Chauchat 1

Chauchat

Chauchat

Chauchat LMG in the museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw. Type Light machine gun

Place of origin  France

Service history In service 1908-1945

Used by See Users

Wars World War IPolish-Soviet WarWinter WarContinuation War

Production history Designer Louis Chauchat and Charles Sutter

Designed 1907

Manufacturer GladiatorSIDARME

Produced 1915 - 1922

Number built ~262,000

Variants Mle 1918 (.30-06)Chauchat (Polish) (7.92x57mm MauserChauchat (Belgium) 7.65x54mm Mauser

Specifications Weight 9.07 kg (20.0 lb)

Length 1143 millimeters (45.0 in)

Barrel length 470 millimeters (19 in)

Cartridge 8x50mmR Lebel, others

Action Long recoil with gas assist

Rate of fire ~240 rounds/min

Muzzle velocity 630 m/s

Chauchat 2

Effective range 200 m

Maximum range 2000 m

Feed system 20-round magazine

Sights Iron

The Chauchat (pronounced "show-shah", named after its main contributor Colonel Louis Chauchat), was thestandard light machine gun of the French Army during World War I (1914–18). Under the leadership of GeneralJoseph Joffre, it was commissioned into the French Army in 1916. It was also widely used by the US Army in1917-1918 and by six other nations: Belgium, Greece, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Germany (who used capturedexamples) during and after World War I. Its formal designation in the French Army was Fusil mitrailleur Mle 1915CSRG (Chauchat Sutter Ribeyrolles Gladiator). It was also more simply known as the FM Chauchat, CSRGand Gladiator.Relatively small and lightweight, the Chauchat significantly increased the firepower of the infantry offensive. Over262,000 Chauchat machine rifles were manufactured, (for the most part chambered for the 8 mm Lebel servicecartridge) thus making it the most widely-manufactured automatic weapon of World War I. A variant chambered tothe US .30-06 cartridge is known as the CSRG M1918 but it soon proved to be unsatisfactory. Consequently, theFrench 8 mm Lebel Chauchat was the model almost exclusively used during 1917 and 1918 by the A.E.F (AmericanExpeditionary Forces) while on the Western Front in France. In surviving official A.E.F. instruction manuals, the 8mm Lebel Chauchat is designated "Automatic Rifle Model 1915 (Chauchat)".The Chauchat was one of the first light machine guns designed to be a mobile machine gun, carried and fired by asingle operator and an assistant, without a heavy tripod or a team of gunners. It set a precedent for severalsubsequent 20th century firearm projects, being a portable automatic weapon built inexpensively and in very largenumbers. The Chauchat combined a pistol grip, an in-line stock, a large-capacity detachable magazine, andselective-fire capability in a compact package of manageable weight (20 pounds) for a single soldier. It could befired from the hip and also while on the move.In the muddy trenches of northern France, several operational problems came to light, caused by the economicalconstruction which had been simplified to allow emergency mass production. These problems allowed for theingress of dirt and were the cause of 2/3 of all stoppages. After the World War I, the French replaced the Chauchat asthe standard light machine gun with the Mle 1924 and later with the Mle 1924/29 light machine gun. The A.E.F. inFrance eventually replaced it partially with the Browning Automatic Rifle, which appeared on the front lines ofnorthern France in September 1918, barely two months before the Armistice of November 11.Over time the Chauchat's poor reputation in the trenches because of the mud, dirt, and humidity to which the weaponwas unadapted have led some modern experts to describe it as the "worst machine gun" ever fielded in the history ofwarfare. Furthermore, the gun's overall reputation was also damaged by the less than acceptable performance of theMle 1918 Chauchat, in US .30-06 caliber, a different model which had been specifically designed and manufacturedfor the A.E.F. in France during World War I.[1][2][3]

HistoryThe design of the Chauchat dates back to 1903 and its long recoil operation is based on the designs of the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle of 1906, not (as so often repeated in the past) on the later designs (1910) of Rudolf Frommer, the Hungarian inventor of the commercial Frommer Stop pistol [4]. The Chauchat machine rifle project was initiated between 1903 and 1910 in a French Army weapon research facility located near Paris: the Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX). This development was aiming at creating a very light, portable automatic weapon served by one man only, yet firing the 8 mm Lebel service ammunition. The project was led from the beginning by Colonel Louis Chauchat, a graduate from Ecole Polytechnique, assisted by the weapon designer Charles Sutter. Not

