CHEM%210% [CHAPTER%7: …chemistry.bd.psu.edu/justik/CHEM 210/CHEM 210 CH 07... ·...

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CHEM 210 [CHAPTER 7: SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES 1 Fall 2011 Putting it all together: Substitution and elimination reactions are almost always in competition with each other. In order to predict the products of a reaction, it is necessary to determine which mechanisms are likely to occur. Don’t fall into the trap of thinking that there must always be one clear winner. Sometimes there is, but sometimes there are multiple products. The goal is to predict all of the products and to predict which products are major and which are minor. To accomplish this goal, four steps are required: 1. Analyze the substrate and determine the expected mechanism(s). 2. Determine the function of the reagent. 3. Consider any relevant regiochemical and stereochemical requirements. 4. Consider any solvent effects. 1. The Substrate: CH3,1 o ,2 o ,3 o , Allyl or Benzyl The most important factor is the substrate! Make sure that if you are going to do an E2 or E1 process that you have a β hydrogen to react! Example: Even though the benzyl carbocation is as stable as a 3 o , the example on the left can only undergo S N 1 as there are no β hydrogens; the example on the right there are β hydrogens and we would show both S N 1 and E1 products:

Transcript of CHEM%210% [CHAPTER%7: …chemistry.bd.psu.edu/justik/CHEM 210/CHEM 210 CH 07... ·...

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

    1   Fall  2011    

Putting  it  all  together:            Substitution  and  elimination  reactions  are  almost  always   in  competition  with  each  other.   In  order   to  predict   the  products  of  a  reaction,  it   is  necessary  to  determine  which  mechanisms  are  likely  to  occur.  Don’t  fall   into  the  trap  of  thinking  that  there  must  always  be  one  clear  winner.  Sometimes  there  is,  but  sometimes  there  are  multiple  products.  The  goal  is  to  predict  all  of  the  products  and  to  predict  which  products  are  major  and  which  are  minor.  To  accomplish  this  goal,  four  steps  are  required:    

1.  Analyze  the  substrate  and  determine  the  expected  mechanism(s).    2.  Determine  the  function  of  the  reagent.  3.  Consider  any  relevant  regiochemical  and  stereochemical  requirements.  4.  Consider  any  solvent  effects.  

1. The  Substrate:  CH3,  1o,  2o,  3o,  Allyl  or  Benzyl  The  most  important  factor  is  the  substrate!  

 

Make  sure  that  if  you  are  going  to  do  an  E2  or  E1  process  that  you  have  a  β-­‐hydrogen  to  react!  

Example:  Even  though  the  benzyl  carbocation  is  as  stable  as  a  3o,  the  example  on  the  left  can  only  undergo  SN1  as  there  are  no  β -­‐hydrogens;  the  example  on  the  right  there  are  β -­‐hydrogens  and  we  would  show  both  SN1  and  E1  products:  

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

    2   Fall  2011    

2. The  Reagent:  Nucleophilicity  vs.  Basicity    After  we  know  what  is  possible  for  a  substrate,  we  now  inspect  the  nucleophile/base  to  see  what  will  happen.    We  can  divide  nucleophiles/bases  into  categories:  

 

Once  we  know  what  category  we  are  in,  we  can  now  decide  on  the  course  of  the  reaction:  

For  “Nucleophile  (only)”  do  not  use  ANY  of  these  for  E2.    They  lack  the  basicity  needed  to  lower  the  EA.  

 

For  “Base  (only)”  use  these  ONLY  for  E2.  

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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For  “Strong  Nuc/Strong  Base”  the  bimolecular  mechanisms  dominate.  As  the  substrates  get  more  hindered,  SN2  slows  down  and  E2  speeds  up.      

 

For  “Weak  Nuc/Weak  Base”  the  unimolecular  mechanisms  predominate  and  are  always  in  competition.    For  primary  substrates  that  cannot  form  carbocations,  the  reaction  will  have  to  be  SN2  and  it  will  be  very  slow.  

 

3. Stereochemistry    If   the  reaction  proceeds  by  SN2  or  E2  reaction,   inspect  the  substrate.     If   it   is  written   in  a  stereochemical   form,  you   probably   have   to   consider   stereochemistry   to   determine   the   outcome   of   the   reaction.   If   the   reaction   is  SN1/E1  remember  that  stereochemistry  is  usually  lost  (SN1)  or  will  allow  all  possible  E1  reactions  to  occur.  

