LEADERSHIP STYLE AND LEARNER AUTONOMY

AMONG NON-ACADEMIC STAFF IN MALAYSIAN

PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

CHE MOHD SYAHARUDDIN BIN CHE COB

MASTER OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

2013

LEADERSHIP STYLE AND LEARNER AUTONOMY AMONG

NON-ACADEMIC STAFF IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

By

CHE MOHD SYAHARUDDIN BIN CHE COB

Dissertation Submitted to

Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara

Malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master Degree of

Human Resource Management

PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post

Graduate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) I agree that the Library

of this university may make it freely available for inspection I further agree that

permission for copying this dissertation in any manner in whole or in part for

scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor(s) or in their absence by the

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business where I did my

dissertation It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this

dissertation parts of it for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written

permission It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the

UUM in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation

Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this dissertation

in whole or in part should be addressed to

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

Universiti Utara Malaysia

06010 UUM Sintok

Kedah DarulAman

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my utmost gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the drive

and motivation to complete this study

I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor DrAmer Hj Darus for his valuable

efforts and time in providing proper guidance assistance and effortless support

throughout the entire process From him I learnt skills patience and endurance in

completing the dissertation

My colleagues and friends these past years for the supportive and encouraging

environment throughout this dissertation process My sincere appreciation to the

management of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan (UiTMCK)

Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus Kesihatan (USMKK) and Universiti Malaysia

Kelantan (UMK) for granting permission to carry out this study The dedication goes

to Dr Ng Sie Foe Senior Lecuter UiTMCK Noor Azah Salleh Lecturer UiTMCK

Puan Rozitah Sidek Admin Assistant UiTMCK Puan Aslina Abdullah Senior

Assistant Registrar UMK and staffs Corporate Office USMKK for their assist

understanding and patience during the completion of my study

I would like to thank my parents who have been continuous source of inspiration

and encouragement My special thanks to beloved mum lsquoFaimah binti Ismailrsquo who

laid my academic career foundation Thanks to my family my beloved wife

Norhazlin Mohamed and my beloved daughter Nurhana Natrah Nurhana Nadia and

Nurhana Najwa for their sacrifice and who have been greatest supporter throughout

the duration of my studies and unceasing prayers for my success

2

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the most influenced factor between two leadership styles either transformational leadership or transactional leadership on learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities Other objectives in this study also include to examine the relationships between transformational leadership transactional leadership and learner autonomy and to examine the underlying demographic factors such as gender age and education level that could influence learner autonomy Data was collected through a survey of 267 respondents using the approach of quantitative research methods Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that transformational leadership and transactional leadership are significantly associated with learner autonomy While transactional leadership is most significantly associated with learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities The results also showed that demographic factors such as gender age and education level do not have any significance on learner autonomy

Key terms learner autonomy transformational leadership transactional leadership

3

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

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rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

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only

101

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LEADERSHIP STYLE AND LEARNER AUTONOMY AMONG

NON-ACADEMIC STAFF IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

By

CHE MOHD SYAHARUDDIN BIN CHE COB

Dissertation Submitted to

Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara

Malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master Degree of

Human Resource Management

PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post

Graduate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) I agree that the Library

of this university may make it freely available for inspection I further agree that

permission for copying this dissertation in any manner in whole or in part for

scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor(s) or in their absence by the

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business where I did my

dissertation It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this

dissertation parts of it for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written

permission It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the

UUM in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation

Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this dissertation

in whole or in part should be addressed to

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

Universiti Utara Malaysia

06010 UUM Sintok

Kedah DarulAman

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my utmost gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the drive

and motivation to complete this study

I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor DrAmer Hj Darus for his valuable

efforts and time in providing proper guidance assistance and effortless support

throughout the entire process From him I learnt skills patience and endurance in

completing the dissertation

My colleagues and friends these past years for the supportive and encouraging

environment throughout this dissertation process My sincere appreciation to the

management of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan (UiTMCK)

Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus Kesihatan (USMKK) and Universiti Malaysia

Kelantan (UMK) for granting permission to carry out this study The dedication goes

to Dr Ng Sie Foe Senior Lecuter UiTMCK Noor Azah Salleh Lecturer UiTMCK

Puan Rozitah Sidek Admin Assistant UiTMCK Puan Aslina Abdullah Senior

Assistant Registrar UMK and staffs Corporate Office USMKK for their assist

understanding and patience during the completion of my study

I would like to thank my parents who have been continuous source of inspiration

and encouragement My special thanks to beloved mum lsquoFaimah binti Ismailrsquo who

laid my academic career foundation Thanks to my family my beloved wife

Norhazlin Mohamed and my beloved daughter Nurhana Natrah Nurhana Nadia and

Nurhana Najwa for their sacrifice and who have been greatest supporter throughout

the duration of my studies and unceasing prayers for my success

2

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the most influenced factor between two leadership styles either transformational leadership or transactional leadership on learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities Other objectives in this study also include to examine the relationships between transformational leadership transactional leadership and learner autonomy and to examine the underlying demographic factors such as gender age and education level that could influence learner autonomy Data was collected through a survey of 267 respondents using the approach of quantitative research methods Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that transformational leadership and transactional leadership are significantly associated with learner autonomy While transactional leadership is most significantly associated with learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities The results also showed that demographic factors such as gender age and education level do not have any significance on learner autonomy

Key terms learner autonomy transformational leadership transactional leadership

3

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

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PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post

Graduate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) I agree that the Library

of this university may make it freely available for inspection I further agree that

permission for copying this dissertation in any manner in whole or in part for

scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor(s) or in their absence by the

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business where I did my

dissertation It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this

dissertation parts of it for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written

permission It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the

UUM in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation

Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this dissertation

in whole or in part should be addressed to

Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business

Universiti Utara Malaysia

06010 UUM Sintok

Kedah DarulAman

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my utmost gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the drive

and motivation to complete this study

I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor DrAmer Hj Darus for his valuable

efforts and time in providing proper guidance assistance and effortless support

throughout the entire process From him I learnt skills patience and endurance in

completing the dissertation

My colleagues and friends these past years for the supportive and encouraging

environment throughout this dissertation process My sincere appreciation to the

management of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan (UiTMCK)

Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus Kesihatan (USMKK) and Universiti Malaysia

Kelantan (UMK) for granting permission to carry out this study The dedication goes

to Dr Ng Sie Foe Senior Lecuter UiTMCK Noor Azah Salleh Lecturer UiTMCK

Puan Rozitah Sidek Admin Assistant UiTMCK Puan Aslina Abdullah Senior

Assistant Registrar UMK and staffs Corporate Office USMKK for their assist

understanding and patience during the completion of my study

I would like to thank my parents who have been continuous source of inspiration

and encouragement My special thanks to beloved mum lsquoFaimah binti Ismailrsquo who

laid my academic career foundation Thanks to my family my beloved wife

Norhazlin Mohamed and my beloved daughter Nurhana Natrah Nurhana Nadia and

Nurhana Najwa for their sacrifice and who have been greatest supporter throughout

the duration of my studies and unceasing prayers for my success

2

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the most influenced factor between two leadership styles either transformational leadership or transactional leadership on learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities Other objectives in this study also include to examine the relationships between transformational leadership transactional leadership and learner autonomy and to examine the underlying demographic factors such as gender age and education level that could influence learner autonomy Data was collected through a survey of 267 respondents using the approach of quantitative research methods Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that transformational leadership and transactional leadership are significantly associated with learner autonomy While transactional leadership is most significantly associated with learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities The results also showed that demographic factors such as gender age and education level do not have any significance on learner autonomy

Key terms learner autonomy transformational leadership transactional leadership

3

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

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8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

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)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my utmost gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the drive

and motivation to complete this study

I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor DrAmer Hj Darus for his valuable

efforts and time in providing proper guidance assistance and effortless support

throughout the entire process From him I learnt skills patience and endurance in

completing the dissertation

My colleagues and friends these past years for the supportive and encouraging

environment throughout this dissertation process My sincere appreciation to the

management of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan (UiTMCK)

Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus Kesihatan (USMKK) and Universiti Malaysia

Kelantan (UMK) for granting permission to carry out this study The dedication goes

to Dr Ng Sie Foe Senior Lecuter UiTMCK Noor Azah Salleh Lecturer UiTMCK

Puan Rozitah Sidek Admin Assistant UiTMCK Puan Aslina Abdullah Senior

Assistant Registrar UMK and staffs Corporate Office USMKK for their assist

understanding and patience during the completion of my study

I would like to thank my parents who have been continuous source of inspiration

and encouragement My special thanks to beloved mum lsquoFaimah binti Ismailrsquo who

laid my academic career foundation Thanks to my family my beloved wife

Norhazlin Mohamed and my beloved daughter Nurhana Natrah Nurhana Nadia and

Nurhana Najwa for their sacrifice and who have been greatest supporter throughout

the duration of my studies and unceasing prayers for my success

2

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the most influenced factor between two leadership styles either transformational leadership or transactional leadership on learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities Other objectives in this study also include to examine the relationships between transformational leadership transactional leadership and learner autonomy and to examine the underlying demographic factors such as gender age and education level that could influence learner autonomy Data was collected through a survey of 267 respondents using the approach of quantitative research methods Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that transformational leadership and transactional leadership are significantly associated with learner autonomy While transactional leadership is most significantly associated with learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities The results also showed that demographic factors such as gender age and education level do not have any significance on learner autonomy

