• Check in homework – “The 1920’s Bring Social Change”

• Go over homework

• Begin PPT “Manners and Morals Change”

Manner and Morals Change in the 1920’s

Two ways of life exist in America

Rural and Urban

WW I brought many changes

City people & small town rural people

• Standards of conduct were more relaxed in the cities

• City people were more tolerant of drinking and gambling

• Social relations between men and women were less carefully regulated

• Small town people believed city life would lead to moral decay

• City people felt behavior was matter of personal choice rather than public decision

City life was exciting

• Many things to do: museums, art exhibits, plays, athletic events, trade expositions

• New ideas in science were examined and accepted in the cities

• People were judged by their accomplishments rather than their social background

• Young men and women went to cities to find jobs

• After WW I, the United States was becoming an urban nation

Crystal Lake, IL a rural community

• During the late 1800's and early 1900's, Crystal Lake enjoyed nationwide fame through the manufacturing of architectural terra cotta and TECO pottery. Downtown Crystal Lake has several buildings adorned with locally produced terra cotta.

• Ice harvesting was also big business in Crystal Lake during this time, shipping ice by rail to nearby Chicago. The advent of refrigeration brought about the decline of the ice business.

• Crystal Lake served as a favorite vacation and weekend spot for many Chicagoans. They arrived regularly by train to stay at the resort hotels at or near the lake.

• Some prominent citizens chose Crystal Lake as their full time home. Charles S. Dole, of Amour and Dole, was one of them, building an elaborate mansion on 1,000 acres overlooking the lake.

• The mansion was later used as headquarters for several ice companies. • After laying vacant for several years, the property was sold in 1922 to the Lake

Development Company with Mrs. Al "Lou" Ringling as one of the principal investors. She was the widow of the oldest Ringling Brother, of circus fame.

• The mansion was rejuvenated, the huge annex was constructed and thus the property was converted into the first Crystal Lake Country Club.

A Good Place To Live

Crystal Lake City Hall

Dole Mansion

Train Depot brought visitors to Crystal Lake

Crystal Lake was a Resort town

Crystal Lake

Crystal Lake Beach

Crystal Lake Fire Department

Fun times on the Fox River another vacation spot in McHenry County

Summer Fun

Ski Jump

Crystal Lake Grade School

Crystal Lake Bank

Unpaved roads in McHenry County

New York City

Fifth Avenue New York City

City tenement dwellers

1922 Miss America Contestants

City people going on a -

Sunday Drive

Clash over religious mattersin Dayton, Tennessee

Teacher tried for teaching evolution in his biology class

1925

• John T. Scopes was tried for teaching evolution in his high school biology class

• Tennessee law forbid the teaching of evolution - Darwin’s theory that humans evolved from lower life forms (apes)

• Fundamentalists (Creationists) who believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible were furious since they believed in the Bible’s Creation story (6 days 1 day of rest)

• Today this is referred to as Intelligent Design• ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union hired the

defense attorney(s) for Scopes• The case was suppose to hinge on a teacher’s

freedom to teach

• Clarence Darrow – defense attorney

• Wm. Jennings Bryan – special prosecutor

William Jennings Bryan 1860 - 1925

• Ran for president 3 times as a Democrat• Secretary of State 1913-1915• Cared deeply about equality, worried that

Darwin’s theories were being used by supporters of a growing eugenic movement that advocated the sterilization of “inferior stock”

• Evolution would also undermine the traditional religious values

• Bryan and his followers succeeded in getting 15 states to ban the teaching of evolution.

• Died six days after the trial

Williams Jennings Bryan

• In 1920, he told the World Brotherhood Congress the theory of evolution was "the most paralyzing influence with which civilization has had to deal in the last century" and that Nietzsche, in carrying the theory of evolution to its logical conclusion, "promulgated a philosophy that condemned democracy,... denounced Christianity,... denied the existence of God, overturned all concepts of morality,... and endeavored to substitute the worship of the superhuman for the worship of Jehovah."