Chauchat 3

less than eight trial prototypes were tested at APX, between 1903 and 1909. As a result, a small series (100 guns) of8 mm Lebel CS (Chauchat-Sutter) machine rifles was ordered in 1912, then manufactured between 1913 and 1914by Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne (MAS). Because they were light, they were used temporarily during theearly part of World War I to arm observation crews on French military aircrafts. None of these CS machine rifleshave survived, either in public museums or in private collections. Only a fairly complete photographic record of theirpast existence remains.In 1914, when World War I broke out, French troops did not operate any light machine gun. It was clear that thistype of weapon had become indispensable in modern warfare, because of the increase in firepower it could provideto an infantry section. Spurred by General Joffre, it was decided to adopt the Chauchat, above all else because thepre-war CS (Chauchat-Sutter) machine rifle was already in existence, thoroughly tested and specifically designed tofire the 8 mm Lebel service ammunition. Furthermore, due to its projected low manufacturing costs and relativesimplicity, the newly adopted (1915) CSRG machine rifle could be mass produced by a converted peacetimeindustrial plant. The term CSRG is made up of the initials of Chauchat, Sutter, Ribeyrolles and Gladiator, four termswhich are self-explanatory. Paul Ribeyrolles was the general manager of the Gladiator company, a peacetimemanufacturer of motor cars, motorcycles and bicycles located in Pre-Saint-Gervais (a northern suburb of Paris). Thefairly large Gladiator factory was thus converted into an arms manufacture in 1915 and became the principalindustrial producer of Chauchat machine rifles during World War I. Later on, in 1918, a company namedSIDARME, located away from Paris, also participated in the mass manufacture of CSRGs.

Design details

Soldiers of the American 308th and 166thInfantry Regiments liberate a French town in

1918. The soldier on the left is carrying aChauchat slung over his shoulder.

The Chauchat light machine gun, or machine rifle, functioned on thelong barrel recoil principle with a gas assist. The chronology of thepatents makes it clear that Louis Chauchat had simply borrowed themechanical principles of an already existing long barrel recoil,semi-automatic rifle filed by John Browning in his milestone U.S.Patent 659786 [5] of October 16, 1900. This precursor was theRemington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle which was successfullymarketed (80,000) between 1906 and 1936.

Browning's long barrel recoil principle was also applied in 1907 toauto-loading shotguns: the classic Browning Auto-5 and theRemington Model 11. Following behind these commercialdevelopments, Lt. Colonel Louis Chauchat and armorer Charles Sutter,at the Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX) arsenal since 1903,

proposed a portable light machine gun based on the working principles applied in Browning's Remington Model 8rifle. In 1908 it was dubbed Fusil-Mitrailleur C.S. ("C.S. Machine Rifle") and it used the 8 mm Lebel servicecartridge. An improved version of the CS was also tested in 1913 with promising results. After the war had started inAugust 1914, the realization sunk in that automatic weapons had become essential for success on the battlefield.General Joffre, the Commander in Chief, pressed to adopt a portable automatic weapon for the infantry. The onlythoroughly tested light machine gun which also fired the 8 mm Lebel cartridge was the CS machine rifle. It wasquickly modified into the Fusil Mitrailleur Mle 1915 CSRG and adopted in July 1915. The "R" in CSRG stands forRibeyrolles, manager of the Gladiator ("G") cycle factory, in the Paris suburb of Pre-Saint-Gervais. Manufacturingof the CSRG begun there in early 1916 and ended in December 1918. Another facility away from Paris (SIDARME)also manufactured CSRGs beginning in 1917. The Chauchat machine rifle (CSRG) delivered to the French Armyfired the 8 mm Lebel cartridge at the slow rate of 250 rounds per minute. At 9 kilograms (19.8 pounds), the gun was

