Checklist of marine fishes from coastal islands of rio de janeiro, with r

Fishes are important components of shallow marine ecosystems, including mangroves, estuaries, seagrass meadows, coral and rocky reefs, displaying great diversity, abundance and biomass (Parrish,1989; Kronen et al.; 2010; Toller et al., 2010; Vaslet et al., 2010). They undertake many critical ecological roles, such as sustaining ecosystem goods and services (e.g. fisheries, tourism, aesthetic and cultural values), upon which human welfare depends1 (McClanahan, 2000; Bellwood et al., 2004; Dulvy et al., 2004). Fisheries also represent the main source of protein and subsistence for traditional communities of tropical coastal areas (Pauly et al., 2002).

Along the Brazilian coast, reef fish communities are distributed from Manuel Luiz Reefs (Rocha & Rosa, 2001) below the Amazon River mouth, down south to the coast of the state of Santa Catarina (Hostim-Silva et al., 2006), with 20% of endemism in the Brazilian Province (Floeter et al., 2008).

The coastal islands of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro city are located on the southeastern coast of Brazil. This area

shows great diversity of fauna and flora and constitutes a unique quasi-tropical environment within the subtropical waters in Brazil (Lodi, 2002; Rangel et al., 2007). However, to date, accounts of the ichthyofaunal record within the limits of these archipelagos are few or cover limited areas (see Rangel et al., 2007; Monteiro-Neto et al., 2008; Mendonça-Neto et al., 2008; Chaves & Monteiro-Neto, 2009; Lodi et al., 2009), despite of their proximity to the coast and easy access by different users.

Checklists are important survey tools for the study of reef fish communities (Mora et al., 2008), providing the essential data sets for management actions. In the present study, we provide a checklist of shallow coastal fish species from four archipelagos close to the metropolitan Rio de Janeiro city. We also include new records and comments on geographic distributions and conservation remarks related to species’ extinction risks.

The Coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro city are located on the southeastern coast of Brazil (22º58’S – 23°05’S; 42º54’W – 43º18’W) (Fig. 1). These are uninhabited archipelagos, islets and several sparse outcrops with extensive intervening sandy bottoms, where maximum depth is about 40 m. The subtidal

Marine Biodiversity Records, page 1 of 13. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2013doi:10.1017/S1755267213000973; Vol. 6; e139; 2013 Published online*final proof with corrigendum changes, prepared by the corresponding author.

Checklist of marine fishes from coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro, with remarks on marine conservation

CASSIANO MONTEIRO-NETO1, ÁTHILA A. BERTONCINI1, LAÍS DE C. T. CHAVES2, RAMON NOGUCHI3, JOSÉ P. MENDONÇA-NETO1 and CARLOS A. RANGEL1,4

1Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratório de Biologia do Nécton e Ecologia Pesqueira (ECOPESCA), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Marinha, Outeiro São João Batista, s/nº, Caixa Postal 100.644, 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brasil. 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Oceanografia, Programa de Pós Gradu-ação em Oceanografia. Av. Arquitetura, s/nº,Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brasil. 3Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ambientes Recifais (LECAR), Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia. 4ONG Instituto Mar Adentro (Projeto Ilhas do Rio)

We present a species checklist, characterizing the ichthyofaunal composition of four coastal archipelagos in waters off the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were obtained from ~120h of underwater observations, published and unpublished information, including new species records. A total of 197 fish species (78 new records), belonging to 130 gen-era and 61 families, were observed. The family Carangidae (17) dominated in number of species, followed by Labridae and Serranidae (10 each), Epinephelidae and Scaridae (9 each). Most species are distributed along the tropical Western Atlantic (51.8%) or on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (20.5%). A minor part is endemic to Brazil (9.7%) or range to temperate rocky reefs of Patagonia (6.7%). Fourteen species are threatened, according to the IUCN, and listed under the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment red list (6.6%). Despite an increment of fish species listed herein, and the recent establishment/creation of an MPA (Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras – MoNa Cagarras), research efforts are clearly needed along these archipelagos, as nearshore environmental threats increase due to lack of regulatory practices.

Corresponding author:Á.A. BertonciniEmail: [email protected]

keywords: reef fish, coastal archipelagos, MoNa Cagarras, Marine Protected Area, Southwestern Atlantic.

Submitted 23 July 2013, accepted 24 October 2013

MATERIAL AND METHODS

INTRODUCTION

substrate varies among islands from steep profiles, to granitic boulders of varying sizes and shapes delineating dissipative profiles (Figure 2). The rocky substrate is mostly covered with patches of brown and red algae, zoanthids, hydrozoans, sponges, ascidians and octocorals.