Clarence Darrow1857 - 1938

• Corporate lawyer before becoming a labor lawyer and later a criminal lawyer

• Chicago attorney who also had an office in Harvard, IL for a brief time

• Famous “Leopold and Loeb” case where two wealthy Chicago teenagers (19 & 18) were accused of kidnapping and killing a 14-year-old boy

• Darrow argued against the death penalty for the teens and got them a life sentence.

Clarence Darrow

• He began taking criminal cases, because he had become convinced that what we are used to describing as 'the criminal-justice system' was a gigantic fraud that ruined real people's lives because they had no representation capable of defending them properly against it.

• “I am an agnostic; I do not pretend to know what many ignorant men are sure of”.

• He was 70 when he defended Scopes

Jury and Judge

Bryan Darrow

John T. Scopes

?

The Trial and the result

• Reporters and photographers from big cities came to make fun of rural values and made the trial look like a circus

• The trial became a battle of wits between fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan, the special prosecutor and the agnostic defense attorney, Clarence Darrow

• Scopes was found guilty and fined $100• The verdict was later set aside by the

Tennessee Supreme Court on a technicality

Commentary showing both views

Notice the Science branch

BallyhooMedia Hype

Agnostic – one whobelieves that God can be neither proved nor disproved

Anti-evolution organization

Clarence Darrow & Wm. Jennings Bryan

Crowd at the actual trial

Political cartoon 1925

States pass “anti”Laws

Such as teachingevolution

Monkey’s view of humanityChicago Defender 1925

The Scopes trial had its origins in a conspiracy.A trial in Dayton, TNwould put it on the mapand help the town whosepopulation had droppedfrom 3,000 in the 1890’sto 1,800 in 1925. The Conspirators (some who hated the law against theteaching of evolution)asked Scopes (who wasalready violating the lawby teaching evolution)if he was willing to standfor a test case. He agreed.

Political commentary

ProhibitionThe noble experiment

An example of legislating (making laws) about morality (values) which did not allow people to use alcohol

Anti-Saloon League leaflet

Prohibition - 18th Amendment1/16/1920

Dumping alcohol

Prohibition: the Noble Experiment• Reasons for prohibition – caused corruption,

crime, child abuse, accidents on the job, etc• Women and prohibition – many saw drinking

as a sin• Use of Alcohol did decrease during prohibition• Speakeasies – places where illegal liquor was

sold• Bootlegger – provider of illegal liquor

Al Capone

Chicago gangster and bootlegger

bagman

You could still get a prescription for alcohol from a physician

Breaking up stills

Controversy over Prohibition

Twenty-first (21st) Amendment1933 repeals prohibition

Celebration 1933 Prohibition ends

Reasons for the repeal

• Organized crime grew

• Disrespect for the law increased

• Law too expensive to enforce (rise in taxes)

• Many felt prohibition invaded their individual rights

Women’s SuffrageWinning the Vote

(suffrage means to vote)

Women Struggle for the vote

Men had to vote to give women the vote – there was a great deal of opposition

Alice Paul & Lucy Burns started a series of parades and protests

Militant women picketed the White House during WW I

(1917)

Nineteenth Amendment August 26, 1920

• Some states like Wyoming had already given women the vote

• The Anthony (19th) Amendment gave all women the vote

• Women could now be elected to public office

• Women took new jobs but did not receive equal pay

Women exercising their right to vote

The emancipated women Flappers

Short skirts and bobbed hairdrinking and smoking in publicduring prohibition

Flaming Youth

Flappers cross the Mexican border

Many were shocked by the new emancipated women

Women Enjoyed New Careers

Working women

Professional women with President Calvin Coolidge

Immigrant women working in a tenement

New jobs often required a higher education – University women

Flying Flappers Jazz Band

Parisian Red Heads Jazz Band

Margaret Sangerstarted the first birth control clinic

• She witnessed her mothers slow death after 18 pregnancies and 11 live births

• She became an obstetrical nurse in the slums of New York City

• Violated national laws by giving women and men information about reproduction

The American Birth Control Leaguebecomes Planned Parenthood in 1942

Margaret Sanger Quotes

“No women can call herself free who does not own and control her own body”

