Endo
sulfa
ns10
mL
in
hepa
rinis
ed
or E
DTA
tube
End
of s
hift
hour
sN
ot s
etEn
dosu
lfans
rare
ly
dete
cted
due
to ra
pid
met
abol
ism
.
Org
ano
-p
ho
sph
oru
s in
sect
icid
es
Urin
ary
alky
l ph
osph
ate
met
abol
ites
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
Post
shi
ft o
r nex
t da
y af
ter u
se1–
2 da
ysN
ot s
etW
CA
203
Fo
r det
ectio
n lim
its s
ee
furt
her L
CM
S
See
Add
ition
al
Info
rmat
ion
Org
anop
hosp
hate
m
etab
olite
s fo
r fur
ther
in
form
atio
n.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 23
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
So
lven
ts
Ben
zen
eS
-Phe
nyl-
mer
capt
uric
aci
d in
urin
e
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
9 ho
urs
11.8
µm
ol/
mol
cr
0.10
µ
mol
/LA
CG
IH25
µg
/LW
CA
211
0.
5µg
/L
LCM
S
Sor
bic
acid
is n
ot a
co
nfou
ndin
g fa
ctor
for
mea
surin
g be
nzen
e ex
posu
re v
ia th
e ur
inar
y m
etab
olite
S
-Phe
nylm
erca
ptur
ic
acid
. The
bac
kgro
und
leve
l for
a n
on-s
mok
er
is 2
.0 µ
g/g
cre
atin
ine
and
for a
sm
oker
it is
3.
6 µ
g/g
cre
atin
ine.
Car
bo
n d
isu
lfid
e2-
Thio
thia
zolid
ine-
4-
carb
oxyl
ic a
cid
(TTC
A)
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
4–6
hou
rs(1
µm
ol/m
ol
cr p
endi
ng)
(3µ
mol
/L
pend
ing)
AC
GIH
(500
µg
/L
pend
ing)
WC
A 2
34
0.3µ
mol
/L
LCM
S
This
BO
EL is
a
biol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
guid
ance
val
ue
ther
efor
e, te
st
resu
lts a
bove
do
not
nece
ssar
ily m
ean
adve
rse
heal
th e
ffec
ts
will
occ
ur.
Cre
sol
Urin
ary
cres
ol50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
Pre
and
pos
t shi
ft3
hour
s–
1.8m
mol
/LD
FG0.
2g/L
WC
A 1
45
0.05
mm
ol/L
LC
Die
tary
sou
rces
may
be
sig
nific
ant.
Pre
and
po
st s
hift
sam
ples
are
re
com
men
ded
o an
d m
form
s no
t nor
mal
ly
foun
d in
urin
e. p
-form
oc
curs
in ra
nge
21–2
10
mm
ol/m
ol c
reat
inin
e.
Ave
rage
94
mm
ol/m
ol
crea
tinin
e.
Eth
yl b
enze
ne
Urin
ary
man
delic
ac
id50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k4
hour
s52
0mm
ol/
mol
cr
4.6m
mol
/LA
CG
IH0.
69g
/LW
CA
125
0.
3mm
ol/L
LC
Ethy
l ben
zene
may
ac
cum
ulat
e in
the
body
dur
ing
the
wor
king
wee
k. M
ajor
m
etab
olite
s ar
e m
ande
lic a
cid
(64%
) an
d ph
enyl
glyo
xylic
ac
id (2
5%).
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
24 WORKCOVER NSW
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Furf
ura
lU
rinar
y fu
roic
aci
d50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
2–2.
5 ho
urs
200m
mol
/m
ol c
r1.
77
mm
ol/L
AC
GIH
200m
g/L
WC
A 1
86
0.01
mm
ol/L
LC
Furf
ural
is m
etab
olis
ed
very
rapi
dly
in th
e bo
dy
(2–2
.5 h
rs),
ther
efor
e sa
mpl
e co
llect
ion
is
criti
cal.
Furo
ic a
cid
is
a na
tura
l con
stitu
ent
of h
uman
urin
e de
rived
from
die
tary
so
urce
s, p
artic
ular
ly
fruc
tose
. Its
ave
rage
co
ncen
trat
ion
is in
the
orde
r of 1
5 m
mol
/mol
cr
eatin
ine.
Iso
cyan
ates
(H
DI,
2, 4
-TD
I, 2,
6-
TD
I an
d M
DI)
Urin
ary
isoc
yana
te
met
abol
ites
(HD
A, 2
, 4-T
DA
, 2,
6-T
DA
and
M
DA
)
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
2–4
hour
s(1
µm
ol/m
ol
cr p
endi
ng)
(0.0
09
µm
ol/L
pe
ndin
g)
HS
L(1
.5µ
g/L
pe
ndin
g)W
CA
229
0.
003µ
mol
/L
LCM
S
This
BO
EL is
a
biol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
guid
ance
val
ue;
ther
efor
e, th
e te
st
resu
lts a
bove
do
not
nece
ssar
ily m
ean
that
adv
erse
hea
lth
effe
cts
will
occ
ur.