Tijucas Archipelago (23°01’S; 43°17’W) is formed by

Alfavaca, Pontuda and Meio islands, and the Tijucas outcrop. The archipelago is located 1.7 km from the end of Barra da Tijuca beach, at depths varying between 6 to 37m.

Cagarras archipelago (23°01’S; 43°12’W) comprises three main islands (Cagarra (Fig.1A), Palmas and Comprida), three lesser islands, and seven outcrops with depths varying between

Fig 1. The Coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro (in black): Tijucas; Cagarras; Pai, Mãe, Menina and, Maricás Archipelagos. Southeastern coast of Brazil. Dotted area around Palmas, Cagarras, Comprida and Redonda islands represents the 10m-marine-no-take-zone from the rockyshore of Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras (MoNa Area).

Fig 2. Northern view of the Cagarras Island (A); Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758 over the subtidal area of Redonda Is., formed by granitic boulders of varying sizes and shapes (B). Photo by A.A. Bertoncini.

2 Cassiano monteiro-neto et al.

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Tab 1. Fish families are arranged in accordance with Nelson (2006); genera and species are arranged in alphabetical order. BRZ: I=Species threatened of extinction; II=Species overexploited or threatened of overexploitation according to the Brazilian legislation; IUCN: IUCN threatened categories: CR=Critically Endangered, VU=Vulnerable, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concern, DD=Data Deficient; GEORG: Geographic Range: CT = Circumtropical, TA = Trans-Atlantic, WA = Western Atlantic, SWA = South West Atlantic, SSWA = Southern South West Atlantic and BR = Brazilian Province; Common names used in Brazil (see Freire & Carvalho-Filho 2009); Record Type: SIG = Sighted, PHO = Photographed, LIT = in litteris; FIS = Fishery, SPE = Spearfishing, MUS = Museum Voucher. † New records.

Continued

Family and species Brazil IUCN GEORG Common names Record TypeGINGLYMOSTOMIDAEGinglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) † I DD CT Cação lixa PHO, FIS, SPENARCINIDAENarcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831) DD WA Treme treme do sul LIT, SPERHINOBATIDAERhinobatos percellens (Walbaum, 1792) † NT TA Raia viola do sul FISZapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle, 1841) VU SSWA Viola de cara curta MUS (MNRJ 555)RAJIDAEAtlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903) VU SSWA Raia carimbada MUS (MNRJ 551)

Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841) VU SSWA Raia santa MUS (MNRJ 597, 604, 608, 19314)

MYLIOBATIDAEAetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) NT CT Raia chita LIT, SPEMyliobatis freminvillei Lesueur, 1824 DD WA Raia sapo SIG, PHORhinoptera sp. - Raia boi SIGGYMNURIDAEGymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) † VU TA Raia borboleta de espinho FISMURAENIDAEGymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1840 CT Moréia verde SIG, LITGymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829) TA Moréia pintada SIG, PHO, LITGymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz, 1831 WA Moréia de areia LITGymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) † TA Moréia preta PHOMuraena aff. retifera Goode & Bean, 1882 † WA Moréia Pintada SIG, PHOOPHICHTIDAEAhlia egmontis (Jordan, 1884) † WA Muriongo amarelo SIG, PHOMyrichthys breviceps (Richardson, 1848) WA Miroró de pintas brancas SIG, PHO, LITMyrichthys ocellatus (Lesueur, 1825) WA Mututuca SIGOphichthus ophis (Linnaeus, 1758) † TA Miroró pintado PHOCONGRIDAEConger orbygnyanus Valenciennes, 1847 TA Talhão MUS (MNRJ 11946)CLUPEIDAEHarengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) † WA Sardinha lage SIGOpisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) † WA Sardinha bandeira SIGSardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) † WA Sardinha verdadeira FISSYNODONTIDAESynodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) WA Lagarto papo branco LITSynodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) WA Lagarto do raso SIG, PHO, SPESynodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Lagarto vermelho SIG, PHOTrachinocephalus myops (Foster, 1801) † CT Traíra do mar MUS (MNRJ 2142)BATRACHOIDIDAEPorichthys porosissimus (Cuvier, 1829) SSWA Mamangá liso SIG, PHO, MUS (MNRJ 1565)ANTENNARIIDAEAntennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794) CT Peixe sapo pescador listrado MUS (MNRJ 1518)Antennarius multiocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837) † WA Peixe sapo de recife PHOOGCOCEPHALIDAEOgcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Peixe morcego SIG, LIT, SPE, PHOMUGILIDAEMugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 † CT Parati SIG, FISMugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 † WA Tainha FISBELONIDAEStrongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) † LC WA Agulha do Atlântico FISTylosurus sp. † - Agulhão SIGHOLOCENTRIDAEHolocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) TA Jaguriça SIG, PHO, LIT, SPEMyripristis jacobus Cuvier, 1829 TA Fogueira SIG, PHO, SPEPlectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot, 1853) † WA Fusquinha PHOSargocentrom bullisi (Woods, 1955) † WA Jaguareçá listrado SIG, PHOSYNGNATHIDAEHippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 † II VU WA Cavalo marinho pintado LIT