“No women can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother”

After her arrest and arraignment

She left for Europe to avoid seriouscriminal charges also due to her political activities as a Socialist

African American move to northern citiesduring WW I

During WW I many blacks moved to northern cities to work in factories

• 1.8 million blacks moved north

• Blacks faced considerable prejudice, discrimination, and racism in their new surroundings

• Blacks competed with white workers for the same jobs and were often used as strikebreakers in northern industries

Chicago Race Riot 1919

• It was 96 degrees • While swimming, a black

youth strayed into the designated white swimming area

• He was struck in the head by a rock thrown by a white man

• This incident started a riot that lasted for 4 days

• 23 blacks & 15 whites died leaving over 500 injured

Chicago – Lake Shore Drive

Racial tensions were already high in Chicago – The result was the Chicago Commission on Race

Relations to investigate and suggest ways to improve race relations in Chicago

The start of the riot

Brick-wielding whites in pursuit of a black victim - 1919

White gangs or “athletic clubs” actively participated in the riotswithout any being arrested

White men stoning a black man to death

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Educator & writer

• One of the founders of the NAACP in 1909

• Encouraged black people to strive for higher education and equality

Booker T. Washington

• Principal of the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama

• His non-threatening racial views, blacks should not push to attain equal civil and political rights, was popular with whites

• Du Bois accused him of educating blacks only to be artisans and farmers

First black to dine at the White House with President Teddy Roosevelt

Marcus Garvey

• Led the back to Africa movement

• Coined the phrase “Black is Beautiful”

• To finance his colonization scheme he collected money through the mail to start a steamship company

• Jailed for mail fraud • Deported to England when

he was released

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

• Writer, educator, lecturer, and community organizer

• 1884 she refused to ride in the “Jim Crow” (segregated) black railroad car and was dragged out of the first-class white car

• Crusaded for a federal anti-lynching (hanging) law

In 1927 400 blacks were lynched, 10 while wearing their WW I uniforms

Harlem Renaissance

• Nickname given to the black cultural and creative movement that developed in slum areas such as Harlem in New York City

• Great achievements were made in literature, art, music, dance, and drama

• Jazz found its way from New Orleans to Chicago spreading quickly through the nation

Stars of the Harlem Renaissance

Louis Armstrong

Bessie Smith

Duke Ellington

Langston Hughes author

Popular culture changes

Educating Immigrants

Prior to the 1920’s most children attended School only through the Eighth grade

Expanded news coverageTabloids provided ballyhoo or media hype – insignificant events blown out of proportion

First weekly newsmagazine

Red Grange

Ladies Home Journal advertisement 1928

Charles A. Lindbergh

He made the first solo flightfrom New York to Paris in 1927

Athletes

Babe Ruth

Jack Dempsey

Bobby Jones Bill Tilden Red Grange

Women Athletes

Gertrude Ederle swam the English Channel

Helen Wills tennis champion

Young women participating in sports

Man-of-War

Horse racing was a popular spectator sport

Actresses

Clara Bow the “It” girlShe had it - sex appeal!!

Mary Pickford America’s Sweetheart

Clara Bow – the “It” girlPrecode movie industry

Actors

Charlie Chaplin the Little tramp

Al Jolson starred in the first talkieThe Jazz Singer

Rudolph Valentino and Gloria Swanson

Materialism

• The single minded pursuit of money and possessions

• The 1920’s had brought massive industrialization and the opportunity to purchase many new products and to make money

• Authors of the period criticized materialism

Authors of the 1920’s

• Sinclair Lewis – First American to win the Nobel Prize for literature – outspoken critic of the 1920’s (Main Street & Babbitt)

• F. Scott Fitzgerald – known as the spokesman for the “Jazz Age” as he revealed the negative side of the 1920’s gaiety and freedom (The Great Gatsby)

• Ernest Hemingway – wounded during WWI he became the best known “expatriate author”. In A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war