Isoc
yana
tes
are
know
n to
cau
se re
spira
tory
se
nsiti
satio
n an
d as
thm
a. A
irbor
ne
expo
sure
sho
uld
be
min
imis
ed. D
erm
al
abso
rptio
n ca
n al
so b
e si
gnifi
cant
.
Ph
eno
lU
rinar
y P
heno
l50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
1–4
hour
s –
2.1m
mol
/LD
FG20
0mg
/LW
CA
145
0.
05m
mol
/L
LC
Very
rapi
dly
excr
eted
in
the
urin
e fo
llow
ing
expo
sure
.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 25
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
So
lven
ts
(Ace
ton
e,
Eth
yl A
ceta
te,
Met
hyl
eth
yl
keto
ne
(MEK
),
Met
hyl
iso
bu
ty
lket
on
e (M
IBK
),
Eth
ano
l, C
yclo
hex
ano
l, Te
trah
ydro
-fu
ran
(T
HF)
, To
luen
e,
Met
hyl
ene
Ch
lori
de,
1,
1,1-
tric
hlo
ro-
eth
ane)
Urin
ary
solv
ent
scre
en50
mL
in p
last
ic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
hour
s
Ace
tone
: 0.
86
mm
ol/L
MEK
: 0.0
3 m
mol
/L
MIB
K: 0
.02
mm
ol/L
THF:
28
µm
ol/L
(Tol
uene
: 0.
326
µm
ol/L
pe
ndin
g)
Met
hyle
ne
Chl
orid
e:
3.5µ
mol
/L
AC
GIH
Ace
tone
: 50
mg
/L
MEK
: 2m
g/L
MIB
K:
2mg
/L
THF:
2m
g/L
(Tol
uene
: 0.
03m
g/L
pe
ndin
g)
Met
hyle
ne
Chl
orid
e:
0.3m
g/L
WC
A 1
63
0.05
mg
/L
exce
pt fo
r Et
hano
l, (0
.5
mg
/L)
GC
MS
Sty
ren
eU
rinar
y m
ande
lic
acid
50 m
L in
pla
stic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
Bip
hasi
c:
3–4
hou
rs
25–4
0 hr
s (u
rine)
297m
mol
/m
ol c
r2.
6mm
ol/L
AC
GIH
400m
g/L
WC
A 1
25
0.3m
mol
/L
LC
Man
delic
aci
d an
d ph
enyl
glyo
xylic
ac
id a
re th
e m
ajor
m
etab
olite
s of
sty
rene
. Th
ey a
re in
itial
ly
excr
eted
rapi
dly
in
the
urin
e fo
llow
ing
expo
sure
then
slo
wly
ov
er s
ever
al d
ays.
The
BO
EL is
for a
n ex
posu
re m
easu
red
as m
ande
lic a
nd
phen
ylgl
yoxy
lic a
cids
.
Tetr
ach
loro
-et
hyl
ene
Urin
ary
tric
hlor
oace
tic
acid
50 m
L in
pla
stic
co
ntai
ner
End
of w
ork
wee
k2-
4 da
ys
(urin
e)–
0.02
m
mol
/LA
CG
IH3.
5mg
/LW
CA
146
0.
01m
mol
/L
GC
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
26 WORKCOVER NSW
Exp
osu
reTe
stS
amp
leC
olle
ctio
nB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
Met
ho
d,
LOQ
, te
chn
iqu
eC
om
men
tsS
I un
its
Ref
.M
ass
un
its
/mo
l cr
eati
nin
e/L
/L
Tolu
ene
Urin
ary
hipp
uric
ac
id50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
1–3
hour
s (u
rine)
1010
mm
ol/
mol
cr
9mm
ol/L
AC
GIH
1.
6g/L
WC
A131
0.
5mm
ol/L
LC
Hip
puric
aci
d is
the
maj
or m
etab
olite
(6
4%) o
f tol
uene
. H
owev
er, d
ieta
ry
sour
ces
(cer
tain
ve
geta
bles
and
frui
ts
and
the
pres
erva
tive
sodi
um b
enzo
ate)
may
al
so b
e m
etab
olis
ed
to h
ippu
ric a
cid
in
sign
ifica
nt a
mou
nts.
A
lthou
gh o
-Cre
sol
is o
nly
a m
inor
m
etab
olite
(1%
) of
tolu
ene,
it is
m
ore
spec
ific
than
hi
ppur
ic a
cid.
Tes
t is
reco
mm
ende
d on
ly if
hi
ppur
ic a
cid
leve
ls a
re
high
as
a co
nfirm
atio
n ex
posu
re to
tolu
ene.
Urin
ary
o-C
reso
l50
mL
in
plas
tic
cont
aine
r
End
of s
hift
3 ho
urs
(urin
e)0.
5mm
ol/
mol
cr
4.6µ
mol
/LA
CG
IH0.
5mg
/LW
CA
145
0.
05m
mol
/L
LC
1,1,
1-tr
ich
loro
-et
han
e (M
eth
yl
chlo
rofo
rm)
Urin
ary
tric
hlor
oace
tic
acid
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k2-
4 da
ys
(urin
e)–
––
–W
CA
146
0.