CHECKLIST OF MARINE FISH FROM COASTAL RIO DE JANEIRO 3

Table 1. Continued.Family and species Brazil IUCN GEORG Common names Record TypeHippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 II DD WA Cavalo marinho focinho longo SIG, LITFISTULARIIDAEFistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803 † CT Cachimbau vermelho FISFistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758 TA Trombeta SIG, PHO, LIT, SPEDACTYLOPTERIDAEDactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) TA Coió SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, MUS

(MNRJ 1865)SCORPAENIDAEPontinus corallinus Miranda Ribeiro, 1903 SSWA Mamangá MUS (MNRJ 1889)Scorpaena brasiliensis Cuvier, 1829 WA Mangangá vermelho SIG, LITScorpaena isthmensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 WA Mangangá cara lisa SIG, LITScorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789 TA Mangangá axila roxa SIG, PHO, LIT, SPEScorpaenodes caribbaeus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928) † WA Beatinha colorada SIGScorpaenodes tredecimspinosus (Metzelaar, 1919) † TA Beatinha de recife SIGCENTROPOMIDAECentropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) † WA Robalo SIG, FIS, SPESERRANIDAEAcanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828) DD SSWA Senhor do engenho SIG, LIT, FIS, PHODiplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766) † WA Michole de areia listrado SIG, PHODiplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) † WA Michole aipim SIGDules auriga (Cuvier, 1829) SSWA Mariquita de penacho SIG, PHOPronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868) WA Lingua de lixa PHO, LITRypticus bistrispinus (Mitchill, 1818) WA Badejo sabão mira SIGRypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) TA Badejo sabão comum SIG, LIT, MUS (MNRJ

44672)Serranus atrobranchus (Cuvier, 1829) † WA Mariquita de orelha negra SIG, PHOSerranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh, 1889) WA Mariquita pintada SIG, PHO, LITSerranus flaviventris (Cuvier, 1829) † WA Mariquita pirucaia SIGEPINEPHELIDAECephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758) † LC WA Piraúna SIGEpinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) † II CR TA Mero FIS, SPEEpinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) II EN TA Garoupa verdadeira SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEEpinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828) II NT WA Garoupa São Tomé LIT, FIS, SPEHyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828) II VU WA Cherne SIG, LIT, FIS, SPEMycteroperca acutirostris (Valenciennes, 1828) LC WA Badejo mira SIG, SPEMycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860) II NT WA Badejo quadrado SPEMycteroperca interstitialis (Poey, 1860) VU WA Badejo vassoura SIG, SPEParanthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828) LC WA Pargo mirim SIG, LITPRIACANTHIDAEHeteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepène, 1801) CT Olho de cão SIG, LIT, FIS, SPEPriacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829 † TA Olha de cão FIS, SPEAPOGONIDAEApogon pseudomaculatus Longley, 1932 † WA Totó Leopoldina SIGPhaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey, 1860) † TA Totó chita SIGMALACANTHIDAEMalacanthus plumieri (Bloch, 1786) † WA Pirá SIG, PHOPOMATOMIDAEPomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) † II CT Enchova FIS, SPECORYPHAENIDAECoryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 † LC CT Dourado FIS, SPECARANGIDAECarangoides ruber (Bloch, 1793) WA Xerelete azul SIG, LIT, FIS, SPECarangoides crysos (Mitchill, 1815) LC TA Carapau verdadeiro SIG, LIT, FIS, SPECaranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) † TA Xaréu verdadeiro SIG, FIS, SPECaranx latus Agassiz, 1831 † TA Guarajuba SIG, FIS, SPEChloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766) † TA Palombeta FISPseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) CT Xerelete amarelo SIG, PHO, FIS, SPESelar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) † CT Chicharro olho grande FISSelene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815) † WA Galo FISSeriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) † CT Olho de boi SIG, FIS, SPESeriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 † CT Olhete FIS, SPESeriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833 CT Olhete bacamarte SIG, LIT, FIS, SPETrachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) † WA Pampo cabeça mole FIS, SPETrachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) † WA Sernambiguara FIS, SPETrachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896 † LC WA Pampo galhudo SIG, FIS, SPE

Continued


Table 1. Continued.

