NAME: RAJA ROSENANI BINTI RAJA ABDULLAH

CLASS: 5 ADIODA

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

TEACHER’S NAME:

BIL. TOPICS PAGES1. SOAP AND DETERGENT

a) Definition of soap and examples of soapb) History of soap manufacturingc) Preparation of soap through saponificationd) Definition of detergent and examples of detergente) Preparation of detergentf) The cleansing of soap and detergentg) Comparison of the effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and

detergent in hard waterh) The purpose of adding detergent additivesi) Survey of soap and detergent used

2. FOOD ADDITIVESa) Purpose of using food additivesb) Types, examples and functions of food additivesc) Survey on additives in foodd) Disadvantages of using food additives

3. MEDICINESa) Examples of traditional medicines, their sources and usesb) Types, functions and examples of modern medicinesc) The possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines

including examplesd) The correct usage of modern and traditional medicinese) Drug abuse

i. List of drugs that are normally abusedii. Reasons why teenagers take drugs

iii. The side effects of the drugs on healthiv. The impacts of drug abuse on our societyv. Ways to prevent the drug abuse

DEFINITION OF SOAP

1. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.2. The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+, where R is an

alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated.

SOAP FORMULASodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+

Potassium stearate CH3(CH2)16COO-K+

Potassium oleate CH3(CH2)7CH= CH(CH2)7COO-K+

Table 1.1 The formulae of some examples of soap

THE HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING

In the past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with alkaline wood

ashes.

Large-scale commercial soapmaking occured in

1791 when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc

patented a process for making soda ash or

sodium carbonate from common salt. The process yeilding large quantities of

quality soda ash.

Twenty years later, Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay

developed a process to further reduce the cost of

obtaining soda ash, thereby reducing the cost

of soap manufacturing.

SAPONIFICATION

1. Boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are the soaps. The general equation for this reaction is : O O II II CH2

-O-C-R CH2-OH R-C-O-Na+

I

O O II IICH2

-O- C-R + 3NaOH CHOH + R- C-O-Na+

O O II IICH2

-O- C-R CH2OH R-C-O-Na+ Oil or fat alkali glycerol soapsWhere the three alkyl groups (R, R’ and R’’) can be the same or different group.

2. The fats and oils are hydrolyses first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The acid then reacts with an alkali to form the corresponding sodium or potassium salts.

3. The following equation shows how soap, sodium palmitate, is prepared.

When concentrated potassium hydroxide is used instead of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, potassium soap, potassium palmitate is formed.

Potassium soaps are softer, milder than sodium soaps and are usually used for bathing.

O

- S – O-

O

Na+

R – Alk

yl group

Benzene ring

Sulphonate

group

Sodium ion

DEFINITION OF DETERGENT

1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.

2. Detergents can be classified into three main types, depending on the charge on the detergent ion.

a) Anionic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a negatively charged ion.Example: R – O – SO3

-Na+ (Sodium alkyl sulphate)

b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a positively charged ion.Example: R – N (CH3)3

+BR-

c) Non ionic detergents

Example: R – O – CH2CH2OH There are two types of anionic detergents :

a) Detergent molecule with a benzene ring such as sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate.

Positively charged ion

Negatively charged ion

Where R represents a long hydrocarbon chain.

We can represent the detergent ion, alkylbenzene sulphonate ion, more simply as :

b) Detergent molecule without a benzene ring such as sodium alkyl sulphate.

We can represent the detergent ion, alkyl sulphate ion as:

R – OSO3-

PREPARATION OF DETERGENT

R – – SO 3-

1. Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄ CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O

Lauryl alcohol Lauryl hydrogen sulphate

2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O

Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate

DETERGENT

THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Condition Soap DetergentHard water (contain calcium & magnesium ion)

Form an insoluble precipitate  = soap scum (formation of soap scum causes wastage of soap)

Detergent is effective cleaner. Form soluble substances = calcium or magnesium salts (do not form scum)

Soft water (do not contain calcium & magnesium ion)

Soap is effective cleaner.

Detergent is effective cleaner.

