CHEM STRY
description
Transcript of CHEM STRY
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CHEM STRY
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Periodic Properties
Covalent Bonding
HybridizeMolecular
ShapesReasons to
BondIonic
Bonding
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Polyatomic Ions
Predicting Shapes
Photon emission
Periodic Regions
Dem Bonds
Dem Names
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Final Jeopardy
Polyatomic
Ions
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This is where ammonia get’s the extra hydrogen and the
positive charge to form ammonium when it’s dissolved in water.
Final JeopardyWhat is from water?
A small number of water molecules auto-ionize into H+ and OH– and the H+ joins with the lone pair on nitrogen.
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This the area of the periodic table in which elements both
a) tend to become anions- and -
b) are among the most reactive.
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What is the area around chlorine?
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This the area of the periodic table in which elements both
a) tend to become cations - and -
b) are among the most reactive.
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What is the area around sodium and potassium?
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What are metals and non-metals?
When these kinds of elements bond together in binary
compounds, they are almost always ionic.
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What are non-metals?
When these kinds of elements bond together in binary
compounds, they are almost always covalent.
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What are all column IA elements EXCEPT hydrogen?
These are the alkali metals.
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What is to decrease potential energy or increase stability by filling orbitals?
This is the reason why non-metals bond together.
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This is how many electrons an orbital needs to be as stable as it
can be or to have the lowest amount of potential energy.
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What is 2?
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What is 3?
This the maximum number of atoms with which a nitrogen atom can bond covalently.
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What is a double bond?
This the kind of bonding that occurs when an atom shares 4 electrons with another atom.
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What are sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds?
A double bond must have one of each of these.
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What an sp3 hybridization?
This is the hydridization of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine when they have only
single bonds.
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What is sp hybridization?
This is the hydridization of the carbon in carbon dioxide
(CO2).
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What an sp2 hybridization?
This is the hydridization of the oxygen in carbon dioxide
(CO2).
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What an sp hybridization?
This the hydrization on almost any atom which is triple bonded to another
atom.
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What is an sp2 hybridization?
This is the hybridization of a boron (B) atom that is bonded
to only 3 hydrogen atoms.
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What is a tetrahedral?
The electron pair shape of phosphorous trichloride.
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What is trigonal pyramidal?
This is the molecular shape of phosphorous trichloride.
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What is sp3 hybridization?
This the hybridization of phosphorous in phosphorous
trichloride.
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What is trigonal bi-pyramidal?
This the molecular shape of phosphorous pentachloride?
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This is why nitrogen cannot combine with 5 chlorine
atoms while phosphorous, which is in the same family,
can.
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What is that nitrogen does not have a d-sublevel while phosphorous does?
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Orbitals, sublevels, and valence electron levels—like the entire
universe—will tend to shift toward this kind of stability.
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What is higher stability?
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What is higher stability?
This is the kind of stability that orbitals have when they
have a pair of electrons.
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What is the potential energy is lowered?
This is what happens to potential energy when a
sublevel is full of electrons.
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What is that potential energy is lowered?
This is what happens to potential energy when a
valence electron energy level is filled with electrons?
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This is the term used to describe the number of electrons needed to fill the valence level of most
elements.
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What is an octet?
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What is a neutral charge?
This is the kind of overall charge that an ionic
compound will have.
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What is to reach a state with a full set of electrons in a new valence level?
This is the reason why metals tend to loose electrons in
ionic bonds.
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What is to reach a state with a full set of electrons in a new valence level?
This is the reason why non-metals tend to loose electrons
in ionic bonds.
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What is a 2+ charge?
This is the charge that metals obtain when they give away 2
electrons.
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What is a 1+ charge?
This is the charge that ALL alkali metals obtain in an
ionic bond.
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These are the polyatomic ions that a very small number of waters atoms automatically
form.
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What are the hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH) ions?
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What is a charged particle made up of 2 or more covalently bonded particles?
This is the definition of a polyatomic ion.
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This is why ammonia forms ammonium in water.