Continued

Family and species Brazil IUCN GEORG Common names Record TypeTrachinotus marginatus Cuvier, 1832 † SSWA Pampo FISTrachurus lathami Nichols, 1920 † WA Chicharro lombo preto FISUraspis secunda (Poey, 1860) † CT Cara de gato FISLUTJANIDAELutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) TA Dentão MUS (MNRJ 3445)Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) II VU WA Vermelho Cioba LIT, FIS, SPEOcyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791) II WA Guaiúba LIT, FIS, SPEGERREIDAEEucinostomus gula (Quoy & Guaimard, 1824) WA Carapicu branco LITHAEMULIDAEAnisotremus moricandi (Ranzani, 1842) † EN WA Sargo amarelo SIG, FIS, SPEAnisotremus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) WA Sargo de beiço SIG, LIT, FIS, SPEAnisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Salema SIG, LIT, FIS, SPEHaemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830 WA Cocoroca SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEHaemulon plumierii (Lacèpede, 1801) WA Cocoroca listrada SIG, LIT, FIS, SPEHaemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) LC WA Cocoroca boca larga SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEOrthopristis ruber (Cuvier, 1830) WA Cocoroca jurumirim SIG, PHO, LITSPARIDAEArchosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) † WA Sargo de Dente SIG, FIS, SPECalamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830) † WA Peixe pena branco SIG, PHO, FIS, SPECalamus pennatula Guichenot, 1868 WA Peixe pena amarelo PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEDiplodus argenteus (Valenciennes, 1830) WA Marimbá SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEPagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758) II EN TA Pargo rosa SIG, PHO, FIS, SPESCIAENIDAEEquetus lanceolatus (Linnaeus, 1758) † WA Maria Negra SIG, PHOOdontoscion dentex (Cuvier, 1830) WA Pescada de recife SIG, LITPareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) WA Maria nagô SIG, PHO, LITMULLIDAEMullus argentinae Hubbs & Marini, 1933 SSWA Trilha argentina MUS (MNRJ 11129)Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) WA Trilha SIG, PHO, LIT, FIS, SPEPEMPHERIDAEPempheris schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1848

WA PapudinhasSIG, PHO, LIT, MUS (MNRJ 17901)

KYPHOSIDAEKyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831) † TA Piranjica amarela SIGKyphosus sectator (Linnaeus, 1758) TA Piranjica preta SIG, SPECHAETODONTIDAEChaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860 LC WA Borboleta namorada SIG, PHO, LITChaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758 LC WA Borboleta listrado SIG, PHO, LITPrognathodes brasiliensis Burgess, 2001 † LC BR Borbolet bicuda SIG, PHOPrognathodes guyanensis (Durand, 1960) LC WA Borboleta de fundo SIG, LITPOMACANTHIDAECentropyge aurantonotus Burgess, 1974 LC TA Peixe anjo anão SIG, LITHolacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) LC WA Anjo ciliaris SIG, LITHolacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795) LC WA Anjo tricolor PHO, LITPomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC WA Frade cinza PHO, LITPomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787) LC WA Frade SIG, LITPOMACENTRIDAEAbudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) CT Sargento SIG, LIT, PHOChromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880) † DD BR Donzela cobalto SIG, PHOChromis jubauna Moura, 1995 SSWA Donzela jubauna SIG, LITChromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853) TA Tesourinha SIG, PHO, LITStegastes cf. variabilis WA Donzela amarela SIG, PHO, LITStegastes fuscus (Cuvier, 1830) LC BR Donzelinha SIG, PHO, LITStegastes pictus (Castelnau, 1855) SWA Saberé bicolor SIG, PHO, LITLABRIDAEBodianus pulchellus (Poey, 1860) LC TA Budião fogueira PHO, LITBodianus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC WA Budião papagaio PHO, LITClepticus brasiliensis Heiser, Moura & Robertson, 2000 LC BR Budião fantasma SIG, PHO, LIT, SPEDoratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862 † LC TA Folha verde SIGHalichoeres brasiliensis (Bloch, 1791) BR Budião verde SIG, LITHalichoeres dimidiatus (Agassiz, 1831) LC BR Budião azul SIG, LITHalichoeres penrosei Starks, 1913 LC BR Budião ocelado SIG, LITHalichoeres poeyi (Steidachner, 1867) LC WA Budião puxê LIT


Table 1. Continued.