Key terms learner autonomy transformational leadership transactional leadership

3

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the most influenced factor between two leadership styles either transformational leadership or transactional leadership on learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities Other objectives in this study also include to examine the relationships between transformational leadership transactional leadership and learner autonomy and to examine the underlying demographic factors such as gender age and education level that could influence learner autonomy Data was collected through a survey of 267 respondents using the approach of quantitative research methods Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that transformational leadership and transactional leadership are significantly associated with learner autonomy While transactional leadership is most significantly associated with learner autonomy among non-academic staff in Malaysian public universities The results also showed that demographic factors such as gender age and education level do not have any significance on learner autonomy

Key terms learner autonomy transformational leadership transactional leadership

3

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi gaya kepimpinan samada gaya kepimpinan transformasi atau gaya kepimpinan transaksi terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Objektif lain dalam kajian ini termasuklah mengkaji hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan tersebut dengan autonomi pembelajaran dan mengenalpasti faktor-faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan yang boleh mempengaruhi autonomi pembelajaran mereka Data diperolehi melalui soalselidik terhadap 267 responden dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif Analisis kuantitatif data menunjukkan kepimpinan transformasi dan kepimpinan transaksi mempunyai hubungkait yang signifikan dengan autonomi pembelajaran Manakala gaya kepimpinan transaksi menunjukkan hubungkait yang paling utama terhadap autonomi pembelajaran di kalangan staf bukan akademik universiti awam di Malaysia Hasil kajian ini juga menunjukkan faktor demografi seperti jantina umur dan tahap pendidikan tidak membezakan autonomi pembelajaran

Kata kunci Autonomi Pembelajaran Kepimpinan Transformasi dan Kepimpinan Transaksi

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PERMISSION TO USE iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES ixLIST OF FIGURES xLIST OF ABREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 111 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 112 Background of The Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 113 Problem Statementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 714 Research Questionshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1015 Research Objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1016 Significance of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1117 Scope and Limitations of the Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1318 Definitions of Key Termshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1419 Organization of the Dissertationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1821 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 1822 Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 18

23 Criteria of Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 21 24 Theories Underlying Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 26 241 Social Learning Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 27 242 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 30

243 Goal-Setting Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 32 25 Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 33 26 Theory related to Transformational Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36 261 Charismatic Leadership Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 36

27 Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 38 28 Theory related to Transactional Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 40

281 Path-Goal Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4029 Full Range Model of Leadershiphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 41210 Linking Leadership Style and Learner Autonomyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 42211 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4931 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4932 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50

321 Independent Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 50322 Dependent Variablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 51

33 Hypotheses Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5134 Research Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 52

341 Type of Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53342 Unit of Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 53

5

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

343 Populationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54344 Sampling Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 54

35 Operational Definitionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5736 Measurement and Instrumenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 58

361 The Questionnaire Designhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5837 Pilot Studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6138 Data Collection and Administrationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6339 Reliability Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65310 Normality Testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66

311 Data Analysis Techniqueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 67 3111 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68

3112 Correlational Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 68312 Summary of Test on Hypotheseshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 71313 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 72

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND FINDINGShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7341 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7342 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73

43 Respondentsrsquo Profilehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74 44 Goodness of Measurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76

441 Reliability of Datahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76 45 Descriptive Statisticshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77

46 Hypothesis Testinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7847 Summary of the Test Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8748 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 88

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIOS 8951 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8952 Recapitulation of Resulthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8953 Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9054 Objectives Achievementhelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9155 Implications and Recommendationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 9756 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 100

REFERENCEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

101

Appendix A Questionnaire 111Appendix B Statistical Analysis Output 125

6

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

LIST OF TABLES

Public Universities in Malaysian Based on Particular Location 54Table 32 Population Elements of non-academic staff Grade 41 -54 56Table 33 Operational Definition of Variables 57Table 34 Rating Scales for Independent Variables 59Table 35 Rating Scales for Dependent Variables 60Table 36 Distribution of Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 61Table 37 The Cronbach Alpha for Pilot Test (n = 30)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 63Table 38 Date of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 39 Numbers of Questionnaires Sent and Returnedhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 64Table 310 Coefficient Alpha Scaleshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 65Table 311 Cronbachrsquos Alpha for Main Study (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 66Table 312 Interpretation of Strength of Correlationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 69Table 313 Summary of Test on Hypothesishelliphelliphelliphellip 71Table 41 Sample Characteristicshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 73Table 42 Demographic Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 74Table 43 Reliability Value (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 76Table 44 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Major Variables (n

= 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 77Table 45 Results of Correlation Analysis (n = 267) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 46 Multiple Regression Analysis (n = 267)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 79Table 47 Result of t-Test Analysis Based on Gender 84Table 48 Result of One-way ANOVA Test Based on Agehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 85Table 49 Result of One-way ANOVA Based on Education Levelhelliphelliphellip 86

7

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

Table 410 The Summary of Hypothesis Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 Expectancy Theoryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 31Figure 22 Full Range Model of Leadership (Avolio amp Bass 2000) 43Figure 31 Research Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 48Figure 51 The Relationship Between Independent Variables and Dependent

Variableshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 90

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AKEPT ndash Institutional Leadership and Management Competencies

8

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

HRD ndash Human Resource DevelopmentIPTA ndash Public Higher InstitutionsLAP ndash Learner Autonomy ProfileLGO - Learning Goal OrientationMOHE ndash Ministry of Higher EducationPGO Performance Goal OrientationSPSS ndash Statistical Package for the Social SciencesUiTMCK ndash Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan KelantanUSMKK ndash Universiti Sains Malaysia Kampus KesihatanUMK ndash Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

9

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

1 RETPAHC

NOITCUDORTNI

11 noitcudortnI

eht hcihw ni yduts eht fo weivrevo na edivorp ot si retpahc siht fo esoprup ehT

hcraeser detaler dna tpecnoc eht secudortni retpahc sihT tuo deirrac saw hcraeser

aeser eht tnemetats melborp eht ymonotua renrael no eht snoitseuq hcr

yduts eht fo epocs yduts eht fo ecnacifingis eht yduts eht fo sevitcejbo

siseht eht fo noitazinagro eht dna smret yek fo noitinifed decaf snoitatimil

21 ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB

roeht gninrael laicos lacigolohcysp a si ymonotua renraeL ot srefer hcihw y

w srenrael suomonotua oh elbisnopser ylticilpxe era gninrael nwo rieht rof

acigolohcysp no yduts suoiverP laever yroeht gninrael laicos l taht renrael eht

deen ymonotua seitinutroppo erom s dna ecneirepxe gninrael ot gninrecnoc

tni nialpxe lanoitne roivaheb lacigolohcysp ot esnopser sa deen )5002 knuhcS(

noitazinagro eroferehT gnoma mgidarap gninrael eht gnitaerc ni trap ekat dluohs

ymonotua renrael esaercni ot redro ni seeyolpme eht ni laudividni gnoma

noitazinagro

na nosneB yb yduts A 7991( relloV d ) taht delaever a si ymonotua renrael

fles - fles ekat ot laudividni fo tnelat ot srefer taht gninrael detcerid - detcerid

rof ytilibisnopser gninrael efil - gnol gninrael noitneter rehgih setareneg dna si tI

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

101

SECNEREFER

)1002( Z risaT dna SM ubA PS retupmokreb atad sisilana adapek nalanegneP 01 SS swodniW rod gnihsilbuP notneV rupmuL alauK

msinimreted lacorpicer ni metsys fles ehT )8791( A arudnaB tsigolohcysP naciremA 443 33 - 853

)2891( A arudnaB ycnega namuh ni msinahcem ycaciffe fleS 73 tsiglohcysP naciremA)2( 741221

ssaB ecnamrofrep tinu gnitciderPldquo )3002( Y nosneB dna ID gnuJ JB oilovA MB rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart gnissessa yb deilppA fo lanruoJ

702pp 88loV ygolohsysP - 802

8991( M B ssaB ) m yrtsudnI pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT lanoitacude dna yratili tcapmi setaicossA muablrE ecnerwaL JN hawhaM

8991( M B ssaB ) snoitatcepxE dnoyeB ecnamrofreP dna pihsredaeL ehT kroY weNsserP eerF

)5891( M B ssaB 62 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO tseB retteB dooG pihsredaeL - 04 R morf deveirte

NAamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp460464= - etis=epocsampevil

aB lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnart fo snoitacilpmi ehT )0991( JB oilovA amp MB ss eromssaP AW nI tnempoleved lanoitazinagro dna maet laudividni rof pihsredael

)sde( namdooW WR amp )4( tnempoleved dna egnahc lanoitazinagro ni hcraeseRC hciwneerG sserP IAJ T

MB ssaB ot gninraeL pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT ot lanoitcasnarT morF )0991( 91 )3(81 scimanyD lanoitazinagrO noisiV eht erahS - deveirteR 13

9=Aamphtb=bdampeurt=tceridxpsanigoludeuisbilyxorpmoctsohocsbehcraesptthtsohe=etisamp753112706 - etis=epocsampevil