Chauchat 4

much lighter than the contemporary portable light machine guns of the period, such as the Hotchkiss M1909Benet-Mercie machine gun (12 kg/26 lb) and the Lewis Gun (13 kg/29 pounds). It was a select fire weapon, eitherautomatic or semi-automatic mode. The gun's ergonomics, rather than its recoil, were difficult to cope with but couldbe tamed by well-trained gunners.The Chauchat's construction was composite thus not fully consistent in terms of parts quality. The recoiling barrelsleeve as well as all the bolt moving parts were precision milled from solid steel and always fully interchangeable.The barrels were standard Lebel rifle barrels that had been shortened from the muzzle end. The barrel radiators weremade of ribbed cast aluminum. On the other hand, the outer breech housing was a simple tube, betraying Gladiator'spre-war activities in motorcycle manufacturing. The rest of the gun was built of stamped metal plates of mediocrequality. Side plate assemblies were held by screws that could become loose after prolonged firing. The sights wereoften misaligned on the Gladiator-made guns, creating aiming problems that had to be corrected by the gunners. Theexact number on record of Chauchat machine gun manufactured between 1916 and the end of 1918 is 262,300. TheGladiator factory manufactured 225,700 CSRGs in 8 mm Lebel plus 18,000 in the US caliber .30-06 between April1916 and November 1918. SIDARME manufactured 18,600 CSRGs, exclusively in 8 mm Lebel, between October1917 and November 1918. The SIDARME manufactured Chauchats were generally better finished and betterfunctioning than those made by Gladiator. The French Army had a stock of 63,000 CSRG's just before the Armistice.The French military at the time considered the Chauchat's performance as inferior in comparison to the reliableheavy Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun. However, whereas the Hotchkiss was a weighty, tripod-mounted weapon, theChauchat was a light gun that could be mass-produced quickly, cheaply and in very large numbers. It was also neverintended to take the role of static defense of the heavy machine gun but to be a portable weapon that would increasethe firepower of infantry squads moving forward during the assault. A significant plus is that it could easily be firedwhile walking (marching fire), by hanging the Chauchat's sling over a shoulder hook located onto the gunner's upperleft side of his Y strap. The other light squad automatic weapons available at the time included the Hotchkiss M1909Benet-Mercie machine gun, the Madsen machine gun or the Lewis Gun, but of these only the Hotchkiss M1909could be successfully converted to accept 8 mm Lebel ammunition.

Battlefield performance

Illustration of the Chauchat machine rifle in action

The Mle 1915 Chauchat's performance on thebattlefield drew mixed reviews from the userswhen the war was stagnating in the mud of thetrenches in 1916. This brought about a survey,regiment by regiment, requested by GeneralPétain in late 1916 - the survey's essentialconclusion was that the open sided magazineswere defective and caused about two thirds of allstoppages. Loose earth, grit and other particleseasily entered the gun through these open-sidedmagazines, an ever present risk in the muddyenvironment of the trenches. Its long recoil actionis often cited as a source of problems for theshooter. However recent firing tests have

demonstrated that it is the Chauchat's ergonomics and its loose bipod, rather than its recoil, that makes it a difficultgun to keep on target beyond very short bursts. On some of the Gladiator-made guns, the sights also made theChauchat shoot systematically too low and to the right. Overheating after long continuous firings (about 400 rounds)

dilated the recoiling barrel sleeve to the point where it refused to return forward until the gun had cooled off, thus creating a stoppage that could last 10 minutes. Hence, the manuals recommended firing only in short bursts or

Chauchat 5

semi-auto and insisted that only good magazines should be used.Several prototypes of dirt-proof, fully enclosed Chauchat magazines were successfully tested in May and June 1918,but came too late. Stronger but still open-sided standard magazines as well as tailored canvas gun covers protectingthe gun against mud during transport had previously been issued to all Chauchat gunners in 1917. The initialtwo-man Chauchat team was also found insufficient and eventually grew to a four-man squad by October 1917 (thesquad leader, the gunner, the assistant gunner who handled the magazines plus one additional magazine carrier).Later on, during the German spring offensive of 1918, the war had moved out of the mud of the trenches and intoopen fields, thus making the guns more reliable and easier to maintain. Furthermore, French infantry regiments hadbeen reorganized into multiple small (18 men) combat groups ("Demi-Sections de Combat"). Those were made up ofa full Chauchat squad plus four VB (Viven-Bessiere) rifle grenade specialists and eight conventionalgrenadiers/riflemen. At this point in time, in 1918, the preserved French regimental records and statistics of medalsgiven to Chauchat gunners document that they had contributed in no small part to the success of the new infantrytactics. Those were focused on the suppression of enemy machine gun nests by the combined action of portable(Chauchat) automatic fire plus the VB rifle grenades, always used within a range of less than 200 yards.