Acidic water (contain hydrogen ion)

Form insoluble long-chain fatty acids (reduces the amount of soap used for cleaning)

Detergent is effective cleaner. Form soluble substances (Do not form scum)

Environment Soap is biodegradable Soap is non-biodegradable

ADDITIVES AND FUNCTIONS

Biological enzymesBiological

enzymes in detergents can break down fat

and protein molecules in

food stains. The fatty acids,

glycerol and amino acids

produced are soluble in water

and are removed during

washing.

PerfumesPerfumes are

added to make clothes smell

fresh and clean

Drying agents ; Sodium

sulphate and sodium silicate

Anhydrous sodium sulphate

and sodium silicate (Na2S2O3)

are used as drying agents to ensure that the

detergent in powdered firm is

always in a dry condition.

StabilisersThe functions of stabilizers is to

prevents the formation of

foam

Whitening / bleaching

agents : sodium perborateBleaches

(bleaching agents) remove coloured stains

by oxidation process. When coloured stanis

are oxidized, the colour will disappear

PURPOSES OF FOOD

PRESERVATIVES

TYPES, EXAMPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD ADDITIVES

TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSPreservatives

sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate

to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil food

Stabilizer gelatin and acacia gum to improve the texture of foodsThickener gelatin and acacia gum Thickeners are substances which, when

added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties.

Flavouring agents

Monosodium glutamate(MSG), aspartame

to enhance the taste of food

Dye azo compounds, triphenyl compounds

added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive.

Antioxidants ascorbic acid to prevent spoilage of food due to oxidation by oxygen

Effects on health

Allergy: MSG Carcinogenic: NaNO₂ Brain damage: MSG Hyperactivity: sodium benzoate leukemia: Aspartame

Effects on environment

A B C D

My advice:

Avoiding the different types of food additives can help improve many health problems. Have a better understanding about preservatives in food and what they can do to you. 

If you are on the road to improving your health, enjoy looking after yourself, to keep you looking younger, you need to be familiar with some of the preservatives to avoid.

Sea cucumber (gamat)

To treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the heart

Centipede

To treat lockjaw and convulsions

Ant

To treat hepatitis B

Traditional medicines

Derived from plants and animals

Plant Local name UsesAloe vera Lidah buaya Sap used to relieved pain from burnsBetel Sireh Leaves relieved sore eyesBitter gourd Peria Fruit used to cure diabetesCoconut Kelapa Young coconut water reduces feverGarlic Bawang putih Reduces infection and hypertensionGinger Halia Reduces inflammation and improves blood

circulation and digestionGinseng Ginseng Roots maintain good health

Hibiscus Bunga Raya Leaves relieves headache and hair lossTurmeric Kunyit Cures pimples

PICTURES

TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSANALGESICS Paracetamol

Aspirin Codeine

reduces fever, relieves flu symptoms and relieves pain but it does not reduce inflammation

Aspirin is used for relief, particularly where there is inflammation involved, such as arthritic pain and dental pain.

used in headache tables and cough medicines but cause drowsiness

ANTIBOITICS Penicillin Streptomycin

treat diseases, caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis

treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.

PSYCOTHERAPEUTIC 1. StimulantMethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine

2. AntipsychoticsBarbiturates, Tranquilisers

3. AntidepressantsChlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Clozapine

to reduce fatigue to reduce tension and anxiety to treat psychiatric illness

Modern medicine

Example Side effectsMethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, amphetamine

High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence.

Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor coordinationor lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death

Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose

Aspirin Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is vey acidic. Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks

Paracetamol Liver damageCodeine Addiction, depression and nausea.Morphine Addiction

Traditional medicine

Example Side effectQuinine Hearing lossKava-kava liver damage

THE CORRECT USAGE OF OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

1. Self-medicationDo not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.

2. Follow the instructions givenFollow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and method of taking the medicine.

3. Medicines for adult and childrenMedicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.

4. Side effectsVisit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the drugs.

5. Expiry dateLike foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry dates.

List the drugs that are normally abused. Ecstasy Morphine Ice Nicotine

Give reasons why teenagers take drugs Stress Poverty Influenced by peers

The side effects of the drugs on health Ecstasy can cause depression and anxiety Morphine can cause addiction Ice can cause stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys Nicotine can cause addiction

The impact of drug abuse to the society The increase of drug addict in the society Lead to grey society Increase of crime rate in the society

Ways to prevent drug abuse Use the correct amount of dosage Use the drug for the correct purpose