)4991( JB oilovA amp MB ssaB lanoitazinagrO gnivorpmI hguorht ssenevitceffe sredael lanoitamrofsnart pih snoitacilbuP egaS AC skaO dnasuohT

)6002( E R oiggiR amp M B ssaB )noitidE dn2( pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT weNmuablrE ecnerwaL yesreJ

)7991( )sdE( P relloV amp P nosneB egaugnal ni ecnednepednI dna ymonotuA gninrael namgnoL nodnoL

201

)0991( )sde( JD uilugiF amp BJ tteneB pihsredael latnemtraped gnicnahnE selor ehT nosrepriahc eht fo kroY weN ECA nallimcaM

)3991( M ailamadracS amp C retiereB erutan eht otni yriuqni nA sevlesruo gnissapruS esitrepxe fo snoitacilpmi dna aL truoC nepO LI ellaS

dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )1102( A itaplaD amp S rakengnaR M vansariB tnemeganam egdelwonk fo elor ehT stifeneb latipac namuh amp pihsredaeL

lanruoJ tnempoleveD lanoitazinagrO 23 601 )2( - 621

)9002( snettiGE nairB eP snoitpecr pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT fo ytilibacilppA eht fo detceleS fo ydutS A sriahC tnemtrapeD cimedacA fo eloR redaeL eht ot ruoivaheB

ytisrevinU anigriV ni ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG sisehT DhP

imrofsnart dna lanoitcsasnarT )8991( M J snruB namkciH R G nI pihsredael gnare wen a rof sevitcepsreP snoitazinagro gnidaeL 331 pp( - U )431 setatS detin

snoitacilbuP EGAS

)1991( CP ydnaC fleS - gninrael gnolefil rof noitcerid yessoJ ocsicnarF naS - ssaB

)1002( BJ epinaC eb pihsnoitaleR ehT fles neewt - selyts gninrael dna gninrael detcerid ellivxonK eessenneT fo ytisrevinU ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

tluda eht ni snoitnetni ssenlufecruoser fo tnemerusaem ehT )9991( BP rraC notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid larotcoD( renrael suomonotua ytisrevinU

)9991 )11( 06 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA snoitatressiD A9483

J gnahC - H oaisH C - Y uT amp C - lanoitamrofsnart gnisu sediseB )1102( L noitavonni eveihca ot od sloohcs dluohs tahw pihsredael aisA ehT - cifisaP

rehcraeseR noitacudE 02 )1( 84 - 06

)21 yraunaJ 4002( B F senraB amp Y L nehC fo ymedacA aisA fo htruoF ehTtnemeganaM ncudexsuyxgj morf 2102 8 yraurbeF deveirteR

ralohcsymmocelgoogralohcsptth

el dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )8991( J A yrreB amp F A daoC noitatneiro gninralanruoJ tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL 91 461 )3( - 271

rdquoevloseR ecreiF dna ytilimuH fo hpmuirT ehT pihsredael 5 leveLlsquo )5002( J smilloC yluJ weiveR ssenisuB dravaH ndash 631 pp rsuguA ndash 931

tahW )1991( JG erossefnoC nosnhoJ 1891 eht ni detapicitrap ohw sdik eht fo emaceb margorp egelloc ylrae etatS )1(51 detfiG eht fo noitacudE eht rof lanruoJ 162 -

962

301

noC ( JG kraP amp JS erossef 4991 renraeL eht fo noitadilav rotcaF seliforp renraeL ) noisrev eliforP ymonotuA mrof trohs eht fo noitcartxe dna 03 lanoitanretnI

fleS fo lanruoJ - 93 )1( 1 gninraeL detcerid ndash 85

kraP amp JS erossefnoC iMnuE )4002( ymonotuA renraeL eht fo noitadilav rotcaF mrof trohs eht fo noitcartxe dna 03 noisrev eliforP ruoJ lanoitanretnI fleS fo lan -

93 )1( 1 gninraeL detcerid ndash 85

ymonotua renrael rof ygetarts esruoc a gnipoleveD )a5991( S llarettoC lanruoJ TLE 912 )3( 94 ndash 722

)1991( S yevoC elpicnirP - pihsredael deretnec retsuhcS dna nomiS kroY weN

fE )5002( B C drofwarC lanoitazinagro dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart fo stcef tnemeganam egdelwonk no noitisop tnemeganaM egdelwonK fo lanruoJ 9 6 )6( -

61

J llewsserC )5002( W lanoitacudE gnitaulave dna gnitcudnoc gninnalP hcraeseR craeser evitatilauq dna evitatitnauq 2( h dn )de nosraeP JN reviR elddaS reppU

cnI noitacudE

tnemtimmoC lanoitazinagrO dna elytS pihsredaeL )8002( LM xoF amp K elaD ssertS eloR fo tceffE gnitaideM gnirpS XX loV eussI laireganaM fo lanruoJ

901 8002 - 031

eoK MR nayR LE iceD nts )8002( R re draweR fo stceffE evitageN evisavreP ehT noremaC ot esnopseR noitavitoM cisnirtnI no hcraeseR lanoitacudE fo weiveR

34 17 - 15

atem A )0002( CT ssorC amp SD rekiKT toorGeD - lanoitazinagro weiver ot sisylanac ot detaler semoctuo pihsredael citamsirah evitartsinimdA fo lanruoJ naidanaC

secneicS - 653 )4(71 noitartsinimdArsquoI ed secneicS seD enneidanaC euveR - 173

ziuR JP segnaH JR esuoH ND gotraH neD - WP namfroD dna AS allinatniuQ)9991( sorca dna cificeps erutluCldquo s- pihsredael ticilpmi elbazilareneg larutluc

yllasrevinu pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart citamsirahc fo setubirtta erA seiroeht rdquodesrodne 91 pp 01loV yletrauQ pihsredaeL ehT - 43

)1002( GM kcirreD srep tibihxe ot noitnetni srsquotluda na fo tnemerusaem ehT ni ecnetsigninrael suomonotua ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid larotcoD(

B3352 )5(26 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002

401

tluda ni ecnetsisrep tibihxe ot snoitnetni tnemerusaem ehT )1002( GM kcirreDlarotcoD( srenrael sumonotua ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid

)1002 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )5196003 oN IMU( B3552 )50( 26

)5891( MR nayR amp LE iceD fleS dna noitavitom cicnirtnI - namuH ni noitanimreteDmunelP kroY weN ruoivaheB

1( L nosnikciD 789 weiver erutaretil A noitavitoM dna ymonotuA ) 32 metsyS )2(561 - 471

noitacude larutlucitlum fo drocer kcart dna slaog ehT )7991( R nnuD lanoitacudE 47 )7( 45 pihsredaeL ndash 77

sirapmoc A ecneurgnoc pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2002( H namdE neewteb no pihsredael laitnediserp egelloc ytinummoc dna ytisrevinu tcartsbA noitaressiD

)5130113oN smlliforciM ytisrevinU( lanoitanretnI

ni slevel lacihcrareih ssorca pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2102( R lliG dna G sdrawdEazinagro gnirutcafunam KU snoit tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL

33 lanruoJ 52 pP )1( ndash 60139111213773410801101groiodxdptth 05

eht ni pihsreedael lanoitamrofsnarT )9991( R ialliP amp K nostaW R hcabnesiE egnahc lanoitazinagro fo txetnoc itazinagrO fo lanruoJ tnemeganaM egnahC lano

)2( 21

tekram a gnipoleveD )0002( AM llerraF - noitazinagro gninrael detneiro nailartsuA)2(52 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ

)6002( B snyhcS J efleF lanoitamrofsnarT fo noitpecreP eht dna ytilanosreP pihsredaeL revartxE fo tcapmI ehT erutcurtS rof deeN lanosreP mcitorueN nois

807 )3( 63 lohcysP coS ppA J ycaciffe fleS lanoitapuccO dna - 937

noitavitoM kroW dna yroehT noitanimreteD fleS )5002( LE iceD amp M engaGruoivaheB lanoitazinagrO fo lanruoJ 133 6 - 263

uH Y gnoG lanoitamrofsnarT noitatneirO gninraeL eeyolpmE )9002( LJ hraF CJ gna evitaerC eeyolpmE fo eloR gnitaideM ehT ytivitaerC eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL

ycaciffE fleS 567 )4( 25 J eganaM dacA - 877

( B kcalB amp L R mahtaT E R nosrednA F J riaH )2991 sisylana atad etavitluM ynapmoC gnihsilbuP nallimcaM kroY weN

501

rsquosetanidrobus dna snoitaulave rsquosrosivrepuS ldquo )8891( MB ssaB dna JJ retaH rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart fo snoitpecrep deilppA fo lanruoJ

pp 37 loV ygolohcysP 596 - 207

)1991( EG dlofnaH fles fo nosirapmoC - sesrun gnoma serocs ssenidaer gninrael detcerid lacitirc ni - saera lacigrus lacidem dna erac etatS ainrofilaC siseht srsquoretsaM(

enilnO stcartsbA sretsaM eliF GOLAID morf tcartsbA )1991 onserF ytisrevinUD 3033721 rebmuN noisseccA 53 rebmuN eliF GOLAI

ruoivaheB )2991( JR redienhcS FJ ahcuzaH WL kivivrelleH sdohtem sledoM egnahc ecnedive eht fo weiver a dna )sdE( hguoH L amp ettenuD DM nI fo koobdnaH

