Chem Hapg1 Matter Properties And Changes

Matter- Matter- Properties and Properties and

ChangesChangesChapter 3 ReviewChapter 3 Review

Ch 3 ObjectivesCh 3 Objectives Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.Distinguish between physical and chemical properties. Differentiate among the physical states of matter.Differentiate among the physical states of matter. Define physical change and list several common physical Define physical change and list several common physical

changes.changes. Define chemical change and list several indications that a Define chemical change and list several indications that a

chemical change has taken place.chemical change has taken place. Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical

reactions.reactions. Contrast mixtures and substances.Contrast mixtures and substances. Classify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.Classify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous. List and describe several techniques used to separate List and describe several techniques used to separate

mixtures.mixtures. Distinguish between elements and compounds.Distinguish between elements and compounds. Describe the organization of elements on the periodic table.Describe the organization of elements on the periodic table. Explain how all compounds obey the law of definite and Explain how all compounds obey the law of definite and

multiple proportions.multiple proportions.

Demo Step 1Demo Step 1

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is dissolved in water to a dissolved in water to a concentration of 1.5 Molar. concentration of 1.5 Molar.

About 10 mL of the HCl About 10 mL of the HCl solution is placed in a flask.solution is placed in a flask.

Describe HCl (aq)Describe HCl (aq)

Water is a Water is a liquidliquid HCl and HHCl and H22O form a O form a homogeneous homogeneous

mixture mixture or or solution solution - written as HCl - written as HCl (aq)(aq)

When HCl mixes with water to make When HCl mixes with water to make a solution, HCl and Ha solution, HCl and H22O still have O still have their original chemical properties their original chemical properties and compositionand composition

Therefore this is a physical change!Therefore this is a physical change!

A = A = Physical PropertyPhysical PropertyB = B = Chemical PropertyChemical Property

HCl is soluble in waterHCl is soluble in water physical propertyphysical property

HCl is corrosive to metals HCl is corrosive to metals chemical propertychemical property

HCl burns skinHCl burns skin chemical propertychemical property

Homework Check #2Homework Check #2A = physical property B = A = physical property B =

chemical propertychemical property 2a)2a) 2b)2b) 2c)2c) 2d)2d) 2e)2e)

ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical PhysicalPhysical

What are elements and What are elements and compounds?compounds?

HCl HCl made of H and Cl on periodic tablemade of H and Cl on periodic table H and Cl are both nonmetallic H and Cl are both nonmetallic elementselements H and Cl combine to form a H and Cl combine to form a compoundcompound

HH22O O Is a Is a compoundcompound (pure substance) also (pure substance) also made of the nonmetals H and Omade of the nonmetals H and O Always in ratio of 2:1 to form waterAlways in ratio of 2:1 to form water

What is matter?What is matter?

ElementElement Zn Zn cannot be separatedcannot be separated made of atomsmade of atoms

CompoundCompound HH22OO separate by separate by

chemical changechemical change made of moleculesmade of molecules

MixtureMixtureHCl(aq)HCl(aq)

separate by physical changeseparate by physical change

made of atoms/moleculesmade of atoms/molecules


Measure the mass of a piece of Measure the mass of a piece of zinc.zinc.

Add the piece of zinc metal to aAdd the piece of zinc metal to a balloon.balloon.

Stretch the balloon over the Stretch the balloon over the mouth of the flask.mouth of the flask.

What are metals?What are metals?

Metals are elements on the left side of Metals are elements on the left side of the periodic tablethe periodic table

Physical properties – Physical properties – ShinyShiny Conduct electricityConduct electricity MalleableMalleable DuctileDuctile SolidSolid

These are intensive properties – These are intensive properties – independent of amountindependent of amount

Mass of zinc = Mass of zinc = ___________________ g ___________________ g

This is an extensive physical This is an extensive physical property – depends on amountproperty – depends on amount

ZincZinc is an element (which is a pure substance)is an element (which is a pure substance) is a metalis a metal is a solidis a solid


Take the mass of the system = Take the mass of the system = ________ g________ g

Add Zn to HCl (aq)Add Zn to HCl (aq) Retake the mass of the system = Retake the mass of the system =

________ g________ g

What are chemical What are chemical changes?changes?

A chemical change occurred…A chemical change occurred… Evidence of chemical change and new Evidence of chemical change and new

substances formed:substances formed: gas given offgas given off color changecolor change heat evolvedheat evolved

Notice HCl still had the ability to Notice HCl still had the ability to corrode metals even though in corrode metals even though in solution with watersolution with water

What happens to mass?What happens to mass?