ComparisonThe Chauchat was not comparable to the submachine guns of World War I, which used pistol rather than rifleammunition and were thus less powerful. Compared to the Chauchat, the early submachine guns were used inrelatively small numbers (thousands rather than hundreds of thousands), and had much shorter effective ranges.Unlike much heavier air-cooled and water-cooled machine guns (such as the Hotchkiss machine gun and the variousbelt-fed Maxim gun derivatives), and in common with the Lewis Gun, the Chauchat was not designed for sustaineddefensive fire. The tactical edge expected from the Chauchat was to increase the infantry's offensive firepowerduring the assault.

Chauchats in American serviceAfter the USA had entered World War I, in April 1917, the American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) arrived in Francewithout automatic weapons or field artillery. It turned to the French ally rather than to the British to purchaseordnance. General Pershing chose the Hotchkiss M1914 medium machine gun and the Chauchat light machine gun(dubbed "automatic rifle" by the A.E.F. and nicknamed the "Sho-Sho" by the troops) to equip the U.S. infantry and ifhandled properly served the soldiers well. Between August 1917 and the November 11, 1918 Armistice withGermany, the Gladiator factory delivered to the A.E.F. 16,000 Chauchats in 8 mm Lebel and, late in 1918, 18,000Chauchats in .30-06.While the performance of the M1915 Chauchat in 8 mm Lebel was considered acceptable at the time, the performance of the M1918 Chauchat in .30-06 was soon recognized as abysmal (and in large part the reason for the gun's bad reputation): the most common problem was a failure to extract after the gun had fired only a few rounds and became slightly hot. A modern-day firing test of the M1918 30-06 Chauchat was performed at Aberdeen Proving Grounds in July 1973 but no particular problem was described in the official report which is preserved on open file. Conversely, an exhaustive firing test of the M1918 Chauchat in .30-06 was also carried out in 1994 near Chambersburg, PA, by R. Keller and W. Garofalo. Their testing, which is reported in "The Chauchat Machine Rifle" volume, did expose severe extraction problems caused by incorrect chamber measurements and other sub-standard manufacturing. During World War I, in 1918, the preserved U.S. archival records also document that the American inspectors at the Gladiator factory had rejected about 40% of the .30-06 Chauchat production while the remaining 60% proved problematic whenever they reached the front lines. Supplies of the newly manufactured and superior Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) were allocated sparingly and only very late, during the Meuse-Argonne offensive which begun in late September 1918. Therefore about 75% of the U.S. Divisions were still equipped with the Chauchat - in its original French M1915 version in 8 mm Lebel- at the time of the Armistice of November 11, 1918.

Chauchat 6

It is also well documented that General Pershing had been holding back on the BAR until victory was certain, forfear it would be copied by Germany [6]. However, it is also known that the very first BARs delivered had improperlytempered recoil springs and had these guns been prematurely introduced during the summer of 1918, theiremployment may also have been problematic.As documented by World War I veteran Laurence Stallings (in The Doughboys, 1963) and by U.S. DivisionalHistories, the Medal of Honor was awarded to three American Chauchat gunners in 1918: 1) Private Nels Wold(35th Division, 138th Infantry). 2) Private Frank Bart (2nd Division, 9th Infantry) and 3) Private Thomas C. Neibaur(42nd Division, 107th Infantry).[7]

The CSRG 1915 Chauchat was operated with Balle D 8 mm ammunition which was standard for the French until1932 when they went to an improved Balle N 8 mm Lebel cartridge. The Chauchats, as they were retired, were notconverted to the Balle N and as a result do not operate well with the Balle N cartridge (French World War I weaponsconverted to Balle N will have a noticeable "N" markings). Only Balle D 8 mm should be used in the Chauchat 1915.The quickest way to identify the different cartridge is that the Balle D bullet is brass colored while the Balle N is ashiny silver.