)03( loV ygolohcysp lanoitazinagro dna seirtsudnI gnitlusnoC AC otlA olaPtsigolohcysP

rof noisnemid egdelwonk ticat ehT )8002( K naragesajaR amp S tahaM M matiH snoitazinagro noitacude rehgih ni tnemeganam egdelwonk tnemeganaM laicoS

lanruoJ hcraeseR 5 9 )1( - 12

)1691( OC eluoH riuqni ehT dniM gni lanoisseforP gniunitnoC rof retneC KO namroNnoitacudE rehgiH dna

htaP A )1791( JR esuoH - ssenevitceffE redaeL fo yroeht laoG ecneicS evitartsinimdAylretrauQ 18 5 - 89

)1891( H celoH ymonotuA gninraeL egaugnaL ngieroF dna omagreP drofxO tsriF neporuE fo licnuoC gruobsartS 9791 dehsilbuP

)3002( J hsivocsalB amp LC tyoH ni pihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnarT stnemnorivne lacisyhp dna lautriv 876 )6(43 hcraeseR puorG llamS - 517

nart dna lanoitamrofsnarT )1002( ID gnuJ no stceffe rieht dna pihsredael lanoitcas spuorg ni ytivitaerc 581 )2(31 lanruoJ hcraeseR ytivitaerC - 591

)8891( rJ RT elbmerT dna DT enaK tnereffid ta stceffe pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT ymra eht fo slevel seR ymrA SU tpircsunam dehsilbupnU eht rof etutitsnI hcrae

secnicS laicoS dna laroivaheB

gnipoleved tuoba denrael evah ew tahW )0002( J gnilraB amp K E yawolleK sredael lanoitamrofsnart lanruoJ tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL 12 )7(

553 - 263

itamrofsnarT )2991( TR relleK hcraeser fo ecnamrofrep eht dna pihsredael lano - dna - 296 )3(81 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ spuorg tcejorp tnempoleved - 427

601

etomeR )3002( B neitaG amp E yelleK J siotmoC J gnilraB K E yawolleK pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart oitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL lanruoJ tnempoleveD n 42

361 )3( - 171

)0002( H eeL F regnilreK LF odnalrO hcraeseR laroivaheB fo snoitadnuoF truocraH srehsilbuP egelloC

)0891( M selwonK ygogardna ot ygogadep morF noitacude tluda fo ecitcarp nredoM ysoJ AC ocsicnarF naS - saB srehsilbuP s

A pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnarT )7891( P siweL amp W K trenhuK sisylana latnempoleved evitcurtsnoc weiveR tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 21 )4(

846 - 756

)2102( W treboR dranoeL ruoivaheB redaeL dna noitavitoM fo tcapmI ehT no stiforPnoN ni noitcafsitaS 1 rebmuN 91 emuloV SBBSA fO sgnideecorP

evif eht ot snoitaleR pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )4002( ER trahyolP amp CB miL - stxetnoc mumixam dna lacipyt ni ecnamrofrep maet dna ledom rotcaf fo lanruoJ

ygolohcysP deilppA 182 )4( 12 - 982

)1991( D elttiL smelborP dna seussI snoitinifeD ymonotuA renraeL citnehtuA nilbuD

)9991( D elttiL gnipoleveD a moorssalc egaugnal ngierof eht ni ymonotua renraeL lacigogadep latnemadnuf eht dna gninrael fo weiv evitcaretni laicos lapicnirp

77 83 seselgnI soidutsE ed airanaC tsiveR - 88

)2002( T yaR amp P satniuQ S elttiL redaer laitnesse nA egdelwonk gniganaM dtL snoitacilbuP EGAS nodnoL

fles ni lortnoc lacigolohcysP )0991( BH gnoL - gninrael detcerid J lanoitanretnI lanruo133 )4( 9 noitacudE gnolefiL fo - 833

)9002( C ewoL ymonotuA renraeL neewteB pihsnoitaleR eht fo ydutS lanoitalerroC A ecnamrofreP cimedacA dna notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

ytisrevinU

dael lanoitamrofsnarT )0102( H nidduyahaM otni noisiv ytisrevinu gninruT pihsre ytilaer ecnerefnoC srotartsinimdA ytisrevinU ht51 65 pp( - malA hahS )86

ANEPU

)1002( AD reyeM ot etisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehTgninrael sumonotua W egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( ytisrevinU notgnihsa

A3393 )21( 16 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002 CD notgnihsaW

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

301

noC ( JG kraP amp JS erossef 4991 renraeL eht fo noitadilav rotcaF seliforp renraeL ) noisrev eliforP ymonotuA mrof trohs eht fo noitcartxe dna 03 lanoitanretnI

fleS fo lanruoJ - 93 )1( 1 gninraeL detcerid ndash 85

kraP amp JS erossefnoC iMnuE )4002( ymonotuA renraeL eht fo noitadilav rotcaF mrof trohs eht fo noitcartxe dna 03 noisrev eliforP ruoJ lanoitanretnI fleS fo lan -

93 )1( 1 gninraeL detcerid ndash 85

ymonotua renrael rof ygetarts esruoc a gnipoleveD )a5991( S llarettoC lanruoJ TLE 912 )3( 94 ndash 722

)1991( S yevoC elpicnirP - pihsredael deretnec retsuhcS dna nomiS kroY weN

fE )5002( B C drofwarC lanoitazinagro dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart fo stcef tnemeganam egdelwonk no noitisop tnemeganaM egdelwonK fo lanruoJ 9 6 )6( -

61

J llewsserC )5002( W lanoitacudE gnitaulave dna gnitcudnoc gninnalP hcraeseR craeser evitatilauq dna evitatitnauq 2( h dn )de nosraeP JN reviR elddaS reppU

cnI noitacudE

tnemtimmoC lanoitazinagrO dna elytS pihsredaeL )8002( LM xoF amp K elaD ssertS eloR fo tceffE gnitaideM gnirpS XX loV eussI laireganaM fo lanruoJ

901 8002 - 031

eoK MR nayR LE iceD nts )8002( R re draweR fo stceffE evitageN evisavreP ehT noremaC ot esnopseR noitavitoM cisnirtnI no hcraeseR lanoitacudE fo weiveR

34 17 - 15

atem A )0002( CT ssorC amp SD rekiKT toorGeD - lanoitazinagro weiver ot sisylanac ot detaler semoctuo pihsredael citamsirah evitartsinimdA fo lanruoJ naidanaC

secneicS - 653 )4(71 noitartsinimdArsquoI ed secneicS seD enneidanaC euveR - 173

ziuR JP segnaH JR esuoH ND gotraH neD - WP namfroD dna AS allinatniuQ)9991( sorca dna cificeps erutluCldquo s- pihsredael ticilpmi elbazilareneg larutluc

yllasrevinu pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart citamsirahc fo setubirtta erA seiroeht rdquodesrodne 91 pp 01loV yletrauQ pihsredaeL ehT - 43

)1002( GM kcirreD srep tibihxe ot noitnetni srsquotluda na fo tnemerusaem ehT ni ecnetsigninrael suomonotua ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid larotcoD(

B3352 )5(26 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002

401

tluda ni ecnetsisrep tibihxe ot snoitnetni tnemerusaem ehT )1002( GM kcirreDlarotcoD( srenrael sumonotua ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid

)1002 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )5196003 oN IMU( B3552 )50( 26

)5891( MR nayR amp LE iceD fleS dna noitavitom cicnirtnI - namuH ni noitanimreteDmunelP kroY weN ruoivaheB

1( L nosnikciD 789 weiver erutaretil A noitavitoM dna ymonotuA ) 32 metsyS )2(561 - 471

noitacude larutlucitlum fo drocer kcart dna slaog ehT )7991( R nnuD lanoitacudE 47 )7( 45 pihsredaeL ndash 77

sirapmoc A ecneurgnoc pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2002( H namdE neewteb no pihsredael laitnediserp egelloc ytinummoc dna ytisrevinu tcartsbA noitaressiD

)5130113oN smlliforciM ytisrevinU( lanoitanretnI

ni slevel lacihcrareih ssorca pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2102( R lliG dna G sdrawdEazinagro gnirutcafunam KU snoit tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL

33 lanruoJ 52 pP )1( ndash 60139111213773410801101groiodxdptth 05

eht ni pihsreedael lanoitamrofsnarT )9991( R ialliP amp K nostaW R hcabnesiE egnahc lanoitazinagro fo txetnoc itazinagrO fo lanruoJ tnemeganaM egnahC lano

)2( 21

tekram a gnipoleveD )0002( AM llerraF - noitazinagro gninrael detneiro nailartsuA)2(52 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ

)6002( B snyhcS J efleF lanoitamrofsnarT fo noitpecreP eht dna ytilanosreP pihsredaeL revartxE fo tcapmI ehT erutcurtS rof deeN lanosreP mcitorueN nois