Continued

Family and species Brazil IUCN GEORG Common names Record TypeHalichoeres sazimai Luiz, Ferreira & Rocha, 2009 BR Budião sazima SIG, PHO, LITThalassoma noronhanum (Boulenger, 1890) † LC BR Budião de Noronha SIGSCARIDAECryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871 † LC WA Periquito SIG, PHONicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1840) LC WA Papagaio esmeralda SIG, PHOScarus trispinosus Valenciennes, 1840 † EN BR Papagaio azul SIG, SPEScarus zelindae Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima, 2001 DD BR Papagaio banana SIG, LIT, SPESparisoma amplum (Ranzani, 1841) † LC BR Papagaio de recife SIGSparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878) DD BR Papagaio cinza SIG, PHO, LIT, SPESparisoma frondosum (Agassiz, 1831) DD SWA Papagaio sinaleiro SIG, LITSparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840) † LC WA Papagaio verde dentuço SIGSparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter, 2003 LC BR Papagaio vermelho SIG, PHO, LITPINGUIPEDIDAEPinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 SSWA Michole quati SIG, PHO, LIT, FISPseudopercis numida Miranda Ribeiro, 1903 † LC SSWA Namorado verdadeiro FISBLENNIIDAEHypleurochilus fissicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) TA Macaco de chifre SIG, PHO, LITHypsoblennius invemar Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980 † WA Sarampinho SIGParablennius marmoreus (Poey, 1876) WA Macaco das algas SIG, PHO, LITParablennius pilicornis (Cuvier, 1829) TA Macaco das pedras SIG, PHO, LITScartella cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) TA Marachomba verde SIG, PHO, LITLABRISOMIDAELabrisomus cricota Sazima, Gasparini & Moura, 2002 BR Maria da toca cricota LITLabrisomus kalisherae (Jordan, 1904) † WA Maria da toca olhão SIGLabrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) TA Maria da toca garrião SIG, PHO, LITMalacoctenus aff. triangulatus Springer, 1959 BR Macaquinho triângulo SIG, PHO, LITMalacoctenus delalandii (Valenciennes, 1836) WA Macaquinho comum SIG, LITStarksia brasiliensis (Gilbert, 1900) BR Maria da toca malhada SIG, PHOCHAENOPSIDAEEmblemariopsis signifera (Ginsburg, 1942) WA Macaquinho cabeça preta SIG, LITCALLIONYMIDAECallionymus bairdi Jordan, 1888 † WA Dragãozinho SIGGOBIIDAECoryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, 1863 WA Amoré vidro SIG, PHO, LITElacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa, 1997 I BR Amoré neon SIG, PHO, LITPTERELEOTRIDAEPtereleotris randalli Gasparini, Rocha & Floeter, 2001 † BR Linha azul SIGEPHIPPIDAEChaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) WA Enxada SIG, LITACANTHURIDAEAcanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855 WA Peixe cirurgião SIG, LIT, PHOAcanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787) TA Peixe cirurgião SIG, LITAcanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 WA Peixe cirurgião SIG, LITSPHYRAENIDAESphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829 † TA Bicuda branca PHO, FIS, SPESphyraena tome Fowler, 1903 SSWA Bicuda pescada FISTRICHIURIDAETrichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 † CT Espada FISPARALICHTHYIDAECyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885) † WA Linguado de nadadeira pintada SIG, PHOSyacium papillosum (Linnaeus, 1758) † TA Linguado do olho riscado FISBOTHIDAEBothus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) WA Linguado SIG, LITBALISTIDAEBalistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758 VU TA Cangulo PHO, LITBalistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 † TA Peixe porco vedadeiro SIGMONACANTHIDAEAluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) † CT Peixe porco SIGCantherhines pullus (Ranzani, 1842) TA Peixe porco SIG, PHO, LITCantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853) WA Peixe porco SIG, LITStephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) TA Porquinho da pedra SIG, PHO, LITOSTRACIIDAEAcanthostracion polygonius Poey, 1876 † WA Peixe cofe colméia SIG, PHOAcanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Cofre de chifre SIG, LIT


Table 1. Continued.Family and species Brazil IUCN GEORG Common names Record TypeLactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Baiacú caixão búfalo LITTETRAODONTIDAECanthigaster figueiredoi Moura & Castro, 2002 WA Baiacu mirim SIG, PHO, LITSphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert, 1900 WA Baiacu areia LITSphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785) WA Baiacu pimina SIG, PHO, LITSphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Baiacu quadriculado SIG, LITDIODONTIDAEChilomycterus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758) WA Baiacu de espinhos SIG, PHO, LITDiodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 CT Baiacú graviola SIG, LIT

16 to 24 m. Two isolated islands, Redonda and Rasa (23°03’S; 43°10’W), were recently included as part of the Archipelago.