Mass does not change during a Mass does not change during a reaction; although substances do reaction; although substances do changechange

MassMassreactantsreactants = Mass = Massproductsproducts

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl ZnCl22(aq) + H(aq) + H22(g)(g) Hydrogen gas should be formedHydrogen gas should be formed

New substanceNew substance Different properties from reactants!Different properties from reactants!

Homework Check #6Homework Check #6

A.A. 10.0 g10.0 g

B.B. 69.4 g69.4 g

C.C. 79.4 g79.4 g

D.D. 89.4 g89.4 g

E.E. Not enough infoNot enough info

Homework #7 Homework #7 B or B or better!better!

ChlorineChlorine

A.A. 15.6 g15.6 g

B.B. 24.1 g24.1 g

C.C. 39.7 g39.7 g

D.D. 55.3 g55.3 g

SodiumSodium

A.A. 15.6 g15.6 g

B.B. 24.1 g24.1 g

C.C. 39.7 g39.7 g

D.D. 55.3 g55.3 g


Check to see if hydrogen gas IS in Check to see if hydrogen gas IS in balloon…balloon…

HOW?HOW? Hydrogen gas is EXPLOSIVE!!!!!Hydrogen gas is EXPLOSIVE!!!!!

This is a chemical property…This is a chemical property… So we’ll have to carry out the chemical So we’ll have to carry out the chemical

change to test!change to test!

PropertiesProperties

Distinguish between physical and Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.chemical properties.

Physical PropertyPhysical Property – a characteristic that – a characteristic that can be observed or measured without can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s compositionchanging the sample’s composition

Chemical PropertyChemical Property – the ability of a – the ability of a substance to combine with or change substance to combine with or change into one or more other substancesinto one or more other substances

States of MatterStates of Matter

Differentiate among the physical states Differentiate among the physical states of matter.of matter.

Solid Solid = a form of matter that has its = a form of matter that has its own definite shape and volumeown definite shape and volume

Liquid Liquid = flows, has its own volume, = flows, has its own volume, but takes shape of container but takes shape of container

GasGas = flows to conform to the shape = flows to conform to the shape of its container AND fills the entire of its container AND fills the entire volume of its containervolume of its container

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

Physical changePhysical change = a change = a change which alters a which alters a substance substance without without changing its changing its compositioncomposition

Examples:Examples: CuttingCutting BendingBending MeltingMelting FreezingFreezing CondensingCondensing VaporizingVaporizing BoilingBoiling

Define physical change and list Define physical change and list several common physical changes.several common physical changes.

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

Define chemical change and list several Define chemical change and list several indications that a chemical change has indications that a chemical change has taken place.taken place.

Chemical changeChemical change – involves a change in a – involves a change in a substance’s compositionsubstance’s composition Chemical reactionChemical reaction – alternate name! – alternate name! Reactants Reactants Products ( Products ( = “form”) = “form”)

Evidence of chemical change:Evidence of chemical change: Light, heat or sound given offLight, heat or sound given off Color or odor changeColor or odor change Precipitate (solid) or gas formationPrecipitate (solid) or gas formation

Law of Conservation of Law of Conservation of MassMass

Apply the law of conservation of mass Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions.to chemical reactions.

Mass is neither created nor Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical destroyed during a chemical reaction reaction

Mass is conserved!Mass is conserved!

MassMassreactantsreactants = Mass = Massproductsproducts

Mixtures vs. SubstancesMixtures vs. Substances

Contrast mixtures and substances.Contrast mixtures and substances. SubstanceSubstance – matter that has a uniform – matter that has a uniform

and unchanging compositionand unchanging composition MixtureMixture – a combination of two or – a combination of two or

more pure substances (in any more pure substances (in any proportion) in which each pure proportion) in which each pure substance retains its individual substance retains its individual chemical properties; can be broken chemical properties; can be broken down by physical means (changes)down by physical means (changes)

SEE FIG 3-17SEE FIG 3-17

MixturesMixtures

Classify mixtures as homogeneous or Classify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.heterogeneous.

Heterogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture – one that – one that does not blend smoothly throughout does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual and in which the individual substances remain distinctsubstances remain distinct

Homogeneous mixtureHomogeneous mixture – has constant – has constant composition throughout; always has a composition throughout; always has a single phasesingle phase Solutions – alternate name!Solutions – alternate name!