807 )3( 63 lohcysP coS ppA J ycaciffe fleS lanoitapuccO dna - 937

noitavitoM kroW dna yroehT noitanimreteD fleS )5002( LE iceD amp M engaGruoivaheB lanoitazinagrO fo lanruoJ 133 6 - 263

uH Y gnoG lanoitamrofsnarT noitatneirO gninraeL eeyolpmE )9002( LJ hraF CJ gna evitaerC eeyolpmE fo eloR gnitaideM ehT ytivitaerC eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL

ycaciffE fleS 567 )4( 25 J eganaM dacA - 877

( B kcalB amp L R mahtaT E R nosrednA F J riaH )2991 sisylana atad etavitluM ynapmoC gnihsilbuP nallimcaM kroY weN

501

rsquosetanidrobus dna snoitaulave rsquosrosivrepuS ldquo )8891( MB ssaB dna JJ retaH rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart fo snoitpecrep deilppA fo lanruoJ

pp 37 loV ygolohcysP 596 - 207

)1991( EG dlofnaH fles fo nosirapmoC - sesrun gnoma serocs ssenidaer gninrael detcerid lacitirc ni - saera lacigrus lacidem dna erac etatS ainrofilaC siseht srsquoretsaM(

enilnO stcartsbA sretsaM eliF GOLAID morf tcartsbA )1991 onserF ytisrevinUD 3033721 rebmuN noisseccA 53 rebmuN eliF GOLAI

ruoivaheB )2991( JR redienhcS FJ ahcuzaH WL kivivrelleH sdohtem sledoM egnahc ecnedive eht fo weiver a dna )sdE( hguoH L amp ettenuD DM nI fo koobdnaH

)03( loV ygolohcysp lanoitazinagro dna seirtsudnI gnitlusnoC AC otlA olaPtsigolohcysP

rof noisnemid egdelwonk ticat ehT )8002( K naragesajaR amp S tahaM M matiH snoitazinagro noitacude rehgih ni tnemeganam egdelwonk tnemeganaM laicoS

lanruoJ hcraeseR 5 9 )1( - 12

)1691( OC eluoH riuqni ehT dniM gni lanoisseforP gniunitnoC rof retneC KO namroNnoitacudE rehgiH dna

htaP A )1791( JR esuoH - ssenevitceffE redaeL fo yroeht laoG ecneicS evitartsinimdAylretrauQ 18 5 - 89

)1891( H celoH ymonotuA gninraeL egaugnaL ngieroF dna omagreP drofxO tsriF neporuE fo licnuoC gruobsartS 9791 dehsilbuP

)3002( J hsivocsalB amp LC tyoH ni pihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnarT stnemnorivne lacisyhp dna lautriv 876 )6(43 hcraeseR puorG llamS - 517

nart dna lanoitamrofsnarT )1002( ID gnuJ no stceffe rieht dna pihsredael lanoitcas spuorg ni ytivitaerc 581 )2(31 lanruoJ hcraeseR ytivitaerC - 591

)8891( rJ RT elbmerT dna DT enaK tnereffid ta stceffe pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT ymra eht fo slevel seR ymrA SU tpircsunam dehsilbupnU eht rof etutitsnI hcrae

secnicS laicoS dna laroivaheB

gnipoleved tuoba denrael evah ew tahW )0002( J gnilraB amp K E yawolleK sredael lanoitamrofsnart lanruoJ tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL 12 )7(

553 - 263

itamrofsnarT )2991( TR relleK hcraeser fo ecnamrofrep eht dna pihsredael lano - dna - 296 )3(81 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ spuorg tcejorp tnempoleved - 427

601

etomeR )3002( B neitaG amp E yelleK J siotmoC J gnilraB K E yawolleK pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart oitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL lanruoJ tnempoleveD n 42

361 )3( - 171

)0002( H eeL F regnilreK LF odnalrO hcraeseR laroivaheB fo snoitadnuoF truocraH srehsilbuP egelloC

)0891( M selwonK ygogardna ot ygogadep morF noitacude tluda fo ecitcarp nredoM ysoJ AC ocsicnarF naS - saB srehsilbuP s

A pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnarT )7891( P siweL amp W K trenhuK sisylana latnempoleved evitcurtsnoc weiveR tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 21 )4(

846 - 756

)2102( W treboR dranoeL ruoivaheB redaeL dna noitavitoM fo tcapmI ehT no stiforPnoN ni noitcafsitaS 1 rebmuN 91 emuloV SBBSA fO sgnideecorP

evif eht ot snoitaleR pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )4002( ER trahyolP amp CB miL - stxetnoc mumixam dna lacipyt ni ecnamrofrep maet dna ledom rotcaf fo lanruoJ

ygolohcysP deilppA 182 )4( 12 - 982

)1991( D elttiL smelborP dna seussI snoitinifeD ymonotuA renraeL citnehtuA nilbuD

)9991( D elttiL gnipoleveD a moorssalc egaugnal ngierof eht ni ymonotua renraeL lacigogadep latnemadnuf eht dna gninrael fo weiv evitcaretni laicos lapicnirp

77 83 seselgnI soidutsE ed airanaC tsiveR - 88

)2002( T yaR amp P satniuQ S elttiL redaer laitnesse nA egdelwonk gniganaM dtL snoitacilbuP EGAS nodnoL

fles ni lortnoc lacigolohcysP )0991( BH gnoL - gninrael detcerid J lanoitanretnI lanruo133 )4( 9 noitacudE gnolefiL fo - 833

)9002( C ewoL ymonotuA renraeL neewteB pihsnoitaleR eht fo ydutS lanoitalerroC A ecnamrofreP cimedacA dna notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

ytisrevinU

dael lanoitamrofsnarT )0102( H nidduyahaM otni noisiv ytisrevinu gninruT pihsre ytilaer ecnerefnoC srotartsinimdA ytisrevinU ht51 65 pp( - malA hahS )86

ANEPU

)1002( AD reyeM ot etisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehTgninrael sumonotua W egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( ytisrevinU notgnihsa

A3393 )21( 16 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002 CD notgnihsaW

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

401

tluda ni ecnetsisrep tibihxe ot snoitnetni tnemerusaem ehT )1002( GM kcirreDlarotcoD( srenrael sumonotua ytisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid

)1002 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )5196003 oN IMU( B3552 )50( 26

)5891( MR nayR amp LE iceD fleS dna noitavitom cicnirtnI - namuH ni noitanimreteDmunelP kroY weN ruoivaheB

1( L nosnikciD 789 weiver erutaretil A noitavitoM dna ymonotuA ) 32 metsyS )2(561 - 471

noitacude larutlucitlum fo drocer kcart dna slaog ehT )7991( R nnuD lanoitacudE 47 )7( 45 pihsredaeL ndash 77

sirapmoc A ecneurgnoc pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2002( H namdE neewteb no pihsredael laitnediserp egelloc ytinummoc dna ytisrevinu tcartsbA noitaressiD

)5130113oN smlliforciM ytisrevinU( lanoitanretnI

ni slevel lacihcrareih ssorca pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )2102( R lliG dna G sdrawdEazinagro gnirutcafunam KU snoit tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL

33 lanruoJ 52 pP )1( ndash 60139111213773410801101groiodxdptth 05

eht ni pihsreedael lanoitamrofsnarT )9991( R ialliP amp K nostaW R hcabnesiE egnahc lanoitazinagro fo txetnoc itazinagrO fo lanruoJ tnemeganaM egnahC lano

)2( 21

tekram a gnipoleveD )0002( AM llerraF - noitazinagro gninrael detneiro nailartsuA)2(52 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ

)6002( B snyhcS J efleF lanoitamrofsnarT fo noitpecreP eht dna ytilanosreP pihsredaeL revartxE fo tcapmI ehT erutcurtS rof deeN lanosreP mcitorueN nois

807 )3( 63 lohcysP coS ppA J ycaciffe fleS lanoitapuccO dna - 937

noitavitoM kroW dna yroehT noitanimreteD fleS )5002( LE iceD amp M engaGruoivaheB lanoitazinagrO fo lanruoJ 133 6 - 263

uH Y gnoG lanoitamrofsnarT noitatneirO gninraeL eeyolpmE )9002( LJ hraF CJ gna evitaerC eeyolpmE fo eloR gnitaideM ehT ytivitaerC eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL

ycaciffE fleS 567 )4( 25 J eganaM dacA - 877

( B kcalB amp L R mahtaT E R nosrednA F J riaH )2991 sisylana atad etavitluM ynapmoC gnihsilbuP nallimcaM kroY weN

501

rsquosetanidrobus dna snoitaulave rsquosrosivrepuS ldquo )8891( MB ssaB dna JJ retaH rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart fo snoitpecrep deilppA fo lanruoJ

pp 37 loV ygolohcysP 596 - 207

)1991( EG dlofnaH fles fo nosirapmoC - sesrun gnoma serocs ssenidaer gninrael detcerid lacitirc ni - saera lacigrus lacidem dna erac etatS ainrofilaC siseht srsquoretsaM(

enilnO stcartsbA sretsaM eliF GOLAID morf tcartsbA )1991 onserF ytisrevinUD 3033721 rebmuN noisseccA 53 rebmuN eliF GOLAI

ruoivaheB )2991( JR redienhcS FJ ahcuzaH WL kivivrelleH sdohtem sledoM egnahc ecnedive eht fo weiver a dna )sdE( hguoH L amp ettenuD DM nI fo koobdnaH