Pai, Mãe and Menina Archipelago (22°59’S; 43°04’W) is formed by these three islands of same name and are the closest to mainland, next to Itaipu beach. Depth range varies between 9 and 29 m, with deepest parts on the ocean side of the islands.

Maricás Archipelago (23°00’S; 42°55’W), including the eastern most islands, is formed by Maricá island, and two other smaller islands, located 3.6 km from the coast, with surrounding depths varying around 17 m.

Coastal fishes are here defined as fishes found at depths between the water surface down to 60 m (i.e. within SCUBA diving range), occasionally visiting rocky shores for the purpose of feeding, shelter and/or reproduction (sensu Thompson et al., 2000), and that may be occasionally observed by divers.

The checklist presented herein includes records obtained through different methods: (i) 457 underwater visual census (UVC) of 40m2 (2x20m) randomly distributed at different locations in the four archipelagos, from 2006 to 2010, and monthly dives for rover-diver counts at Cagarras Archipelago (following Rangel et al., 2007) from April 2011 to July 2012 (comprising ~120h of observations), conducted at different depths and degrees of wave exposure, aiming to assess a higher habitat diversity; (ii) published data; (iii) video/photographic records and other reliable sources (unpublished data); (iv) occurrence in local fisheries; and (v) museum voucher specimens.

Species identification was based on Figueiredo (1977), Figueiredo & Menezes (1978, 1980, 2000), Menezes & Figueiredo (1980, 1985), Carvalho-Filho (1999), Humann & Deloach (2002) and Hostim-Silva et al. (2006). The families were ordered according to Nelson (2006) and species arranged alphabetically under the family name. Common names followed Freire & Carvalho-Filho (2009), with few exceptions not included in their list.

Zoogeographic affinities were analyzed based on species’ classifications in the literature (Rangel et al., 2007; Floeter et al., 2008; Luiz Jr. et al., 2008; Eschmeyer, 2010; Froese & Pauly, 2010) following the categories: CT=Circumtropical, TA=Trans-Atlantic (also known as Amphi-Atlantic, occurring in the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Mid-Atlantic islands), WA=Western Atlantic, SWA=South Western Atlantic (from northern Brazil to Argentina), SSWA=Southern South West Atlantic (species with temperate affinities occurring as far as southern and southeastern Brazil, Argentina) and BR=Brazilian Province (area between the Orinoco delta in Venezuela and the state of Santa Catarina in Brazil; sensu Briggs, 1995 and Floeter & Gasparini, 2000).

The world status of species conservation, for the available species, was based on the list proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN, 2009) (Categories follows: CR=Critically Endangered,

VU=Vulnerable, NT=Near Threatened, LC=Least Concern, DD=Data Deficient), and the national status of conservation followed the list proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (MMA, 2004; 2008), that assigns species under two proposed categories: species threatened of extinction (known as Annex I); and species overexploited or threatened by overexploitation (known as Annex II).

A total of 197 reef fish species, belonging to 130 genera and 61 families, were recorded at the coastal archipelagos of Rio de Janeiro (Table 1). Ten of the recorded species were Elasmobranchii and the remaining 187 Actinopterygii. The family Carangidae was the richest with 17 species, followed by Labridae and Serranide (10 each), Epinephelidae and Scaridae (9 each), Haemulidae and Pomacentridae (7 each), and Scorpaenidae (6) (Fig. 3). The most specious genera were Halichoeres (5), Sparisoma (5), Gymnothorax (4) and Trachinotus (4).

Data gathered in this study provided 78 new records of fish species across the study area (Table 1), not previously reported. Among records, 36.5% (72) of species are commonly observed in local artisanal/recreational fisheries, especially from Copacabana and Itaipu localities. All Carangidae (jacks) species are targeted by local fisheries, as well as, seven Epinephelidae (groupers) and six Haemulidae (grunts).

The importance of photographic records laid on registering 38.4% (77) of the present list, some (n=6) exclusively obtained from underwater pictures (Fig. 4).

Regarding the geographic distribution, 51.8% (101) of the species occur in the Western Atlantic (Fig. 5A,B; Fig. 6A,E-G), 20.5% (40) occur in both sides of the Atlantic (Fig. 5G; Fig. 6D).

The Brazilian Province shelters 9.7% (19) (Fig. 5C-F), whereas 10.3% (20) is distributed over tropical areas of the world (Fig.