01m
mol
/L
GC
Tric
hlo
ro-
eth
ylen
eU
rinar
y tr
ichl
oroa
cetic
cc
id
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
at e
nd o
f w
ork
wee
k2-
4 da
ys
(urin
e)–
0.12
m
mol
/LD
FG20
mg
/LW
CA
146
0.
01m
mol
/L
GC
Xyl
enes
Urin
ary
tolu
ric
acid
(met
hyl
hipp
uric
aci
d)
50m
L in
pl
astic
co
ntai
ner
End
of s
hift
Bip
hasi
c:
3.6
hour
s
30 h
ours
(u
rine)
650m
mol
/m
ol c
r5.
7mm
ol/L
HS
E1.
1g/L
WC
131
0.
05m
mol
/L
LC
Tolu
ric a
cid
is th
e m
ajor
met
abol
ite
(95%
) of x
ylen
es.
Met
abol
ism
of x
ylen
e to
tolu
ric a
cid
is
inhi
bite
d (-
50%
) by
etha
nol a
nd a
spiri
n.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 27
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
sM
ult
i-el
emen
t scr
een
ing
in u
rin
e b
y IC
PM
S
The
indu
ctiv
ely
coup
led
plas
ma
mas
s sp
ectr
omet
er (I
CP
MS
) has
the
abili
ty to
pro
vide
mul
ti-el
emen
t ana
lysi
s.
The
labo
rato
ry s
cree
ns fo
r the
follo
win
g 13
ele
men
ts in
urin
e.
The
urin
e sa
mpl
es (2
0 m
L in
MS
U c
onta
iner
) sho
uld
be c
olle
cted
at t
he e
nd o
f shi
ft, p
refe
rabl
y at
the
end
of th
e w
orki
ng w
eek.
Exp
osu
reB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
LOQ
Co
mm
ents
µm
ol/
mo
l cr
eati
nin
eS
I un
its
Mas
s u
nit
sR
ef.
1A
nti
mo
ny
4 da
ys0.
01µ
mol
/LTh
e ur
inar
y co
ncen
trat
ion
has
been
det
erm
ined
to b
e ap
prox
imat
ely
equi
vale
nt to
= 5
.87
+ 0
.52S
b in
air
(whe
n S
b in
air
is in
µg
/m3
)
The
uppe
r 95%
of t
he p
opul
atio
n ba
ckgr
ound
leve
l of u
rinar
y an
timon
y w
as 0
.000
02 m
ol/L
(≅ 2
.6ng
/g c
reat
inin
e)
2B
eryl
lium
20 d
ays
solu
ble
1 ye
ar in
solu
ble
0.05
µm
ol/L
At p
rese
nt, t
here
is n
o cl
ear r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
bery
llium
inte
rnal
do
se a
nd to
xic
effe
cts.
How
ever
, sen
sitis
atio
n to
ber
ylliu
m c
an o
ccur
vi
a al
l rou
tes
of e
xpos
ure
and
lead
to c
hron
ic b
eryl
lium
dis
ease
.
The
urin
ary
bery
llium
con
cent
ratio
n is
gen
eral
ly b
elow
13µ
mol
/mol
cr
eatin
ine
(111
nmol
/L) a
nd m
ean
valu
es h
ave
been
repo
rted
as
low
as
3.5
µm
ol/m
ol c
reat
inin
e (3
1nm
ol/L
) in
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n.
Sm
oker
s al
so u
sual
ly s
how
leve
ls b
elow
13µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine
(111
nmol
/L),
but o
n av
erag
e ha
ve le
vels
hig
her t
han
non-
smok
ers.
3B
ism
uth
5 da
ys0.
01µ
mol
/LB
ism
uth
com
poun
ds a
re c
onsi
dere
d to
be
poor
ly to
mod
erat
ely
abso
rbed
aft
er in
hala
tion
or in
gest
ion,
but
ther
e is
no
quan
titat
ive
data
. Ing
este
d bi
smut
h is
larg
ely
elim
inat
ed u
nabs
orbe
d in
faec
es,
how
ever
, abs
orbe
d bi
smut
h is
mai
nly
excr
eted
in u
rine.
For
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n, th
e to
tal d
aily
inta
ke in
food
is a
ppro
x 5
–20
µg.
4C
adm
ium
(c
hro
nic
exp
)20
yea
rs5
µm
ol/
mol
cr
44nm
ol/L
5µg
/LA
CG
IH0.
02µ
mol
/LTh
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f cad
miu
m in
urin
e es
timat
es c
hron
ic e
xpos
ure.
H
owev
er, i
t may
pro
vide
no
info
rmat
ion
on in
tegr
ated
exp
osur
e du
ring
the
first
yea
r of e
xpos
ure.
In th
e w
orkp
lace
the
lung
s ar
e th
e m
ajor
rout
e of
abs
orpt
ion
of a
eros
ols,
dus
ts a
nd fu
mes
. The
mai
n ro
ute
of e
limin
atio
n is
rena
l. R
enal
tubu
lar d
amag
e fr
om c
adm
ium
or
rena
l tub
ular
dys
func
tion
of o
ther
etio
logi
es re
sults
in in
crea
sed
rena
l el
imin
atio
n of
cad
miu
m.