)03( loV ygolohcysp lanoitazinagro dna seirtsudnI gnitlusnoC AC otlA olaPtsigolohcysP

rof noisnemid egdelwonk ticat ehT )8002( K naragesajaR amp S tahaM M matiH snoitazinagro noitacude rehgih ni tnemeganam egdelwonk tnemeganaM laicoS

lanruoJ hcraeseR 5 9 )1( - 12

)1691( OC eluoH riuqni ehT dniM gni lanoisseforP gniunitnoC rof retneC KO namroNnoitacudE rehgiH dna

htaP A )1791( JR esuoH - ssenevitceffE redaeL fo yroeht laoG ecneicS evitartsinimdAylretrauQ 18 5 - 89

)1891( H celoH ymonotuA gninraeL egaugnaL ngieroF dna omagreP drofxO tsriF neporuE fo licnuoC gruobsartS 9791 dehsilbuP

)3002( J hsivocsalB amp LC tyoH ni pihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnarT stnemnorivne lacisyhp dna lautriv 876 )6(43 hcraeseR puorG llamS - 517

nart dna lanoitamrofsnarT )1002( ID gnuJ no stceffe rieht dna pihsredael lanoitcas spuorg ni ytivitaerc 581 )2(31 lanruoJ hcraeseR ytivitaerC - 591

)8891( rJ RT elbmerT dna DT enaK tnereffid ta stceffe pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT ymra eht fo slevel seR ymrA SU tpircsunam dehsilbupnU eht rof etutitsnI hcrae

secnicS laicoS dna laroivaheB

gnipoleved tuoba denrael evah ew tahW )0002( J gnilraB amp K E yawolleK sredael lanoitamrofsnart lanruoJ tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL 12 )7(

553 - 263

itamrofsnarT )2991( TR relleK hcraeser fo ecnamrofrep eht dna pihsredael lano - dna - 296 )3(81 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ spuorg tcejorp tnempoleved - 427

601

etomeR )3002( B neitaG amp E yelleK J siotmoC J gnilraB K E yawolleK pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart oitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL lanruoJ tnempoleveD n 42

361 )3( - 171

)0002( H eeL F regnilreK LF odnalrO hcraeseR laroivaheB fo snoitadnuoF truocraH srehsilbuP egelloC

)0891( M selwonK ygogardna ot ygogadep morF noitacude tluda fo ecitcarp nredoM ysoJ AC ocsicnarF naS - saB srehsilbuP s

A pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnarT )7891( P siweL amp W K trenhuK sisylana latnempoleved evitcurtsnoc weiveR tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 21 )4(

846 - 756

)2102( W treboR dranoeL ruoivaheB redaeL dna noitavitoM fo tcapmI ehT no stiforPnoN ni noitcafsitaS 1 rebmuN 91 emuloV SBBSA fO sgnideecorP

evif eht ot snoitaleR pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )4002( ER trahyolP amp CB miL - stxetnoc mumixam dna lacipyt ni ecnamrofrep maet dna ledom rotcaf fo lanruoJ

ygolohcysP deilppA 182 )4( 12 - 982

)1991( D elttiL smelborP dna seussI snoitinifeD ymonotuA renraeL citnehtuA nilbuD

)9991( D elttiL gnipoleveD a moorssalc egaugnal ngierof eht ni ymonotua renraeL lacigogadep latnemadnuf eht dna gninrael fo weiv evitcaretni laicos lapicnirp

77 83 seselgnI soidutsE ed airanaC tsiveR - 88

)2002( T yaR amp P satniuQ S elttiL redaer laitnesse nA egdelwonk gniganaM dtL snoitacilbuP EGAS nodnoL

fles ni lortnoc lacigolohcysP )0991( BH gnoL - gninrael detcerid J lanoitanretnI lanruo133 )4( 9 noitacudE gnolefiL fo - 833

)9002( C ewoL ymonotuA renraeL neewteB pihsnoitaleR eht fo ydutS lanoitalerroC A ecnamrofreP cimedacA dna notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

ytisrevinU

dael lanoitamrofsnarT )0102( H nidduyahaM otni noisiv ytisrevinu gninruT pihsre ytilaer ecnerefnoC srotartsinimdA ytisrevinU ht51 65 pp( - malA hahS )86

ANEPU

)1002( AD reyeM ot etisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehTgninrael sumonotua W egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( ytisrevinU notgnihsa

A3393 )21( 16 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002 CD notgnihsaW

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

501

rsquosetanidrobus dna snoitaulave rsquosrosivrepuS ldquo )8891( MB ssaB dna JJ retaH rdquopihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnart fo snoitpecrep deilppA fo lanruoJ

pp 37 loV ygolohcysP 596 - 207

)1991( EG dlofnaH fles fo nosirapmoC - sesrun gnoma serocs ssenidaer gninrael detcerid lacitirc ni - saera lacigrus lacidem dna erac etatS ainrofilaC siseht srsquoretsaM(

enilnO stcartsbA sretsaM eliF GOLAID morf tcartsbA )1991 onserF ytisrevinUD 3033721 rebmuN noisseccA 53 rebmuN eliF GOLAI

ruoivaheB )2991( JR redienhcS FJ ahcuzaH WL kivivrelleH sdohtem sledoM egnahc ecnedive eht fo weiver a dna )sdE( hguoH L amp ettenuD DM nI fo koobdnaH

)03( loV ygolohcysp lanoitazinagro dna seirtsudnI gnitlusnoC AC otlA olaPtsigolohcysP

rof noisnemid egdelwonk ticat ehT )8002( K naragesajaR amp S tahaM M matiH snoitazinagro noitacude rehgih ni tnemeganam egdelwonk tnemeganaM laicoS

lanruoJ hcraeseR 5 9 )1( - 12

)1691( OC eluoH riuqni ehT dniM gni lanoisseforP gniunitnoC rof retneC KO namroNnoitacudE rehgiH dna

htaP A )1791( JR esuoH - ssenevitceffE redaeL fo yroeht laoG ecneicS evitartsinimdAylretrauQ 18 5 - 89

)1891( H celoH ymonotuA gninraeL egaugnaL ngieroF dna omagreP drofxO tsriF neporuE fo licnuoC gruobsartS 9791 dehsilbuP

)3002( J hsivocsalB amp LC tyoH ni pihsredael lanoitcasnart dna lanoitamrofsnarT stnemnorivne lacisyhp dna lautriv 876 )6(43 hcraeseR puorG llamS - 517

nart dna lanoitamrofsnarT )1002( ID gnuJ no stceffe rieht dna pihsredael lanoitcas spuorg ni ytivitaerc 581 )2(31 lanruoJ hcraeseR ytivitaerC - 591

)8891( rJ RT elbmerT dna DT enaK tnereffid ta stceffe pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT ymra eht fo slevel seR ymrA SU tpircsunam dehsilbupnU eht rof etutitsnI hcrae

secnicS laicoS dna laroivaheB

gnipoleved tuoba denrael evah ew tahW )0002( J gnilraB amp K E yawolleK sredael lanoitamrofsnart lanruoJ tnempoleveD noitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL 12 )7(

553 - 263

itamrofsnarT )2991( TR relleK hcraeser fo ecnamrofrep eht dna pihsredael lano - dna - 296 )3(81 tnemeganaM fo lanruoJ spuorg tcejorp tnempoleved - 427

601

etomeR )3002( B neitaG amp E yelleK J siotmoC J gnilraB K E yawolleK pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart oitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL lanruoJ tnempoleveD n 42

361 )3( - 171

)0002( H eeL F regnilreK LF odnalrO hcraeseR laroivaheB fo snoitadnuoF truocraH srehsilbuP egelloC

)0891( M selwonK ygogardna ot ygogadep morF noitacude tluda fo ecitcarp nredoM ysoJ AC ocsicnarF naS - saB srehsilbuP s

A pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnarT )7891( P siweL amp W K trenhuK sisylana latnempoleved evitcurtsnoc weiveR tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 21 )4(

846 - 756

)2102( W treboR dranoeL ruoivaheB redaeL dna noitavitoM fo tcapmI ehT no stiforPnoN ni noitcafsitaS 1 rebmuN 91 emuloV SBBSA fO sgnideecorP

evif eht ot snoitaleR pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )4002( ER trahyolP amp CB miL - stxetnoc mumixam dna lacipyt ni ecnamrofrep maet dna ledom rotcaf fo lanruoJ

ygolohcysP deilppA 182 )4( 12 - 982

)1991( D elttiL smelborP dna seussI snoitinifeD ymonotuA renraeL citnehtuA nilbuD

)9991( D elttiL gnipoleveD a moorssalc egaugnal ngierof eht ni ymonotua renraeL lacigogadep latnemadnuf eht dna gninrael fo weiv evitcaretni laicos lapicnirp

77 83 seselgnI soidutsE ed airanaC tsiveR - 88

)2002( T yaR amp P satniuQ S elttiL redaer laitnesse nA egdelwonk gniganaM dtL snoitacilbuP EGAS nodnoL

fles ni lortnoc lacigolohcysP )0991( BH gnoL - gninrael detcerid J lanoitanretnI lanruo133 )4( 9 noitacudE gnolefiL fo - 833