A = heterogeneous A = heterogeneous mixturemixture

B = homogeneous B = homogeneous mixturemixture

17. a)17. a) 17. b)17. b) 17. c)17. c) 17. d)17. d) 17. e)17. e)

AA BB BB BB AA

Mixture Separation Mixture Separation TechniquesTechniques

List and describe several techniques List and describe several techniques used to separate mixtures.used to separate mixtures.

FiltrationFiltration – a technique that uses a – a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid (fig 3-15)from a liquid (fig 3-15)

DistillationDistillation – a separation technique – a separation technique based on differences in the boiling based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved points of the substances involved “distilled water”“distilled water”

Mixture Separation Mixture Separation TechniquesTechniques

(cont’d)(cont’d)List and describe several techniques used to List and describe several techniques used to

separate mixtures.separate mixtures. CrystallizationCrystallization – a separation technique that – a separation technique that

results in the formation of pure solid particles results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance dissolved substance ex) making sugar candy ex) making sugar candy

ChromatographyChromatography – a technique that separates – a technique that separates the components of a mixture (called the the components of a mixture (called the mobile phase) on the basis of the tendency of mobile phase) on the basis of the tendency of each to travel or be drawn across the surface each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material (called the stationary of another material (called the stationary phase) phase) your minilab! your minilab!

Homework #19 Homework #19 B or B or better!better!

A.A. FiltrationFiltrationB.B. DistillationDistillationC.C. CrystallizationCrystallizationD.D. ChromatographyChromatographyE.E. None of the aboveNone of the above19. a)19. a)19. b)19. b)19. c)19. c)

SubstancesSubstances

Distinguish between elements and Distinguish between elements and compounds.compounds.

ElementElement – a pure substance that cannot – a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical meansphysical or chemical means

CompoundCompound – a chemical combination of – a chemical combination of two or more different elements with two or more different elements with properties of its own; can be broken properties of its own; can be broken down into simpler substances by down into simpler substances by chemical meanschemical means


ElementsElements

Describe the organization of elements on Describe the organization of elements on the the periodic tableperiodic table..

Periodic TablePeriodic Table – organizes the elements – organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows called into a grid of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called periods and vertical columns called groups (families)groups (families) MetalsMetals – on the left side of the stairstep – on the left side of the stairstep NonmetalsNonmetals – to the right of the stairstep – to the right of the stairstep

Elements are organized in repeating Elements are organized in repeating patterns of properties; elements in the patterns of properties; elements in the same group have similar propertiessame group have similar properties

Homework #29 Homework #29 B or B or betterbetter

PotassiumPotassium

A.A. NitrogenNitrogen

B.B. SodiumSodium

C.C. CalciumCalcium

D.D. SulfurSulfur

KryptonKrypton

A.A. BromineBromine

B.B. ArsenicArsenic

C.C. BoronBoron

D.D. ArgonArgon

CompoundsCompounds

Explain how all compounds obey the laws of Explain how all compounds obey the laws of definite and multiple proportions.definite and multiple proportions.

Law of definite proportionsLaw of definite proportions – a compound – a compound is always composed of the same elements is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by massin the same proportion by mass

Law of multiple proportionsLaw of multiple proportions – when – when different compounds are formed by a different compounds are formed by a combination of the same elements, combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other with the same relative mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numberselement in a ratio of small whole numbers

What?What?

Definite ProportionsDefinite Proportions Water is always 2 g hydrogen to 16 g oxygen Water is always 2 g hydrogen to 16 g oxygen Also can think of as 2 H atoms to 1 O atomAlso can think of as 2 H atoms to 1 O atom

Multiple ProportionsMultiple Proportions H and O can combine to make 2 different H and O can combine to make 2 different

compounds: water and hydrogen peroxidecompounds: water and hydrogen peroxide Water = HWater = H22O Hydrogen Peroxide = HO Hydrogen Peroxide = H22OO22

Same elements, but different WHOLE Same elements, but different WHOLE number ratios; mass of oxygen in Hnumber ratios; mass of oxygen in H22O:HO:H22OO22 is 1:2is 1:2


A.A. YesYes

B.B. NoNo


A.A. Compounds containing the same Compounds containing the same elementselements

B.B. Compounds containing different Compounds containing different elementselements

C.C. Mixtures containing the same Mixtures containing the same elementselements

D.D. Mixtures containing different Mixtures containing different elementselements

Chem Hapg1 Matter Properties And Changes

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