5C
hro
miu
mTr
ipha
sic
7 ho
urs
15–3
0 da
ys
3–5
yea
rs
10µ
mol
/m
ol c
r0.
09
µm
ol/L
5µg
/LH
SE
0.02
µm
ol/L
This
BO
EL is
for e
xpos
ures
to h
exav
alen
t chr
omiu
m w
hich
is
redu
ced
to tr
ival
ent c
hrom
ium
whe
n it
ente
rs th
e bo
dy. E
limin
atio
n of
chr
omiu
m is
trip
hasi
c w
ith h
alf-
lives
of 7
hou
rs, 1
5-3
0 da
ys,
and
3–5
yea
rs. T
he b
ackg
roun
d le
vel o
f chr
omiu
m in
urin
e sh
ould
be
<4.
0 µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine.
Con
cent
ratio
ns o
f chr
omiu
m in
pr
eshi
ft s
ampl
es re
flect
pas
t exp
osur
e, w
here
as p
ost-
shift
sam
ple
valu
es re
flect
bot
h pa
st a
nd c
urre
nt e
xpos
ures
; the
refo
re, i
t is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at a
pre
-shi
ft a
nd p
ost-
shift
sam
ple
be t
aken
.
28 WORKCOVER NSW
Exp
osu
reB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
LOQ
Co
mm
ents
µm
ol/
mo
l cr
eati
nin
eS
I un
its
Mas
s u
nit
sR
ef.
6C
ob
alt
29µ
mol
/m
ol c
r0.
25
µm
ol/L
15µ
g/L
AC
GIH
0.02
µm
ol/L
The
form
of c
obal
t in
the
insp
ired
air (
part
icle
siz
e, s
olub
ility
) has
an
effe
ct o
n th
e ai
r urin
e co
ncen
trat
ion
rela
tions
hip.
The
BO
EL s
houl
d be
app
lied
for a
ll co
balt
and
inor
gani
c co
mpo
unds
, exc
ept c
obal
t ox
ides
. Sam
plin
g tim
e an
d av
oida
nce
of s
ampl
e co
ntam
inat
ion
are
criti
cal.
This
test
is in
dica
tive
of e
xpos
ure
over
a n
umbe
r of d
ays.
7C
op
per
1 m
onth
Lauw
erys
0.02
µm
ol/L
The
unex
pose
d co
ncen
trat
ion
of c
oppe
r in
urin
e is
app
roxi
mat
ely
50µ
g/g
cre
atin
ine
(89µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine
or 0
.79µ
mol
/L).
8Le
ad (
org
anic
)27
µm
ol/
mol
cr
0.24
µ
mol
/L50
µg
/LD
FG0.
01µ
mol
/LU
rine
is th
e pr
efer
red
mat
rix fo
r exp
osur
e to
org
anic
lead
(eg
alky
l le
ad a
dditi
ves
of p
etro
l). T
his
test
is n
ot re
com
men
ded
for e
xpos
ures
to
inor
gani
c le
ad.
9M
ang
anes
e (c
hro
nic
exp
)2–
5 w
eeks
0.02
µm
ol/L
The
unex
pose
d co
ncen
trat
ion
of m
anga
nese
in u
rine
is u
sual
ly
0.2–
3.4µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine.
Man
gane
se in
urin
e re
flect
s re
cent
ex
posu
re. B
ette
r int
erpr
etat
ion
of e
xpos
ure
is o
btai
ned
on a
gro
up
basi
s as
exc
retio
n ra
tes
vary
with
dos
e. It
has
bee
n su
gges
ted
that
bl
ood
and
urin
e m
easu
rem
ents
are
use
ful f
or c
onfir
min
g ex
posu
re.
10N
icke
l20
-27
hour
s0.
04µ
mol
/LTh
e ab
sorp
tion
rate
is g
ener
ally
dep
ende
nt o
n th
e so
lubi
lity
of th
e co
mpo
und.
Lev
els
of n
icke
l in
biol
ogic
al m
edia
mar
kedl
y in
crea
se
follo
win
g in
hala
tion
of s
olub
le c
ompo
unds
(suc
h as
nic
kel c
hlor
ide,
su
lfate
or n
itrat
e), h
owev
er p
oorly
sol
uble
com
poun
ds (s
uch
as n
icke
l ca
rbon
ate,
sul
fide
or o
xide
) res
ult i
n le
sser
, but
mor
e pr
olon
ged
elev
atio
n. R
ecen
t stu
dies
indi
cate
that
in n
on o
ccup
atio
nally
exp
osed
su
bjec
ts, t
he c
once
ntra
tion
of n
icke
l in
urin
e is
usu
ally
bel
ow 3
.9
µm
ol/m
ol c
reat
inin
e (2
µg
/g c
reat
inin
e).