)9002( C ewoL ymonotuA renraeL neewteB pihsnoitaleR eht fo ydutS lanoitalerroC A ecnamrofreP cimedacA dna notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

ytisrevinU

dael lanoitamrofsnarT )0102( H nidduyahaM otni noisiv ytisrevinu gninruT pihsre ytilaer ecnerefnoC srotartsinimdA ytisrevinU ht51 65 pp( - malA hahS )86

ANEPU

)1002( AD reyeM ot etisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehTgninrael sumonotua W egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( ytisrevinU notgnihsa

A3393 )21( 16 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002 CD notgnihsaW

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

601

etomeR )3002( B neitaG amp E yelleK J siotmoC J gnilraB K E yawolleK pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart oitazinagrO amp pihsredaeL lanruoJ tnempoleveD n 42

361 )3( - 171

)0002( H eeL F regnilreK LF odnalrO hcraeseR laroivaheB fo snoitadnuoF truocraH srehsilbuP egelloC

)0891( M selwonK ygogardna ot ygogadep morF noitacude tluda fo ecitcarp nredoM ysoJ AC ocsicnarF naS - saB srehsilbuP s

A pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna lanoitcasnarT )7891( P siweL amp W K trenhuK sisylana latnempoleved evitcurtsnoc weiveR tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 21 )4(

846 - 756

)2102( W treboR dranoeL ruoivaheB redaeL dna noitavitoM fo tcapmI ehT no stiforPnoN ni noitcafsitaS 1 rebmuN 91 emuloV SBBSA fO sgnideecorP

evif eht ot snoitaleR pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT )4002( ER trahyolP amp CB miL - stxetnoc mumixam dna lacipyt ni ecnamrofrep maet dna ledom rotcaf fo lanruoJ

ygolohcysP deilppA 182 )4( 12 - 982

)1991( D elttiL smelborP dna seussI snoitinifeD ymonotuA renraeL citnehtuA nilbuD

)9991( D elttiL gnipoleveD a moorssalc egaugnal ngierof eht ni ymonotua renraeL lacigogadep latnemadnuf eht dna gninrael fo weiv evitcaretni laicos lapicnirp

77 83 seselgnI soidutsE ed airanaC tsiveR - 88

)2002( T yaR amp P satniuQ S elttiL redaer laitnesse nA egdelwonk gniganaM dtL snoitacilbuP EGAS nodnoL

fles ni lortnoc lacigolohcysP )0991( BH gnoL - gninrael detcerid J lanoitanretnI lanruo133 )4( 9 noitacudE gnolefiL fo - 833

)9002( C ewoL ymonotuA renraeL neewteB pihsnoitaleR eht fo ydutS lanoitalerroC A ecnamrofreP cimedacA dna notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD

ytisrevinU

dael lanoitamrofsnarT )0102( H nidduyahaM otni noisiv ytisrevinu gninruT pihsre ytilaer ecnerefnoC srotartsinimdA ytisrevinU ht51 65 pp( - malA hahS )86

ANEPU

)1002( AD reyeM ot etisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehTgninrael sumonotua W egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( ytisrevinU notgnihsa

A3393 )21( 16 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )1002 CD notgnihsaW

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

701

ot setisiuqererp a sa roivaheb lanoitnetni fo tnemerusaem ehT )1002( TD reyeMtisrevinU notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressiD larotcoD( gninrael suomonotua y

)0002 133 )4( 9 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD - 833

)1991( yramesoR alleraffaC dna narahS mairreM doohtluda ni gninraeL naS yessoJ ocsicnarF ndash ssaB

gniM - gnuhC TT - iY dna TL - WC )1102( pihsnoitaleR eht no ydutS A neewtebelytS pihsredaeL fleS ecnegilletnI lanoitomE - lanoitazinagrO dna ycaciffE

nawiaT ni yrtsudnI gniknaB eht fo ydutS esaC A tnemtimmoC ssenisuB fo lanruoJ)31(5 loV tnemeganaM 23901MBJA798501 IOD

)9002( WD emosweN FM renffohS WAC sirroM emoW rof gnillesnuoC reeraC n pihsnoitaleR evisubA evaeL ot gniraperP hcaorppA yroehT evitingoC laicoS A

44 )1( 85 Q tnempoleveD reeraC ndash 35

dna egnahc ot reirab A ecnelis lanoitazinagrO )0002( JF nekiliM amp WE nosirroMganaM fo ymedacA dlrow citsarulp a ni tnempoleved 607 )4(52 weiveR tneme -

527

)2102( notlimaH ylloM dna pihsredaeL lanoitcasnarT fo noitcaretnI ehT pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT tnempoleveD dna noitacudE ecrofkroW fo lanruoJ

eladnobraC ta ytisrevinU sionollI nrehtuoS gnirpS 3 eussI III emuloV

( FS gN ecnatsid tluda gnoma setalerroc detceles emos dna ymonotua renraeL )9002 sisehT DhP aisyalaM ni srenrael aisyalaM artuP itisrevinU

oC amp FS gN ecnatsid deviecrep fo pihsnoitaler eht gnidnatsrednU )0102( JG erossefnahne eht dna stnemnorivne gninrael ymonotua renrael fo tnemecn lanoitanretnI ehT 552pp )2(71 gninraeL fo lanruoJ - 362

)8791( C J yllannuN )noitidE dn2( yroehT cirtemohcysP warGcaM kroY weN - lliH

fles dna tnemnorivne gnikrow neewteb snoitaicossa fo yduts A )8991( E kraP - detcerid lanoitaN luoeS noitatressiD sretsaM ytisrevinU lanoitaN luoeS ssenidaer gninrael

aeroK ytisrevinU 32MSamp02MMlmth0808251764741ptth

sni wen fo tnempoleveD )2002( JG erossefnoC amp E kraP fo noitadilaV noitatnemurt )sdE( setaicossA amp gnoL BH nI noisrev ateB eliforP ymonotuA renraeL eht

ytnewT - fles ni secnavda yrutnec tsrif - 982 pp( gninrael detcerid ndash )603 sserP ytisrevinU alorotoM LI grubmuahcS

)0102( J tnallaP am lavivrus SSPS )noitide ht4( laun warGcM ailartsuA - lliHseinapmoC

801

eht fo srotciderp sa pihsredael derahs susrev lacitreV )2002( pPH smiS amp LC ecraeP evitcerid evisreva fo noitanimaxe nA smaet tnemeganam egnahc fo ssenevitceffe

lanoitamrofsnart lanoitcasnart sruoivaheb redael gnirewopme dna puorG scimanyD ndash tcaP dna hcraeseR yroehT 271 )2( 6 eci - 791

)4991( J reffefP elpoeP hguorht egatnavdA evititepmoC ssenisuB dravraH notsoBsserP loohcS

)9991( KM notnoP ot noitnetni srsquotluda na fo tnemerusaem ehT lanosrep tibihxe gninrael suomonotua ni evitaitini notgnihsaW egroeG ehT noitatressid larotcoD(

A3393 )11(06 lanoitanretnI stcartsbA noitatressiD )9991 ytisrevinU

)2002( KM notnoP itaitini renrael fo yrotnevni eht rof tnempoleved meti fo yrotsiH ev rohtuA SM drofxO )ILI(

)0002( BP rraC amp KM notnoP gnidnatsrednU fles ni gnitomorp dna - gninrael detcerid ygolohcysP laicos ni hcraeseR tnerruc )91( 5 ]enil no[

uiL ufeH nosivaD M treboR gnauH naiQ )8002( no elytS pihsredaeL fo tcapmI ehT onK egdelw - anihC ni snoitnetnI gnirahS egdelwonK fo lanruoJ

tnemeganaM emuloV 4 eussI 61 4010018002migj810401 IOD segap 52

pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart fo snoisnemiD )4002( A M niffirG amp E A ytreffaR snoisnetxe laciripme dna lautpecnoC ehT ylretrauQ pihsredaeL 51 923 )3( - 453

)5991( D mahtoboR fleS - elyts gninrael etamitlu ehT gninrael detcerid elbaliavAflesselif1281ub~kucavlwwwwptth ta enilno - mthrid

gninraeL eeyolpmE fo tceffE ehT )2102( mahtaL P yraG dna retroP L toboR dna laoGecnamrofreP latnemtrapeD no tnemtimmoC laoG amp pihsredaeL fo lanruoJ

seidutS lanoitazinagrO 80276421815084517711101 IOD

)5791( T J eocsoR dn2( secneics laroivaheb eht rof scitsitats hcraeser latnemadnuF)noitide a traheniR tloH kroY weN notsniW dn

noitacude rehgih ni noitazinagro gninrael a gnitaerC )8991( J yelwoR dna lairtsudnIgniniarT laicremmoC 03 61 )1( - 91

)9002( P siweL amp A llihnrohT N M srednuaS ssenisub rof sdohtem hcraeseR)noitide ht5( stneduts nerP dnalgnE llaH ecit

