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Transcript of Chem Fall Final Review1 Chemistry Fall Semester Review.
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Chem Fall Final Review 1
Chemistry Fall Chemistry Fall Semester ReviewSemester Review
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Chem Fall Final Review 2
Test FormatTest Format• 95 multiple choice95 multiple choice• Each question holds Each question holds the equal weightthe equal weight
• Scantron (pencil)Scantron (pencil)• ~104 minutes~104 minutes
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Chem Fall Final Review 3
Final ScheduleFinal Schedule
• 1/13: Per. 61/13: Per. 6
• 1/14: Per. 1 and 71/14: Per. 1 and 7
• 1/15: Per. 2 and 31/15: Per. 2 and 3
• 1/16: Per. 4 and 51/16: Per. 4 and 5
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Chem Fall Final Review 4
RecommendationsRecommendations
• Study old review sheetsStudy old review sheets
• Study your ionsStudy your ions
• Know your shapes!Know your shapes!
• Time you math problemsTime you math problems
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Chem Fall Final Review 5
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 1: Scientific Method Unit 1: Scientific Method and the Metric Systemand the Metric System
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Chem Fall Final Review 6
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 2: Matter, density, Unit 2: Matter, density, chemical and chemical and
physical properties, physical properties, atomic theory and the atomic theory and the
molemole
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Chem Fall Final Review 7
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 3: Structure of the Unit 3: Structure of the atom, quantum atom, quantum
theory, atomic models theory, atomic models and electron and electron
configurationsconfigurations
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Chem Fall Final Review 8
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 3: Also, periodic Unit 3: Also, periodic law and propertieslaw and properties
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Chem Fall Final Review 9
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 4: Types of Unit 4: Types of chemical bonds, chemical bonds,
molecular geometry molecular geometry and resonanceand resonance
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Chem Fall Final Review 10
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 5: Naming! Molar Unit 5: Naming! Molar mass, oxidation mass, oxidation numbers, and numbers, and
polyatomic ions…polyatomic ions…
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Chem Fall Final Review 11
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 5: Also, percent Unit 5: Also, percent composition, composition,
empirical formula and empirical formula and molecular formulamolecular formula
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Chem Fall Final Review 12
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 6: Reactions. Unit 6: Reactions.
Clues of rxns. Clues of rxns. Balancing equations. Balancing equations.
Types of reactions.Types of reactions.
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Chem Fall Final Review 13
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 6: Also, predicting Unit 6: Also, predicting productsproducts
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Chem Fall Final Review 14
Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::
Unit 7: Stoichiometry,Unit 7: Stoichiometry,
Percent yield, and Percent yield, and limiting reactantslimiting reactants
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Chem Fall Final Review 15
Unit 1Unit 1
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Chem Fall Final Review 16
Unit 1Unit 1Know the scientific Know the scientific
methodmethod
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Chem Fall Final Review 17
Unit 1Unit 1Problem, hypothesis, Problem, hypothesis,
experiment, experiment, observations, law, observations, law, theorytheory
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Chem Fall Final Review 18
Unit 1Unit 1Scientists solve Scientists solve
problems by using the problems by using the scientific methodscientific method
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Chem Fall Final Review 19
Unit 1Unit 1Hypotheses are tested Hypotheses are tested
with experiments. Can with experiments. Can become theories.become theories.
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Chem Fall Final Review 20
Unit 1Unit 1Theories explain Theories explain
observations made over observations made over long periods of time.long periods of time.