11S
elen
ium
Bip
hasi
c 1–
3 da
ys
30–1
10 d
ays
0.40
µm
ol/L
The
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n se
leni
um v
alue
s in
urin
e ar
e ge
nera
lly
belo
w 4
3 µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine
(380
nm
ol/L
) (P
95%
: 44µ
mol
/mol
cr
eatin
ine
(391
nmol
/L);
Mea
n: 3
2µm
ol/m
ol c
reat
inin
e (2
80 n
mol
/L))
. O
ccup
atio
nal e
xpos
ure
is e
xpec
ted
to fa
ll be
low
126
5 nm
ol/L
.
12T
hal
lium
15–3
0 da
ys0.
004µ
mol
/LFo
llow
ing
abso
rptio
n, th
alliu
m ra
pidl
y ap
pear
s in
the
urin
e, w
hich
is
the
mai
n ex
cret
ory
path
way
. Exc
retio
n, h
owev
er, i
s sl
ow a
nd le
vels
m
ay re
mai
n el
evat
ed fo
r sev
eral
wee
ks (h
alf-
life
is b
etw
een
15 to
30
days
). Th
e co
ncen
trat
ion
of th
alliu
m in
the
urin
e is
gen
eral
ly b
elow
0.
83 µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine
(7.3
nmol
/L).
Occ
upat
iona
l exp
osur
e is
ex
pect
ed to
fall
belo
w 2
45nm
ol/L
(28µ
mol
/mol
cr o
r 50µ
g/L
).
13U
ran
ium
Bip
hasi
c 2
days
50–6
0 da
ys
0.00
3µm
ol/L
The
dete
rmin
atio
n of
ura
nium
in u
rine
is u
sed
to e
valu
ate
rece
nt
expo
sure
to s
olub
le u
rani
um s
alts
. It h
as b
een
prop
osed
that
to
pre
vent
rena
l dam
age,
the
post
shi
ft u
rine
conc
entr
atio
n of
ur
aniu
m s
houl
d no
t exc
eed
120µ
mol
/mol
cre
atin
ine(
1050
nmol
/L).
Bac
kgro
und
popu
latio
n le
vels
rang
e fr
om 0
.01
to 0
.14µ
mol
/mol
cr
eatin
ine
(0.1
to 1
.3nm
ol/L
).
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 29
Exp
osu
reB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
LOQ
Co
mm
ents
µm
ol/
mo
l cr
eati
nin
eS
I un
its
Mas
s u
nit
sR
ef.
14V
anad
ium
15–4
0 ho
urs
110µ
mol
/m
ol c
r0.
98
µm
ol/L
50µ
g/L
AC
GIH
0.02
µm
ol/L
Abs
orpt
ion
of v
anad
ium
is m
ainl
y vi
a th
e re
spira
tory
rout
e w
ith
very
litt
le o
f the
inge
sted
am
ount
bei
ng a
bsor
bed.
The
ski
n is
a
min
or ro
ute
of a
bsor
ptio
n. T
he b
ackg
roun
d le
vel o
f van
adiu
m in
ur
ine
of a
n un
expo
sed
pers
on s
houl
d be
less
than
2.2
µm
ol/m
ol
crea
tinin
e. W
orkd
ay e
xpos
ure
is b
est a
sses
sed
by p
re a
nd p
ost s
hift
co
mpa
rison
s. M
onda
y m
orni
ng s
ampl
es m
ight
refle
ct a
ccum
ulat
ion
of th
e m
etal
in th
e bo
dy. V
anad
ium
is e
limin
ated
in th
e ur
ine
with
a
half-
life
of 1
5–4
0 ho
urs.
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
30 WORKCOVER NSW
Sp
ecia
tio
n o
f ars
enic
in u
rin
e b
y LC
/IC
PM
S
Exp
osur
e to
ars
enic
is d
eter
min
ed b
y th
e an
alys
is o
f the
follo
win
g fo
ur m
etab
olite
s in
urin
e Te
stS
afe
Met
hod
Num
ber:
WC
A.2
18
The
urin
e sa
mpl
es (2
0 m
L in
MS
U c
onta
iner
) sho
uld
be c
olle
cted
at t
he e
nd o
f shi
ft, p
refe
rabl
y at
the
end
of th
e w
orki
ng w
eek.
Exp
osu
reB
iol.
hal
f-lif
e
BO
EL
LOQ
Co
mm
ents
µm
ol/
mo
l cr
eati
nin
eS
I un
its
Mas
s u
nit
sR
ef.
1M
on
om
eth
yl
arso
nic
aci
d
(MM
Av)
–0.
02µ
mol
/LTh
e B
iolo
gica
l Occ
upat
iona
l Exp
osur
e Li
mit
of 0
.470
µm
ol/L
is fo
r in
orga
nic
arse
nic
that
is c
lass
ified
as
an IA
RC
cat
egor
y 1
carc
inog
en.
The
AC
GIH
has
reco
mm
ende
d th
at th
e te
st re
sult
be n
ot re
port
ed
adju
sted
to c
reat
inin
e, h
owev
er, t
he c
reat
inin
e re
sult
is p
rovi
ded
sepa
rate
ly in
ord
er to
ass
ist w
ith th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of th
e te
st re
sult.
