CHC4013: Foundations of Computing Systems

CHC4013: Foundations of Computing Systems

Dr. Md Jakir Hossain

OBU-CDUT

September 27, 2021

Dr. Md Jakir Hossain (OBU-CDUT) Lecture-1, 2021 September 27, 2021 1 / 22

Chapter Outline

1 Computer System

2 Historical Milestone of Computer


Agenda

Computer

Similarities and Dissimilarities between human being andComputer

Simple Work Flow of Computer

Basic Components of Computer System

History of Computer and IC


What is Computer?

The word computer comes from Greek word “compute” “which meansto calculate”. A computer is an electronics machine or devices that cancalculate.In basic terms , a computer is an electronic device that processes data,converting it into information that is useful to people.Any computer- regardless of its type is controlled by programmed in-structions, which give the machine a purpose and tell it what to do.

Figure 1: Modern Computer


Human and Computer

What are the similarities between human being and computer?

>>>>>>

What are dis-similarities between human being and computer?

>>>>>>


Input-Process-Output Model

Figure 2: Simple Work Flow of Computer System

Data: This information provided by the user to the computer isdata.Input Data: The information in one form which is presented tothe computer is the input information or input data.


Output Data: Information in another form is presented by thecomputer after performing a process on it. This information is theoutput information or output data.

Computer Program: The set of instructions given to the com-puter to perform various operations is called as the computer pro-gram.

Data Processing: The process of converting the input data intothe required output form with the help of the computer program iscalled as data processing. Process that can be applied on data areof two types:

1. Arithmetic Operation and2. Logical Operation


Figure 3: Block Diagram of Computer System


Basic Parts of Computer

Input Unit: Devices used to input data and instructions

Output Unit: Device used to provide information to the user inthe desired format.

Control Unit: All the devices or parts of computer interact throughthe control unit.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: All arithmetic and logical opera-tions are take place.

Memory: All input data, instructions and data interim to theprocess are stored in the memory. Memory is divided into twocategories:

Primary MemorySecondary Memory

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Control unit, arithmetic andlogic unit, and memory are together called the central processingunit or CPU.


Hardware: The hardware is the machinery itself. It is made up ofthe physical parts or devices of the computer system like the elec-tronic Integrated Circuits (ICs), magnetic storage media and othermechanical devices like input devices, output devices etc. All thesevarious hardware are linked together to form an effective functionalunit. The various types of hardware used in the computers, hasevolved from vacuum tubes of the first generation to Ultra LargeScale Integrated Circuits of the present generation.

Software: The computer hardware itself is not capable of doinganything on its own. It has to be given explicit instructions to per-form the specific task. The computer program is the one whichcontrols the processing activities of the computer. The computerthus functions according to the instructions written in the program.Software mainly consists of these computer programs, proceduresand other documentation used in the operation of a computer sys-tem. Software is a collection of programs which utilize and enhancethe capability of the hardware


How Computer start?

Figure 4: How does a personal computer boot up


How Computer start Continue...

1 In computing, BIOS (basic input/output system) is firmware usedto perform hardware initialization during the booting process, andto provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.

2 In computing, firmware is a specific class of computer softwarethat provides the low-level control for a device’s specific hardware.

3 POST: Power-On Self-Test

4 The Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is aphysical part of the motherboard: it is a memory chip that housessetting configurations and is powered by the onboard battery. TheCMOS is reset and loses all custom settings in case the batteryruns out of energy, Additionally, the system clock resets when theCMOS loses power.


Chapter Outline

1 Computer System

2 Historical Milestone of Computer


History of Computer

Figure 5: History of Computer


History of Computer Continue...

Figure 6: History of Computer


Computer Generation

First Generation Computer (1946-1959) Vacuum Tube based: ENIAC(Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) – The first all elec-tronic computer was produced by a partnership between the USGovernment and the University of Pennsylvania. It was built using18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 1,500 relays and con-sumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. The ENIAC computed atspeed about thousand times faster than Mark I. However, it couldstore and manipulate only a limited amount of data. Program mod-ifications and detecting errors were also difficult.

Second Generation Computer (1959-1965) Transistor based

Third Generation Computer (1965-1971) IC based

Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980) VLSI microprocessor based

Fifth Generation Computer (1980- onwards) ULSI microprocessorbased


Integrated Circuit (IC)

Small Scale Integration (SSI): No of Transistor (1 − 10)1

Medium Scale Integration (MSI): No of Transistor (10 − 500)

Large Integration (LSI): No of Transistor (500 − 20, 000)

Very Large Integration (VLSI): No of Transistor (20, 000−100, 0000)

Ultra Large Integration (ULSI): No of Transistor (100, 0000 andmore)

1https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntegratedcircuitDr. Md Jakir Hossain (OBU-CDUT) Lecture-1, 2021 September 27, 2021 17 / 22

Features of Computer

Speed: Typically a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructionper second

Accuracy: Computer exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. errorsthat may occur are usually due to human errors.

Reliability: Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedlywithout throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom.

Versatility: Computer can carry out a wide range of work.

Storage Capacity: Computer can store a very large amount ofdata at a fraction of cost of traditional storage files.


Booting

In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer. Itcan be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by asoftware command.

Booting Steps:

Switching on power supplyAfter it is switched on, a computer’s central processing unit (CPU)has no software in its main memory, so some process must load soft-ware into memory before it can be executed.Keeping all applications in a state of readiness in case needed by theuser

The first program or set of instructions that run when thecomputer is switched on is called BIOS or Basic Input OutputSystem.

BIOS is firmware (permanent software programmed into aread-only memory).


Generation of Computer

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer(ENIAC): With approx-imately 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000switches, and 1,500 relay, generating 150 kilowatts of heat, and couldexecute up to 5,000 additions per second.

Figure 7: Computer Generation


Summary

Computer Systems

> What is Computer?> Basic components of Computer> Human and Computer> Booting

Historical Milestone of Computer

> 5 Generations> Transistor & IC> Classification of IC> Features of Computer


Any Question?


CHC4013: Foundations of Computing Systems

Documents

Transcript of CHC4013: Foundations of Computing Systems