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Chem Fall Final Review 21
Unit 1Unit 1Laws are used to Laws are used to
summarize observed summarize observed behaviorbehavior
Law of conservation of Law of conservation of massmass
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Chem Fall Final Review 22
Unit 1Unit 1Observations can be Observations can be
quantitative (data) or quantitative (data) or qualitative (descriptions)qualitative (descriptions)
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Chem Fall Final Review 23
Unit 1Unit 1All measurements are All measurements are
made with accuracy and made with accuracy and maximum precisionmaximum precision
Significant figuresSignificant figures
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Chem Fall Final Review 24
Unit 1Unit 1Significant figures: all Significant figures: all
certain plus one certain plus one uncertain digituncertain digit
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Chem Fall Final Review 25
Unit 1Unit 1The metric system is The metric system is
based on prefixesbased on prefixes
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Chem Fall Final Review 26
Unit 1Unit 1 kilo- Lkilo- L hecto-hecto- deka-deka- Base (m, L, g)Base (m, L, g) deci-deci- centi-centi- milli- Rmilli- R
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Chem Fall Final Review 27
Unit 1Unit 1Convert 54.6 mg Convert 54.6 mg g g
Answer: divide 54.6 by Answer: divide 54.6 by 1000 = 0.0546 g1000 = 0.0546 g
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Chem Fall Final Review 28
Unit 1Unit 1Temperature measure Temperature measure
average kinetic energy of average kinetic energy of a substancea substance
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Celsius, KelvinKelvin
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Chem Fall Final Review 29
Unit 1Unit 1Kelvin is the “absolute” Kelvin is the “absolute”
temperature scaletemperature scale
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Chem Fall Final Review 30
Unit 1Unit 1K K ooC: K – 273C: K – 273ooC C K: K: ooC + 273C + 273ooC C ooF: (F: (ooC x 1.80) + 32C x 1.80) + 32ooF F ooC: (C: (ooF – 32) / 1.80F – 32) / 1.80
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Chem Fall Final Review 31
Unit 1Unit 1Convert 140 K Convert 140 K ooCC
Answer: - 133 KAnswer: - 133 K
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Chem Fall Final Review 32
Unit 2Unit 2
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Chem Fall Final Review 33
Unit 2Unit 2Sig fig in calculationsSig fig in calculationsLesser number in mult / Lesser number in mult /
divdivLine up numbers in add / Line up numbers in add /
subtractionsubtraction
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Chem Fall Final Review 34
Unit 2Unit 2Find the area of volume Find the area of volume
of a box: L=10.0 cm, of a box: L=10.0 cm, w=2.5 cm, h=5.60 cmw=2.5 cm, h=5.60 cm
Answer: 140 cmAnswer: 140 cm33
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Chem Fall Final Review 35
Unit 2Unit 2Physical properties: Physical properties:
substance stays the substance stays the samesame
Chemical: reactivity!Chemical: reactivity!
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Chem Fall Final Review 36
Unit 2Unit 2Atoms, compounds and Atoms, compounds and
mixturesmixturesAtoms cannot be Atoms cannot be
separatedseparated
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Chem Fall Final Review 37
Unit 2Unit 2Compounds can be Compounds can be
separated by chemical separated by chemical means; mixtures by means; mixtures by physical meansphysical means
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Chem Fall Final Review 38
Unit 2Unit 2Hetero- vs. Hetero- vs.
homogeneous mixtureshomogeneous mixturesHeterogeneous can be Heterogeneous can be
separated by filtrationseparated by filtrationWhat about homo-?What about homo-?
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Chem Fall Final Review 39
Unit 2Unit 2Know about Democritus, Know about Democritus,
Dalton, Thomson, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Rutherford and MendeleevMendeleev
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Chem Fall Final Review 40
Unit 2Unit 2Dalton’s atomic theory is Dalton’s atomic theory is
not entirely accepted not entirely accepted today. (1today. (1stst atomic theory) atomic theory)
Why not?Why not?
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Chem Fall Final Review 41
Unit 2Unit 2Thomson: CRT (electron)Thomson: CRT (electron)Rutherford: Au foil Rutherford: Au foil
(nucleus)(nucleus)Mendeleev: first periodic Mendeleev: first periodic
tabletable
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Chem Fall Final Review 42
Unit 2Unit 2Modern periodic: Modern periodic:
arranged by increasing arranged by increasing atomic numberatomic number
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Chem Fall Final Review 43
Unit 2Unit 2Atomic # = # of pAtomic # = # of pAtomic mass = # of p + n Atomic mass = # of p + n
in the nucleusin the nucleus# of electrons = atomic # # of electrons = atomic #
(if not an ion)(if not an ion)
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Chem Fall Final Review 44
Unit 2Unit 2How many electrons in How many electrons in
an atom of N with a an atom of N with a mass # of 15?mass # of 15?