Ars
enic
from
occ
upat
iona
l sou
rces
occ
urs
pred
omin
antly
as
As(
III)
and
As(
V).
Bot
h A
s(III
) and
As(
V) a
re m
etab
olis
ed in
the
body
and
ca
n be
exc
rete
d in
urin
e as
the
less
toxi
c co
mpo
unds
, dim
ethy
l ar
sini
c ac
id (D
MA
v) a
nd m
onom
ethy
l ars
onic
aci
d (M
MA
v). I
n pe
ople
ex
pose
d to
hig
h le
vels
of A
s(III
) or A
s(V
) not
all
of th
e in
orga
nic
spec
ies
will
be
conv
erte
d in
the
body
to M
MA
v or
DM
Av,
and
th
eref
ore
As(
III) a
nd A
s(V
) may
als
o be
exc
rete
d in
urin
e.
Fish
and
she
llfish
con
tain
org
anic
ars
enic
com
poun
ds s
uch
as
arse
nobe
tain
e (A
B) a
nd a
sm
all a
mou
nt o
f DM
Av,
whi
ch a
re e
xcre
ted
in u
rine
unch
ange
d.
MM
Av
is th
e m
etab
olite
of e
xpos
ure
to A
s(III
) and
/or A
s(V
).
DM
Av
is p
rese
nt in
sea
food
and
is th
e m
ain
met
abol
ite o
f exp
osur
e to
As(
III) a
nd/o
r As(
V) A
s(III
) and
As(
V) w
ill b
e fo
und
pres
ent i
n th
e ur
ine
whe
n m
oder
ate
to h
igh
expo
sure
s ha
ve b
een
expe
rienc
ed a
nd
the
sam
ple
has
been
tak
en w
ithin
24
hrs
of e
xpos
ure.
Ars
enob
etai
ne is
onl
y pr
esen
t in
seaf
ood.
Urin
ary
excr
etio
n pr
opor
tions
are
app
roxi
mat
ely
15–2
5% M
MA
v,
40–7
5% D
MA
v an
d 20
-25%
As(
III) a
nd/o
r As(
V).
Thes
e pr
opor
tions
ca
n va
ry d
epen
ding
on
expo
sed
spec
ies,
tim
e af
ter e
xpos
ure
and
dose
leve
l. To
tal I
norg
anic
Ars
enic
test
resu
lt is
the
sum
mat
ion
of
MM
Av
+ D
MA
v +
As(
III) +
As(
V) a
nd th
is v
alue
is c
ompa
red
to th
e B
OEL
.
2D
imet
hyl
ars
inic
ac
id (
DM
Av)
–0.
02µ
mol
/L
3A
rsen
ic (
III)
–0.
02µ
mol
/L
4A
rsen
ic (
V)
–0.
02µ
mol
/L
5To
tal i
no
rgan
ic
arse
nic
1–4
Day
s–
0.47
0 µ
mol
/L35
µg
/LA
CG
IH0.
02µ
mol
/L
6D
ieta
ry a
rsen
ic –
ar
sen
ob
etai
ne
0.02
µm
ol/L
Ars
enob
etai
ne is
onl
y pr
esen
t in
seaf
ood
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 31
Mul
ti-e
lem
ent s
cree
nin
g in
blo
od
by
ICP
MS
The
indu
ctiv
ely
coup
led
plas
ma
mas
s sp
ectr
omet
er (I
CP
MS
) has
the
abili
ty to
pro
vide
mul
ti-el
emen
t ana
lysi
s.
The
labo
rato
ry s
cree
ns fo
r the
follo
win
g fo
ur e
lem
ents
in b
lood
. Tes
tsaf
e M
etho
d N
umbe
r: W
CA
214
.
The
bloo
d sa
mpl
es (1
0 m
L in
hep
arin
ised
tube
) can
be
colle
cted
any
time
taki
ng c
are
to a
void
con
tam
inat
ion.
Exp
osu
reB
iolo
gic
al h
alf-
life
BO
EL
mas
s u
nit
sR
efLO
QC
om
men
ts
1C
ob
alt
Bip
hasi
c
A fe
w d
ays
mon
ths-
year
s
17nm
ol/L
10nm
ol/L
Cob
alt i
n bl
ood
colle
cted
at t
he e
nd o
f the
last
shi
ft o
f the
wor
kwee
k is
an
indi
cato
r of r
ecen
t ex
posu
re to
cob
alt o
r its
inor
gani
c co
mpo
unds
. Cob
alt o
xide
s ar
e le
ss s
olub
le a
nd th
eref
ore
shou
ld s
how
low
er le
vels
. The
bac
kgro
und
coba
lt le
vels
sho
uld
not e
xcee
d th
e B
OEL
. H
owev
er, p
erso
ns w
ith s
urgi
cal i
mpl
ants
or o
n co
balt
cont
aini
ng m
edic
atio
n fo
r the
trea
tmen
t of
ane
mia
may
sho
w h
ighe
r lev
els.
The
bio
logi
cal h
alf-
life
of c
obal
t in
bloo
d is
29
hour
s.