Fig 3. Richest fish families recorded on coastal archipelagos off metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

RESULTS


Fig. 4. Selected new records for the area: Ahlia egmontis (Jordan, 1884) (A), Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot, 1853) (B), Chromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880) (C), Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871 (D), Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1840) (E), Muraena aff. retifera Goode & Bean, 1882 (F), Prognathodes brasiliensis Burgess, 2001 (G), Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885) (H). Photos: C.A. Rangel (A-C); A.A. Bertoncini (D-G); W. Vieira (H).


Fig. 5. Selected representatives from the Western Atlantic: Pempheris schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1848 (A) and Hypsoblennius invemar Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980 (B); from the Brazilian Province: Halichoeres dimidiatus (Agassiz, 1831) (C), Halichoeres sazimai Luiz, Ferreira & Rocha, 2009 (D), Halichoeres brasiliensis (Bloch, 1791) (E) and Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa, 1997 (F); the Trans-Atlantic: Chromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853) (G), making use of the boulders and crevices within along rockyreefs areas in studied sites; and from the Southern South West Atlantic: Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 (H). Photos: A.A. Bertoncini.


Fig. 6. Elasmobranchs rarely observed on Cagarras rockyreefs: Myliobatis freminvillei Lesueur, 1824 (A), Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) (B) and Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle, 1841) (C); the most common grouper in S and SE Brazil, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (D); and the deeper-water group of fish Prognathodes guyanensis (Durand, 1960) (E), Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868) (F), Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828) (G) and Serranus atrobranchus (Cuvier, 1829) (H). Photos: C.A. Rangel (A); J. Iunes (B); F. Moraes (C); Bertoncini (D-H).


6B). The coastal islands also shelter a few species occurring in the Southern South West Atlantic (6.7%, 13) (Fig. 5H; Fig. 6C), or restricted to the South West Atlantic, 1.0% (2) (Fig. 7).

Redonda Island shelters a unique group of fish, which is restricted to deeper waters (>20m) (Fig. 4G; Fig. 6E-H).

Only 30.1% (59) of the species have been evaluated according to IUCN criteria (Fig. 8), resulting in one Critically Endangered, four Endangered, and nine as Vulnerable. Four are considered Near Threatened, 32 are assigned as Least Concern and nine as Data Deficient. Species included in the IUCN list and their respective status are provided, presenting an updated picture of threatened fish species along the studied area (Table 1).

A total of 13 species were listed under annexes I and II (two and 11, respectively) of the Brazilian threatened species list (MMA, 2004), representing 6.6% of species listed herein (Table 1).

Besides eight exclusive records from museum vouchers, a total of 137 species were observed in situ, in censuses (Table 1 UVC record type) carried out in the area (N=457). Such results represent an important increase (over 38%) in the overall

number of recorded species in the area, considering the previous studies employing the same UVC methods (e.g. Rangel et al., 2007 – 99 spp.; Mendonça-Neto et al., 2008 – 42 spp.; Chaves & Monteiro-Neto, 2008 – 57 spp.).

Research efforts are clearly needed in the archipelagos, to understand how fishes and other marine resources are ecologically structured, especially considering the richness of habitats they shelter, from shallow Palythoa caribaeorum patches, to deeper areas as observed in Redonda Island, providing unique species observed nowhere else but there (Fig. 4G; Fig. 6E-H). Furthermore, our efforts suggest that at least 32 new records – not listed herein - still lack a precise evaluation, indicating that local biodiversity potential within the archipelagos may be greater than what is currently reported.

Most species are widely distributed in the Western Atlantic (e.g. genera Anisotremus, Chaetodon, Haemulon, Holacanthus, Mycteroperca, Pomacanthus). This indicates a closer affinity of the local ichthyofauna with the Caribbean region, and to a lesser degree, with the temperate fauna of Uruguay and Argentina (e.g. genera Acanthisthius Fig. 6G and Pinguipes Fig. 4H). This is due to the fact that the Caribbean is the center of biodiversity in the Atlantic Ocean and shelters the most diverse reef fish fauna in the Atlantic (>700 species and therefore, larval exchange between Brazil and the Caribbean, although occurring at small rates, is continuous (Rocha, 2003).

Accordingly, the species richness of these archipelagos also lies in the co-occurrence of tropical and subtropical/temperate species (Fig. 7), such as observed by Hostim-Silva et al. (2006) in Santa Catarina, Luiz Jr. et al. (2008) in São Paulo, and later by Daros et al. (2012) in Paraná.

The red list provided by IUCN (2009) highlights organisms that are facing high threats and are in risk of global extinction. Although efforts, dating back from 2008, were employed in regional assessments (Brazil), so far results are not available to the public. Assessments according to IUCN indicate the presence of 14 species assigned in one of the three threatened categories within the studied islands: one Critically Endangered, the goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), extremely rare with latest sightings dating from early 2010, four Endangered (Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758), Anisotremus moricandi (Ranzani, 1842), Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), Scarus trispinosus Valenciennes, 1840), and nine as Vulnerable (Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758), Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle, 1841), Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758, Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828), Hyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828), Mycteroperca interstitialis (Poey, 1860), Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903), Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810, Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841)).