Answer: 7Answer: 7
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Chem Fall Final Review 45
Unit 2Unit 2 Isotopes: same # p, diff’t Isotopes: same # p, diff’t
# n# n Isomers: same formula, Isomers: same formula,
diff’t shapediff’t shape
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Chem Fall Final Review 46
Unit 2Unit 2Change g Change g moles molesDivide by the molar massDivide by the molar mass
Change moles Change moles g gMult. by the molar massMult. by the molar mass
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Chem Fall Final Review 47
Unit 2Unit 2How many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0
grams of Fe?grams of Fe?
Answer: 0.448 molAnswer: 0.448 mol
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Chem Fall Final Review 48
Unit 2Unit 2How many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0
grams of NaNOgrams of NaNO33??
Answer: 0.294 molAnswer: 0.294 mol
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Chem Fall Final Review 49
Unit 2Unit 2Which sample has more Which sample has more
atoms? 10 g of Ag or 10 atoms? 10 g of Ag or 10 g of Au?g of Au?
Answer: AgAnswer: Ag
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Chem Fall Final Review 50
Unit 3Unit 3
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Chem Fall Final Review 51
Unit 3Unit 3Wave theory of lightWave theory of lightC = C = λλννE = hE = hννHigher frequencies = Higher frequencies =
higher energieshigher energies
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Chem Fall Final Review 52
Unit 3Unit 3Photons are released Photons are released
when electrons return to when electrons return to their ground statetheir ground state
(red, yellow, blue)(red, yellow, blue)
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Chem Fall Final Review 53
Unit 3Unit 3Bohr: used quantum Bohr: used quantum
theory to describe theory to describe electron orbitselectron orbits
Schrödinger: used wave Schrödinger: used wave mechanics to describe mechanics to describe electron orbitals electron orbitals
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Chem Fall Final Review 54
Unit 3Unit 3Orbitals: probability Orbitals: probability
mapsmapsElectron configurations: Electron configurations:
based on quantum based on quantum numbersnumbers
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Chem Fall Final Review 55
Unit 3Unit 3Orbital shapes: s, p, d, fOrbital shapes: s, p, d, fAufbau, Pauli, HundsAufbau, Pauli, HundsKnow the rules!Know the rules!
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Chem Fall Final Review 56
Unit 3Unit 3Look for the Look for the incorrectincorrect
configurationconfiguration3 types of configurations3 types of configurations [Noble][Noble]
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Chem Fall Final Review 57
Unit 3Unit 3Elements “want” to have Elements “want” to have
noble gas configurationsnoble gas configurationsHow many electrons are How many electrons are
needed by N to achieve a needed by N to achieve a noble gas config? noble gas config?
Ans: 3Ans: 3
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Chem Fall Final Review 58
Unit 3Unit 3Which element has the Which element has the
configuration of configuration of 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p55? ?
Ans: ChlorineAns: Chlorine
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Chem Fall Final Review 59
Unit 3Unit 3Periodic properties…Periodic properties…ElectronegativityElectronegativity Ionization energyIonization energyAtomic radiiAtomic radii Ionic radiiIonic radii
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Chem Fall Final Review 60
Unit 3Unit 3Which type of elements Which type of elements
have higher have higher electronegativities? electronegativities?
Ans: non-metalsAns: non-metals
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Chem Fall Final Review 61
Unit 3Unit 3Know the “families”Know the “families”Grouped by similar Grouped by similar
chemical characteristicschemical characteristicsDue to valence electronsDue to valence electrons
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Chem Fall Final Review 62
Unit 4Unit 4
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Chem Fall Final Review 63
Unit 4Unit 4Three types of bondsThree types of bonds Ionic: metals + non-Ionic: metals + non-
metalsmetalsCovalent: 2 non-metalsCovalent: 2 non-metals
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Chem Fall Final Review 64
Unit 4Unit 4Shapes! Bent, linear, Shapes! Bent, linear,
trigonal pyramidal…trigonal pyramidal…Shape of COShape of CO22
Ans: LinearAns: Linear
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Chem Fall Final Review 65
Unit 4Unit 4Bond angles: linear, Bond angles: linear,
bent, tetrahedralbent, tetrahedral
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Chem Fall Final Review 66
Unit 4Unit 4Resonance!!!Resonance!!!