2C
adm
ium
2 m
onth
s44
nmol
/L20
nmol
/LM
easu
rem
ents
of c
adm
ium
in b
lood
are
an
indi
catio
n of
rece
nt e
xpos
ure
to c
adm
ium
. M
onito
ring
in b
lood
sho
uld
be p
refe
rred
dur
ing
the
initi
al y
ear o
f exp
osur
e an
d w
hene
ver
chan
ges
in th
e de
gree
of e
xpos
ure
are
susp
ecte
d. M
easu
rem
ents
of c
adm
ium
in u
rine
are
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
bio
logi
cal m
easu
re o
f chr
onic
exp
osur
e to
cad
miu
m.
3Le
adTr
ipha
sic
6 w
eeks
6 m
onth
s
20 y
ears
2.4µ
mol
/L0.
1µm
ol/L
Blo
od is
the
pref
erre
d m
atrix
for m
easu
ring
expo
sure
to in
orga
nic
lead
whe
reas
urin
e is
the
pref
erre
d m
atrix
for m
easu
ring
expo
sure
to o
rgan
ic le
ad (e
g al
kyl l
ead
addi
tive
of p
etro
l).
Mos
t blo
od le
ad is
con
tain
ed w
ithin
the
eryt
hroc
ytes
. Blo
od le
ad le
vels
are
falli
ng in
the
gene
ral c
omm
unity
and
mos
t lev
els
will
be
less
than
0.7
µm
ol/L
in m
ales
and
less
than
0.5
µ
mol
/L in
fem
ales
.
4M
ang
anes
eH
ours
364n
mol
/L10
0nm
ol/L
Tab
le 2
– B
iolo
gica
l mon
itori
ng
ana
lysi
s
32 WORKCOVER NSW
Additional information about the organophosphate metabolites in urine screen
Abbreviation Name Limit of detection Creatinine adjusted detection limitsfor a urine with 1 g/L (0.010 mol/L) creatinine
DMP Dimethylphosphate 1.5 µmol/L (200 µg/L) 150 µmol/mol creatinine
DMTP Dimethylthiophosphate 0.2 µmol/L (25 µg/L) 20 µmol/mol creatinine
DMDTP Dimethyldithiophosphate 0.2 µmol/L (25 µg/L) 20 µmol/mol creatinine
DEP Diethylphosphate 0.7 µmol/L (100 µg/L) 70 µmol/mol creatinine
DETP Diethylthiophosphate 0.2 µmol/L (25 µg/L) 20 µmol/mol creatinine
DEDTP Diethyldithiophosphate 0.2 µmol/L (25 µg/L) 20 µmol/mol creatinine
Technique: Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
This test measures occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides which when absorbed are excreted in the urine as either one or more of the following alkyl phosphate metabolites (breakdown products).
International studies of the urinary excretion of these metabolites in the general population have shown that on average, the levels found are below the detection limits of this method.
Metabolite(s)* Organophosphate pesticide
DEP, DETP Chlorfenviphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrazophos
DEP, DETP, DEDTP Azinphos-ethyl, ethion, phorate, terbufos
DMP Dichlorvos, mevinphos, monocrotophos, trichlorphon
DMP, DMTP Azamethiphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, famphur, fenitrothion, fenthion, omethoate, parathion-methyl, temephos, tolclofos-methyl, vamidothion
DMP, DMTP, DMDTP Azinphos-methyl, dimethoate, malathion, methidathion, phosmet
*One or more of these metabolites would be expected.
Guidelines for interpreting results
• Levels of dialkyl phosphates in urine below 100 µmol/mol creatinine would be considered to be a low occupational exposure and equivalent to a high non-occupational exposure.
• Levels of dialkyl phosphates in urine between 100 and 1000 µmol/mol creatinine would indicate that the person has had an occupational exposure to organophosphates and therefore work practices may need to be reviewed to reduce exposure levels.
• Levels of dialkyl phosphates in urine above 1000 µmol/mol creatinine would indicate a high occupational exposure to organophosphates and may be associated with a drop in the blood cholinesterase level.
• For workers with chronic exposure to organophosphates the dialkyl phosphate level in urine may also be associated with a drop in the blood cholinesterase level.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 33
Abbreviations used in table 1 and table 2
Instrumental techniques
CVAAS Cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry
ECHD Electrochemical detection
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GC Gas chromatography with flame ionisation or electron capture detection
GCMS Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection with/without headspace sampling
LC High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence, ultra-violet wavelength, electrochemical or conductivity detection
LCMS Liquid chromatography - (mass spectrometry)
IC Ion chromatography
ICPMS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ISE Ion selective electrode
LCICPMS Liquid chromatography - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
PLM Polarising light microscopy with dispersion staining
SPEC Spectrophotometry with visible wavelength detection
XRD X-ray diffractometry
XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Other abbreviations used
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AIOH Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists
AS Australian Standard
BOEL Biological Occupational Exposure Limit
DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany)
HSE Health and Safety Executive (United Kingdom)
LOD Limit of detection
LOQ Limit of quantitation
LAUWERYS ‘Industrial Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Biological Monitoring’ Lauwerys and Hoet, 2001
NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia)
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)
WCA WorkCover Authority of NSW
34 WORKCOVER NSW
Laboratory accreditationThe Chemical Analysis Branch is accredited with the National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA), for compliance to the international standard ISO/IEC 17025. Under a Memorandum of Understanding, the Commonwealth Government recognises NATA as the sole national accreditation body for establishing competent laboratory practice. The cornerstone of NATA accreditation is peer/expert assessment whereby the laboratory is assessed for technical competence. This ensures that the laboratory is always up to date with new technical developments and trends. By complying with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025, the laboratory also meets most of the requirements of the international standards ISO 9001 and ISO 9002. ISO/IEC 17025 provides further guidance for laboratories by covering several technical competence requirements that are not covered by ISO 9001 or ISO 9002.