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What is that free protons share the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia and covalently
bond to the nitrogen creating orbital and charge stability?
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This is how polyatomic ions achieve charge stability?
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What is to be in a crystal, bond, or solution with oppositely charged ions?
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This is the kind of bonding that occurs between the atomic particles inside a
polyatomic ion.
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What is covalent bonding?
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This is the 1st step that a student scientist should do when
attempting to predict the shape of a simple molecule.
$400What is to write the electron dot notation of
the atoms and circle the electrons that might pair up (i.e. the sharing
arrangement)?
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This is what a student scientist should do to predict molecular
shapes once the sharing arrangement of electrons is
predicted.
$800What is to write a Lewis dot formula (or squeeze the shared electrons between the
atoms involved)?
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This is the kind of formula a student scientist should use to predict an electron pair shape.
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What is the Lewis dot formula?
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This is what a student scientist should do to predict the molecular
shape of a molecule from the modified electron pair shape.
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What is to erase the lone pairs of electrons leaving the shared pair geometry alone?
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This is the shape of a molecule which has 6 atoms covalently bonded to a central atom with
no lone pairs of electrons.
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What is an octahedral?
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This is why electrons in an atom only emit specific
frequencies of light.
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What is quantum behavior?
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This is the kind of energy that electrons respond to when they are promoted to higher energy
states.
$800What is energy with a sympathetic
wavelength?
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This is the reason we use the Bohr model of the atom to teach the
quantum model and spectroscopy even though we know it’s wrong.
$1200What is that it’s simple?
-or-What is the real model is too complex for high school chemistry?
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These photons result from electrons that have the
greatest drop in energy within an atom’s electron cloud.
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What is higher energy photons, shorter wavelength photons, or photons from the
ultraviolet end of the spectrum?
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What is infrared light or light wit very long wavelengths?
This light, which humans cannot see, results from
electrons dropping very short quantum levels.
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What are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium?
— or —What are all the elements in column one except
hydrogen?
Collectively, these elements make up the alkali metals.
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Collectively, these elements make up the alkaline-earth
metals.
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What are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium?
— or —What are all the elements in column two?
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Collectively, these elements make up the halogens.
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What are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine?
— or —What are all the elements in column seven?
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What are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium?
— or —What are all the elements in column six?
Collectively, these elements make up the chalcogens.
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Collectively, these elements make up the inner transition
metals.
$2000What are the elements with atomic numbers 58
through 71 and 90 through 103?— or —
What are all the elements in bottom two rows of the periodic table?
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This the molecular shape of a simple molecule in which
there are 2 sigma bonds and 2 lone pairs of electrons on the
central atom.
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What is bent?
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What is a wiener or cigar shape?
This is the shape of a sigma (σ) bond.
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This is the shape of a pi (π) bond.
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What is a hot dog bun?— or —
What are 2 weiner shapes on opposite sides of the (sigma) bond?
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This is where all covalent bonds are found in
relationship to the atoms they are bonding.
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What is on OR around the axis between the 2 atoms involved in the covalent bond?
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What is 109.5°?
This is the angle between all the bonds in a tetrahedral
molecule.
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What is “Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion?”
This is the full name for the acronym “VSEPR.”
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What is to hybridize?
This is what some of the valence level electrons in the s and p sublevels must do for
covalent bonding to occur.
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What are lone pairs?
Unshared electrons are also called this.
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What is covalent bonding?
This is the sharing of electrons.
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What are Lewis structures?— or —
What are Lewis diagrams?
Lewis formulas are also known as this.
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Daily Double
What is the Greek language?
The language from which chemists draw letters to name
types of bonds.
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Daily Double
What is a sigma (σ) bond?
A covalent bond—whether or not it is a single, double, or triple bond—it always has
this kind of bond?
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This is why lone pairs of electrons are always located on an equatorial position in a trigonal bipyramidal
modified electron pair shape.
Daily Double
What is lone pairs take up more space than shared pairs of electrons?
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The Jeopardy champion!