Users•  Belgium: 6,935•  Finland: 5,000•  France: over 120,000 placed in actual front line service at the squad level between April 1916 and November

1918.•  Greece: 3,980•  Italy: 1,729•  Kingdom of Romania: 7,200•  Russia: 5,700•  Serbia: 3,838•  Poland Blue Army: 11,869•  United States (1917–1918): 16,000 in 8 mm Lebel plus 18,000 in U.S. 30-06, the latter model being

unsatisfactory.

Crown Prince Carol of Romania firing aChauchat

A number of captured Chauchats were used by German front-lineinfantrymen in flamethrower units because they had no light machineguns of their own until the portable Maxim MG 08-15 light machineguns were issued to them during early 1917. [8] Most of the BelgianChauchats were converted to fire their 7.65 mm Mauser ammunition.Poland received French military assistance after World War I andreceived over 2,000 Chauchats as part of a weapon transfer and usedthem during the Polish-Soviet war. After the war Poland bought moreof them and their number reached 11,869, becoming a standard Polishlight machine gun in the 1920s. According to some publications, asmall number were modified in the 1920s to use German 7.92 mmMauser ammunition, but there is no clear confirmation. In 1936-1937, 8,650 were sold abroad, probably toRepublican Spain.[9] During the Winter War between Soviet Union and Finland, over 5,000 Chauchats were donatedto Finland which lacked automatic weapons. Some remnants of the Chauchat design are reported to have appeared inthe 1960s during the Vietnam War.

Chauchat 7

Replacing the Chauchat: the "Fusil-Mitrailleur (FM) Mle 1924-29"The French military decided during the post-war years to urgently upgrade to a more reliable light squad automaticweapon. The new light portable machine gun was developed at the Manufacture d'Armes de Châtellerault during theearly 1920s, culminating in the adoption of the FM Mle 1924. The new light machine gun (in French:fusil-mitrailleur) had been designed by Lt. Colonel Reibel and Controller Chosse and was gas operated, like theBrowning Automatic Rifle (BAR) which had inspired the new gun's internal features. The venerable 8 mm Lebelround, which was one of the major handicaps of the Chauchat, had been discarded for a 7.5 mm rimless cartridgeresembling a necked down 7.92 mm German Mauser round. The F.M. Mle 1924 featured a bipod, an in-line stock, apistol grip, a top-mounted 25 round magazine and a bolt hold-open after the magazine's last round had been fired.Protection of all the openings against mud and dust was excellent. The cyclic rate was 450 rounds per minute. It wasmodified in 1929 to accept a slightly shorter 7.5 mm cartridge that could not be mistaken for a German Mauserround or a Swiss 7.5 mm round. The new weapon and modern rimless ammunition had finally corrected all theproblems associated with the Chauchat. The reliable and well-liked FM Mle 1924 was manufactured in largenumbers (187,000) and widely used by the French Army until the late 1950s. The National Gendarmerie used it untilthe late 90s when it was phased out after all 7.5 mm ammunition stocks were depleted.

References[1] Fitzsimons, Bernard (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare. 6. Columbia House. p. 584.

ISBN B001CSIHPO.[2] Hogg, Ian (2000). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7 (illus.) ed.). Krause. p. 317. ISBN 9780873418249.[3] Jordan, David (2005). History of the French Foreign Legion: 1831 to the Present Day. Spellmount. p. 167. ISBN 9781862272958.[4] Demaison and Buffetaut, 1995[5] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?vid=659786[6] Ayres, 1919[7] Medal of Honor Recipients World War I (http:/ / www. army. mil/ cmh/ html/ moh/ worldwari. html) army.mil[8] http:/ / www-cgsc. army. mil/ carl/ resources/ csi/ House/ House. asp[9] Andrzej Konstankiewicz, Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939, Lublin 2003, ISBN

83-227-1944-2

• Demaison, G. and Buffetaut, Y. (1995). The Chauchat Machine Rifle. Collector Grade Publications Inc..ISBN 0-88935-190-2.. The most complete (209 pages), best documented and profusely illustrated (246illustrations) source on the subject.

• Handbook of the Chauchat Machine Rifle, Model of 1915. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C..1917.