The ISO/IEC 17025 standard covers areas including:
• laboratory management
• quality control
• documentation control
• review procedures for requests
• tenders and contracts
• purchasing services and supplies
• client service including customer complaints management
• non-conforming work policy
• internal audit systems
• corrective action procedures
• management reviews
• technical requirements – eg personnel, accommodation and environmental conditions
• test method selection and validation
• appropriate equipment
• measurement traceability and measurement uncertainty.
Quality assuranceIn order to ensure the highest degree of accuracy in the analytical results, the laboratory undertakes extensive intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory quality assurance (QA) activities. Within the laboratory, staff analyse laboratory and field blanks and perform duplicate and repeat analysis of samples. Spiked QA samples are also included routinely in each run to ensure the accuracy of the analyses. For many years, the branch has participated in several national and international inter-laboratory comparison programs including:
• Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP) and Asbestos in Materials Scheme (AIMS) conducted by the Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom
• Quality Management in Occupational and Environmental Medicine QA Program conducted by the Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen, Germany
• Quality Control Technologies QA Program, Australia.
• Royal College of Pathologists QA Program, Australia.
• Organic Vapour Monitor Analysis Program conducted by 3M.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 35
Measurement uncertaintyThe branch is currently issuing a large number of its reports with an estimation of the measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainty is an estimate attached to a measurement that characterises the range of values within which the true value is asserted to lie. Every measurement has an uncertainty associated with it, resulting from errors arising in the various stages of sampling and analysis and from a limited knowledge of factors affecting the result. For measurements to be of practical value it is necessary to have some knowledge of their reliability. A statement of uncertainty is a quantitative estimate that tries to address this issue. A wide variety of factors make any analytical measurement result liable to deviate from the true value. As far as reasonably possible, such errors are minimised by external control or explicitly corrected for. The exact deviation of a single measurement result from the (unknown) true value is, however, impossible to obtain, both because the different factors vary from experiment to experiment and because the effects of each factor on the result is never known exactly. The likely range of deviation is therefore estimated.
36 WORKCOVER NSW
Useful references and websites
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLV’s and BEI’s, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices acgih.org
AGRO The Agrochemicals Handbook. 3rd Edition. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1991. Editor H. Kidd. ISBN: 0-85186-416-3
AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association aiha.org
AIOH Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists aioh.org.au
BOHS British Occupational Hygiene Society bohs.org
CCH Laboratory Safety Manual. By the Occupational Health and Safety Unit of the University of NSW. R Haski, G. Cardilini and W. Bartolo. CCH Australia Limited. First published in October 1992 but continually updated. ISBN: 1-86264-439-X
HSE Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom hse.gov.uk
HSL Health and Safety Laboratory, United Kingdom hsl.gov.uk
LAUWERYS Industrial Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. Lauwerys and Hoet 2001. ISBN: 0-87371-650-7 3rd edition.
NATA National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia. For a listing of accredited laboratories throughout Australia and their terms of accreditation nata.com.au
NIOSH NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Edition, 1994. US Dept. of Health and Human Resources. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio cdc.gov
OMH Occupational Medicine Handbook. Information for Medical Practitioners. 11th Edition. 2003. Editor Dr K Wooller. ISSN: 1320-8624
OSHA OSHA Analytical Methods Manual, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. US. Dept. of Labor, Salt Lake City osha.slc.gov
PESKEM Peskem. The Australian Directory of Registered Pesticides and Their Users. Continually updated by the centre for Pesticide Application and Safety, University of QLD, Gatton College. ISSN: 1038-5789
SA Standards Australia standards.com.au
Safe Work Safe Work Australia. Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment Guidance Note NOHSC: 3008, National Exposure Standards NOHSC: 1003 May 1995. ISBN: 0644-451475 swa.gov.au
For comprehensive information about safety testing including hazardous substances and occupational hygiene testing, visit testsafe.com.au
For information about work health and safety, visit workcover.nsw.gov.au or call 13 10 50.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BRANCH HANDBOOK 37
Catalogue No. WC03516 WorkCover Publications Hotline 1300 799 003 WorkCover NSW, 92–100 Donnison Street, Gosford, NSW 2250
Locked Bag 2906, Lisarow, NSW 2252 | WorkCover Assistance Service 13 10 50 Website workcover.nsw.gov.au
ISBN 978 1 74218 889 8 © Copyright WorkCover NSW 1113