Clearly, epinephelids (groupers) along with elasmobranchs are groups that require special attention, being a priority in future conservation/management actions. The dusky-grouper (E. marginatus) (Fig. 6D), once abundant on local rocky shores is considered rare in the area today. A worse situation is the case of the goliath grouper (E. itajara), last observed in 2010 as reported by a spearfisherman, and the nurse shark (G. cirratum), photographed by a scuba diver late 2012 (Fig. 6B). As a protection measure for these species with particular vulnerability (see Hostim-Silva et al. 2005), the dusky grouper has a minimum catch size of 47 cm, and the goliath grouper has a moratorium on catches along the country, as well as, the nurse shark, considered overexploited according to Brazilian law (see MMA, 2004).

Although 13 species (6.6%) are listed under annexes I and II of the Brazilian threatened species list (MMA, 2004), to date, the management plans necessary for the conservation of these species are nonexistent, incipient, or represented by local and isolated initiatives such as the Pro-Arribada Project studying

Fig. 7. Relative proportion (%) of geographic distribution types of the species observed at Rio de Janeiro Coastal Archipelagos (N=194). BR = Brazilian Province; SSWA = Southern South West Atlantic, SWA = South West Atlantic, WA = Western Atlantic, CT = Circumtropical, TA = Trans-Atlantic.

Fig. 8. Percentage distribution of the 59 species included in the IUCN list category. CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient.

DISCUSSION


reef fish aggregation sites in Brazil (mainly Epinephelidae and Lutjanidae), and Projeto Meros do Brasil with research efforts focusing on the Goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) conservation.

In 2010, a federal Marine Protected Area (MPA) was established on the Cagarras archipelago (Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras -MoNa Cagarras) (see Fig. 1). This area was created to protect the local biodiversity exposed to different levels of environmental impact over the years. This MPA became the first marine protected area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, providing an important tool for protection and conservation of local marine biodiversity.

The proximity of these insular systems to a large urban center facilitates access of visitors. The area also suffers a great influence of the eutrophic waters of Guanabara Bay, the second largest bay environment in Brazil (Valentin et al., 1999; Kalas et al., 2009) (see Fig. 1). Furthermore, the fish fauna of the Cagarras Archipelago has been under threat for decades by destructive harvesting techniques (e.g. trawlers, dynamite fishing, predatory spear fishing), lacking control of recreational visitors, ornamental fish trade, as well as, the indiscriminate collection of marine organisms for consumption (Secchin, 2002; Lodi, 2002). Such impacts endorse the necessity for basic knowledge on the fish communities to support effective monitoring projects and management measures against environmental degradation and biodiversity protection in coastal areas.

Our assessment, together with other recent important local initiatives, such as “Projeto Ilhas do Rio”, also committed to the assessment of the MoNa Cagarras biodiversity and in a near future to other archipelagos, is providing important complementary information (e.g. fisheries landing data) to compose the baseline information to be used by managers in the establishment of a management plan for the MoNa Cagarras.

We thank V.M. Oliveira and E.S. Silva for their extensive aid during fieldwork, and the students of ECOPESCA Laboratory - UFF for their valuable help in laboratory activities. J. Iunes, F. Moraes and W. Vieira for photographic records. We are also grateful to the Instituto Chico Mendes (ICMBio) for issuing permits to work at Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras MPA.

Financial support was provided by CAPES (C.M.-N. Grant Coordinator number 23038.017849/2009-37, being PRODOC Fellows C.A.R. and A.A.B.), and by FAPERJ through a research grant to C.A.R. PROPPi-UFF provided financial aid through several small research grants to C.M.-N., Pleuston & Neuston Photo supports A.A.B. Recent project continuity has been granted through Projeto Ilhas do Rio, Instituto Mar Adentro, sponsored by Petrobras (Brazilian Petroleum Corporation) through the Petrobras Environmental Program. CNPq provides a Research Productivity grant to C.M.-N.

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FINNANCIAL SUPPORT

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Correspondence should be addressed to:A.A. BertonciniUniversidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratório ECOPESCABiologia do Nécton e Ecologia PesqueiraDepartamento de Biologia MarinhaPrograma de Pós Graduação em Biologia MarinhaOuteiro São Joaõ Batista, s/nº, Caixa Postal 100.644,24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brasilemail: [email protected]

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