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Chem Fall Final Review 67
Unit 5Unit 5
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Chem Fall Final Review 68
Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Type I: (Grp. 1&2 metals Type I: (Grp. 1&2 metals
+ non-metal)+ non-metal)Type II: Other metals + Type II: Other metals +
non-metal non-metal
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Chem Fall Final Review 69
Unit 5Unit 5Oxidation states:Oxidation states:
AlAl+3+3, Zn, Zn+2+2, Ag, Ag+1+1
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Chem Fall Final Review 70
Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Type III: 2 non-metals Type III: 2 non-metals
(use prefixes—bi-, tri-, (use prefixes—bi-, tri-, tetra-)tetra-)
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Chem Fall Final Review 71
Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Polyatomic ionsPolyatomic ions
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Chem Fall Final Review 72
Unit 5Unit 5Name these: Name these:
COCO22, NaNO, NaNO33, CuN, CuN
Formulas?Formulas?
Iron(II)oxide, sodium oxideIron(II)oxide, sodium oxide
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Chem Fall Final Review 73
Unit 5Unit 5Empirical formula: Empirical formula:
%%ggmolmolratiosratiosE.F.E.F.Molecular formulaMolecular formula
molar mass / emp. mass = molar mass / emp. mass = ratio (ratio (nn))
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Chem Fall Final Review 74
Unit 6Unit 6
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Chem Fall Final Review 75
Unit 6Unit 6Balancing equationsBalancing equationsReactantsReactantsproductsproductsNumber of atoms must Number of atoms must
be the same on each side be the same on each side of the equationof the equation
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Chem Fall Final Review 76
Unit 6Unit 6Expect to balance Expect to balance
several equationsseveral equations
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Chem Fall Final Review 77
UnitUnit 6 6
CHCH4 4 (g) + O(g) + O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +
HH22O (g)O (g)
When the above equation is When the above equation is balanced, what is the balanced, what is the coefficient of oxygen?coefficient of oxygen?
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Chem Fall Final Review 78
Unit 6Unit 6
CHCH4 4 (g) + (g) + 22 O O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +
22 H H22O (g)O (g)
When the above equation is When the above equation is balanced, what is the balanced, what is the coefficient of oxygen?coefficient of oxygen?
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Chem Fall Final Review 79
Unit 6Unit 6
Types of reactions: Types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, single replacement, double replacement, double replacement, combustioncombustion
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Chem Fall Final Review 80
Unit 6Unit 6
In PPT rxns: solids formIn PPT rxns: solids formSpectator ions remain Spectator ions remain dissolveddissolved
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Chem Fall Final Review 81
Unit 7Unit 7
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Chem Fall Final Review 82
Unit 7Unit 7StoichiometryStoichiometryBalance eq.Balance eq.grams to grams to molesmolesratiosratiosmoles to moles to gramsgrams
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Chem Fall Final Review 83
Unit 7Unit 7 CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +
2 H2 H22O (g)O (g)
If 2.0 moles of methane react with If 2.0 moles of methane react with excess oxygen, how many moles excess oxygen, how many moles of water will be produced?of water will be produced?
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Chem Fall Final Review 84
Unit 7Unit 7
CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) (g) + 2 H+ 2 H22O (g)O (g)
Ans: 4.0 molesAns: 4.0 moles
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Chem Fall Final Review 85
Unit 7Unit 7Expect to perform Expect to perform several stoichiometric several stoichiometric calculationscalculations
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Chem Fall Final Review 86
Unit 7Unit 7Limiting reactantsLimiting reactants
Have vs. needHave vs. need
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Chem Fall Final Review 87
Unit 7Unit 7Percent Yield:Percent Yield:
ActualActual
----------------- x 100% ----------------- x 100%
TheoreticalTheoretical
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Chem Fall Final Review 88
The EndThe EndDon’t forget to write your Don’t forget to write your version on your scantronversion on your scantron
Good Luck!Good Luck!