• Bruce, Robert (1997). Machine Guns of World War 1: Live firing classic military weapons. Windrow and Greene.ISBN 1-85915-078-0.

• Canfield, Bruce N. (2000). U.S. Infantry Weapons of the First World War. Andrew Mowbray Publishers.ISBN 0-917218-90-6.

• Stallings, Laurence (1963). The Doughboys - Story of the AEF, 1917-1918. Harper and Row, New-York.• Major General William Crozier (1920). Ordnance and the World War. Charles Sribner and Sons, New York.• Leonard P Ayres (1919), The War with Germany-A Statistical Summary, US Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C..• Provisional Instruction on the Automatic Rifle, Model 1915 (Chauchat), Translated from the French Edition of

February, 1916 and Revised to June 9, 1917, at Headquarters American Expeditionary Forces, France, WarDocument #732. Reprinted by University of Michigan Library (June 2010). ISBN 3 9015 02705 8158.

Chauchat 8

External links• Detailed description page (http:/ / armesfrancaises. free. fr/ FM Chauchat. html) (French)

• Shooting a CSRG 1915 Chauchat (http:/ / fr. youtube. com/ watch?v=lPFu_ZlQ6yg)

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsChauchat  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=471635796  Contributors: A. Carty, A10012, Aarchiba, Akulkis, Aldis90, Andrew Kanaber, Angusmclellan, Anupam, ArmanCagle, Asams10, Ashley Pomeroy, Astonmartini, AvalonXQ, Bellevue24bis, BillC, Binksternet, Blue387, Bobblewik, Bravo Foxtrot, Bullzeye, Calair, Catsmeat, Cbh, Chris Roy, Colonies Chris,CommonsDelinker, Cyrius, DOHC Holiday, Darklilac, Dispenser, Docu, Don Durandal, Download, Drbreznjev, Dual Freq, Dziban303, Eeekster, Egil, Everyking, Fluzwup, Frazzydee, Fuzheado,GB fan, Gaius Cornelius, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Ground Zero, Hadal, Haeleth, Halibutt, Hmains, HughesJohn, Hyperneural, Ike9898, Itachou, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, Jimp, John Nevard, John ofReading, Johnman2323, Johnnet, Joshbaumgartner, KNewman, Ke4djt, Klausner, Koalorka, Kordas, Krash, Kross, LWF, Leuko, LtNOWIS, Magus732, Marc Venot, Martin451, Master ofPuppets, MatthewVanitas, Mboverload, Mieciu K, MoRsE, Natmaka, Nemo5576, Nobunaga24, Nukes4Tots, Oberiko, One Salient Oversight, PaulinSaudi, Pavel Vozenilek, Piano non troppo,Pibwl, Poindexter365, Quadell, Quickload, R. fiend, Random contributor, RedWolf, Rewinn, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, Rogerd, Scoo, Securiger, Sherurcij, Silence(water), Skrunyak, Smsarmad,Stephen Gilbert, Strategia, Sus scrofa, TGC55, Termynuss, TheWatcherREME, Theredstarswl, Tktktk, Tom harrison, Tony Sidaway, Tr1290, Ts252, UnneededAplomb, Unschool, Varlaam, Ve3,Vroman, Wbfergus, WhatamIdoing, Winged Brick, WotWeiller, Wtmitchell, Xiahou, Zundark, 1027 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:MWP Chauchat.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MWP_Chauchat.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: HalibuttFile:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieImage:American Infantry Chauchat.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Infantry_Chauchat.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lt. Adrian C. DuffOriginal uploader was Koalorka at en.wikipediaFile:Chauchat in action.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chauchat_in_action.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Book editor was M. Christian-Froge,Secretary General of the Association of War WritersFile:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bean49, David Descamps,Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Evanc0912, Fry1989, Gabriel trzy, Howcome, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Oreo Priest, Rocket000, Rodejong, Sir Iain, ThomasPusch, Warddr, Zscout370, 4 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Finland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Finland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKoppFile:Flag of Greece.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: F l a n k e rFile:Flag of Romania.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AdiJapanFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:State_Flag_of_Serbia_(1882-1918).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported  Contributors: Guilherme PaulaFile:Flag of Poland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieImage:Caroltraining.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caroltraining.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Biruitorul at en.wikipedia

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/