4. The  Sovlent  Polar   aprotic   solvents   are   used   for   SN2   and/or   E2   reactions   of   2o   and   3o   substrates.     Primary   or   methyl  substrates   can   have   any   solvent   for   SN2.   Remember   that   nucleophilicity   of   elements   within   a   group   on   the  periodic  table  increases  going  upward  (stronger  base).  

Polar   protic   solvents   are   used   for   SN1/E1   reactions   and   the   solvent   itself  may   become   the   nucleophile/base.    Remember  that  Nucleophilicity  of  elements  within  a  group  increases  going  downward  (weaker  bases).  

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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Mixed  Problems  1. Identify  the  mechanism  when  1-­‐bromobutane  is  treated  with  the  following:  

 2. Identify  the  mechanism  when  2-­‐bromopentane  is  treated  with  the  following:  

 3. Identify  the  mechanism  when  2-­‐bromo-­‐2-­‐methylpentane  is  treated  with  the  following:  

 4. When  2-­‐chloro-­‐1,1,2,3,3-­‐pentamethylcyclohexane  is  treated  with  sodium  hydroxide  neither  SN2  nor  E2  products  

are  formed.    Explain.  5. Complete  the  following  reactions  (treat  the  OTs  group  as  a  bromide!):  

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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6. Complete  the  following  reactions:  a.  

 

 

b.  

 

 

c.  

 

 

d.  

 

 

e.  

 

 

f.  

 

 

g.  

 

 

h.  

 

 

i.    

 

 

j.    

 

 

k.    

 

 

     

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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7. Complete  the  following  reactions  indicating  the  MAJOR  product:  a.    

 

 

b.  

   

 

c.  

 

 

d.  

 

 

e.  

 

 

f.  

 

 

g.  

   

 

h.  

 

 

i.  

 

 

       

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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KEY  –  Mixed  Problems  1. 1-­‐bromobutane  is  primary:  

a)  NaOH  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  primary.  Therefore,  we  expect  SN2  (giving  the  major  product)    b)  NaSH  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  weak  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  primary.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  SN2  c)  When  a  primary  alkyl  halide  is  treated  with  t-­‐BuOK,  the  predominant  pathway  is  expected  to  be  E2.    d)  DBN  is  a  weak  nucleophile  and  a  strong  base.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  E2.    e)  NaOMe  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  primary.  Therefore,  we  expect  SN2    

2. 2-­‐bromopentane  is  secondary:  a)  NaOEt  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  secondary.  Therefore,  we  expect  SN2  with  a  possible  minor  E2    b)  NaI  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  weak  base.  DMSO  is  a  polar  aprotic  solvent.  The  substrate  is  secondary.  Under  these  conditions,  only  SN2  can  occur.    c)  DBU  is  a  weak  nucleophile  and  a  strong  base.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  E2.    d)  NaOH  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  secondary.  Therefore,  we  expect  SN2    e)  t-­‐BuOK  is  a  strong,  sterically  hindered  base.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  E2.    

3. 2-­‐bromo-­‐2-­‐methylpentane  is  tertiary:  a) EtOH  is  a  weak  nucleophile  and  weak  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  tertiary.  Therefore,  we  expect  both  

SN1  and  E1.  b) b)  t-­‐BuOK  is  a  strong,  sterically  hindered  base.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  E2.    c) c)  NaI  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  weak  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  tertiary.  Therefore,  we  expect  only  

SN1.    d) d)  NaOEt  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  tertiary.  Therefore,  we  expect  

only  E2.    e) e)  NaOH  is  a  strong  nucleophile  and  strong  base.  The  substrate  in  this  case  is  tertiary.  Therefore,  we  expect  

only  E2.  4. The  substrate  is  tertiary,  so  SN2  cannot  occur  at  a  reasonable  rate.  There  are  no  beta  protons,  so  E2  also  cannot  

occur.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

    8   Fall  2011    

5. Complete  the  following  reactions  (treat  the  OTs  group  as  a  bromide!):  

 

 

 

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

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k)  

 

 

 

 

 

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

    10   Fall  2011    

6. Complete  the  following  reactions:  a.  

   b.  

   c.  

   d.  

   

e.  

   

f.  

   g.  

   h.  

   

i.    

   j.    

   k.    

   

     

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CHEM  210   [CHAPTER  7:  SUBSTITUTION  AND  ELIMINATION  REACTIONS  OF  ALKYL  HALIDES    

    11   Fall  2011    

7. Complete  the  following  reactions  indicating  the  MAJOR  product:  a.    

   

 b.  

   

 

c.  

   d.  

   e.  

   

f.  

   

g.  

   

 

h.  

   i.