)9002( R eiguoB amp U narakeS gnidliub lliks A ssenisub rof sdohtem hcraeseRhcaorppa dtL snoS amp yeliW nhoJ modgniK detinU

901

)5002( HD knuhcS fleS - ycagel lanoitacude ehT gninrael detaluger hcntniP R luaP fo tsigolohcysP lanoitacudE 58 04 - 49

)1002( B snyhcS lanoitapucco dna gnirotinom fles seeyolpme neewteb pihsnoitaler ehTfles lanoitapucco dna gnirotinom fles - pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna ycaciffe

03 7 lohcysP coS seR tnerruC ndash 24

oilovA DW yrruM N nainamarbusaviS lanidutignol A )2002( ID gnuJ amp JB ecnamrofrep puorg no ycnetop puorg dna pihsredael maet fo stceffe eht fo ledom

66 )1( 72 tnemeganaM noitazinagrO amp puorG - 69

etaler ytienegoreteh noitazilaiceps lanoitacude si nehW )7002( J uohZ amp JS nihS ot d a sa pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT smaet tnempoleved dna hcraeser ni ytivitaerc

rotaredom 9071 )6(29 ygolohcysP deilppA fo lanruoJ - 1271

llew sredael erA )0102( J namzaG amp V greB K nesleiN J nokakS - gniebdetaiossa elyts dna sruoivaheb llew evitceffa eht htiw - A seeyolpme rieht fo gnieb

hcraeser fo sedaced eerht fo weiver citametsys ssertS amp kroW 42 701 )2( - 931

aedi no ytimynona dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart fo stceffE )7991( JJ kisoSretupmoc noitareneg - spuorg detaidem uorG )4(22 tnemeganaM noitazinagrO amp p

064 ndash 784

latnemnorivnE secnatsmucric gnizinagro ehT )4891( D rekcoM amp G raepSfles ni stnanimreted - gninrael detcerid 1 )1( 53 ylretrauQ noitacudE tludA - 01

)6991( K yekratS yb detidE nrael snoitazinagro woH yekratS neK nodnoL1 sserP ssenisuB nosmohT lanoitanretnI - 71

)1102( egduJ A yhtomiT amp snibboR P nehpetS labolG roivaheB lanoitazinagrOnoitidE 51( ht dnalgnE wolraH etaG hgrubnidE detimiL noitacudE nosraeP )de

( S L llediF amp G B kcinhcabaT )7002 )noitide ht5( scitsitats etairavitlum gnisU noitacudE nosraeP ainrofilaC

osanahT )0002( D salu deretsof eb ti nac woh dna ymonotua renrael si tahW tenretnI1 6 lanruoJ LSET - 11

)1791( A hguoT hcaorppa hserf A stcejorp gninrael srsquotluda ehT ecitcarp dna yroeht otgninrael tluda ni noitacudE tludA ni seidutS rof etutitsnI oiratnO otnoroT

MGJ rotciV lanoitazinagro no secneulfni dna pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT noitavonni dna gninrael lanoitazinagro hguorht ecnamrofrep ssenisuB fo lanruoJ

R hcraese 0401 segaP 2102 yluJ 7 eussI 56 emuloV - 0501

011

)1991( A nedneW ymonotuA renraeL rof seigetartS renraeL ecitnerP erihsdroftreHdtL lanoitanretnI llaH

)8991( A G lkuY noitide ht4 snoitazinagro ni pihsredaeL JN reviR elddaS reppUecitnerP - llaH

eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL gnirewopmE gnikniL )0102( MK lotraB amp X gnahZdna noitavitoM cisnirtnI tnemrewopmE lacigolohcysP fo ecneulfni ehT ytivitaerC

tnemegagnE ssecorP evitaerC lanruoJ tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 1 oN 35 loV701 - 821

dnumkiZ )0102( M niffirG amp C J rraC J B nibaB G W hcraeser ssenisuB)noitide hthgie( sdohtem htuoS adanaC - gninraeL egagneC nretseW

igetartS nad narabaC gnalremeC ajrekeP nakrihaleM harA eK )8002( dimaH A aniruZ aisunaM rebmuS nasurugneP luB natnI nite 1( 33 52 ) - 92

901

)5002( HD knuhcS fleS - ycagel lanoitacude ehT gninrael detaluger hcntniP R luaP fo tsigolohcysP lanoitacudE 58 04 - 49

)1002( B snyhcS lanoitapucco dna gnirotinom fles seeyolpme neewteb pihsnoitaler ehTfles lanoitapucco dna gnirotinom fles - pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart dna ycaciffe

03 7 lohcysP coS seR tnerruC ndash 24

oilovA DW yrruM N nainamarbusaviS lanidutignol A )2002( ID gnuJ amp JB ecnamrofrep puorg no ycnetop puorg dna pihsredael maet fo stceffe eht fo ledom

66 )1( 72 tnemeganaM noitazinagrO amp puorG - 69

etaler ytienegoreteh noitazilaiceps lanoitacude si nehW )7002( J uohZ amp JS nihS ot d a sa pihsredael lanoitamrofsnarT smaet tnempoleved dna hcraeser ni ytivitaerc

rotaredom 9071 )6(29 ygolohcysP deilppA fo lanruoJ - 1271

llew sredael erA )0102( J namzaG amp V greB K nesleiN J nokakS - gniebdetaiossa elyts dna sruoivaheb llew evitceffa eht htiw - A seeyolpme rieht fo gnieb

hcraeser fo sedaced eerht fo weiver citametsys ssertS amp kroW 42 701 )2( - 931

aedi no ytimynona dna pihsredael lanoitamrofsnart fo stceffE )7991( JJ kisoSretupmoc noitareneg - spuorg detaidem uorG )4(22 tnemeganaM noitazinagrO amp p

064 ndash 784

latnemnorivnE secnatsmucric gnizinagro ehT )4891( D rekcoM amp G raepSfles ni stnanimreted - gninrael detcerid 1 )1( 53 ylretrauQ noitacudE tludA - 01

)6991( K yekratS yb detidE nrael snoitazinagro woH yekratS neK nodnoL1 sserP ssenisuB nosmohT lanoitanretnI - 71

)1102( egduJ A yhtomiT amp snibboR P nehpetS labolG roivaheB lanoitazinagrOnoitidE 51( ht dnalgnE wolraH etaG hgrubnidE detimiL noitacudE nosraeP )de

( S L llediF amp G B kcinhcabaT )7002 )noitide ht5( scitsitats etairavitlum gnisU noitacudE nosraeP ainrofilaC

osanahT )0002( D salu deretsof eb ti nac woh dna ymonotua renrael si tahW tenretnI1 6 lanruoJ LSET - 11

)1791( A hguoT hcaorppa hserf A stcejorp gninrael srsquotluda ehT ecitcarp dna yroeht otgninrael tluda ni noitacudE tludA ni seidutS rof etutitsnI oiratnO otnoroT

MGJ rotciV lanoitazinagro no secneulfni dna pihsredaeL lanoitamrofsnarT noitavonni dna gninrael lanoitazinagro hguorht ecnamrofrep ssenisuB fo lanruoJ

R hcraese 0401 segaP 2102 yluJ 7 eussI 56 emuloV - 0501

011

)1991( A nedneW ymonotuA renraeL rof seigetartS renraeL ecitnerP erihsdroftreHdtL lanoitanretnI llaH

)8991( A G lkuY noitide ht4 snoitazinagro ni pihsredaeL JN reviR elddaS reppUecitnerP - llaH

eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL gnirewopmE gnikniL )0102( MK lotraB amp X gnahZdna noitavitoM cisnirtnI tnemrewopmE lacigolohcysP fo ecneulfni ehT ytivitaerC

tnemegagnE ssecorP evitaerC lanruoJ tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 1 oN 35 loV701 - 821

dnumkiZ )0102( M niffirG amp C J rraC J B nibaB G W hcraeser ssenisuB)noitide hthgie( sdohtem htuoS adanaC - gninraeL egagneC nretseW

igetartS nad narabaC gnalremeC ajrekeP nakrihaleM harA eK )8002( dimaH A aniruZ aisunaM rebmuS nasurugneP luB natnI nite 1( 33 52 ) - 92

011

)1991( A nedneW ymonotuA renraeL rof seigetartS renraeL ecitnerP erihsdroftreHdtL lanoitanretnI llaH

)8991( A G lkuY noitide ht4 snoitazinagro ni pihsredaeL JN reviR elddaS reppUecitnerP - llaH

eeyolpmE dna pihsredaeL gnirewopmE gnikniL )0102( MK lotraB amp X gnahZdna noitavitoM cisnirtnI tnemrewopmE lacigolohcysP fo ecneulfni ehT ytivitaerC

tnemegagnE ssecorP evitaerC lanruoJ tnemeganaM fo ymedacA 1 oN 35 loV701 - 821

dnumkiZ )0102( M niffirG amp C J rraC J B nibaB G W hcraeser ssenisuB)noitide hthgie( sdohtem htuoS adanaC - gninraeL egagneC nretseW

igetartS nad narabaC gnalremeC ajrekeP nakrihaleM harA eK )8002( dimaH A aniruZ aisunaM rebmuS nasurugneP luB natnI nite 1( 33 52 ) - 92