Charting the Future of Rice in Africa Rice Center MTP 2007... · Charting the Future of Rice in...

Medium Term Plan 2007–2009

Charting the Future of Rice in Africa

June 2006

Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou Benin

Tel (229) 21.35.01.88 – Fax (229) 21.35.05.56

Africa Rice Center (WARDA) MTP 2007–2009 – ii –

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................VII

PROGRAM 1 – INTEGRATED RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.............................. IX

PROGRAM 2 – RICE POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT ..............................................XI

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13

2. SUMMARY OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2005 ........................................................... 15

2.1 Research highlights .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Integrated Production Systems (Program 1) .............................................................. 15 2.1.2 Rice Policy and Development (Program 2) ......................................................... 16 2.1.3 Other achievements by WARDA support units............................................................ 17

3. CHALLENGE PROGRAMS AND AFRICA RICE CENTER (WARDA) ................ 18 HarvestPlus ......................................................................................................................... 18 Unlocking Genetic Diversity in Crops for the Resource-poor ....................................... 19 Water and Food .................................................................................................................. 19 Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................................................................ 19

4. SYSTEMWIDE PROGRAMS ................................................................................. 21 Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA)................................... 21 Inland Valley Consortium ................................................................................................. 21 Systemwide Livestock Program ........................................................................................ 21 On-line Learning Resource Project (Information and Communications Technology –Knowledge Management) .................................................................................................. 21 Consortium for Spatial Information (ICT-KM) ............................................................. 22 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ................................................................................. 22

5. OUTLOOK FOR 2006 ........................................................................................... 22

5.1 Projects begun in 2005 ..................................................................................................... 22

5.2 Collaboration .................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.1 WARDA-IRRI Collaboration....................................................................................... 22 5.2.2 Collaboration with NARS............................................................................................ 23 5.2.3 Other collaboration..................................................................................................... 23

6. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REVIEWS .............................................................. 23

7. RESEARCH PRIORITY SETTING AND PLANNING........................................... 23 7.1 Eastern and Central Africa Rice network (ECARRN)............................................. 24 7.2 Research days ............................................................................................................... 24 7.3 Consortium Steering Committee of IVC.................................................................... 24

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7.4 Steering Committee of the African Rice Initiative .................................................... 25 7.5 Steering Committee of ROCARIZ.............................................................................. 25 7.6 Steering Committee Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture ........... 25

8. FINANCING PLAN................................................................................................ 27

ANNEX A. PROGRAMS AND PROJECT PORTFOLIO........................................... 31

Program 1 – Integrated Rice Production Systems ..................................................... 31 Project 1: Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems ........ 31 Project 2: Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems for Enhanced Livelihoods .......................................................................................................................... 35 Project 3: Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa.... 39 Project 4: Integrated Management of Drought in Rainfed Rice Ecosystems in Africa44

PROGRAM 2 – RICE POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................. 48 Project 5: Rice Policy and Technology Impact on Food Security and Poverty Reduction ............................................................................................................................ 48 Project 6: Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods.............................................................................................................................................. 53 Project 7: Partnership through Networks ....................................................................... 58

ANNEX B THE CONSORTIUM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND VALLEY AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (IVC)........ 62

ANNEX C SYSTEMWIDE INITIATIVE ON HIV/AIDS AND AGRICULTURE (SWIHA) ..................................................................................................................... 68

ANNEX D. FINANCIAL TABLES FOR 2007–2009.................................................. 76

PROJECT......................................................................................................................... 82

Table 7. WARDA AGENDA FINANCING & SUMMARY STATEMENT OF ACTIVITY, 2005-2007 101

ANNEX E: WARDA PROJECTS LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRICES ............. 122

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... 137

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To: CGIAR and SC Secretariats From: Kanayo F. Nwanze, Director General Subject: WARDA 2007–2009 Medium Term Plan Date: June 2006 This MTP of the Africa Rice Center for 2007–2009 coincides with CGIAR reform, particularly in Africa, of the programmatic and structural alignment of Centers. WARDA is playing a leading role in this process through its stewardship of the development of the new MTP for West and Central Africa while participating as an active center in Eastern and Southern Africa in the preparation of the corresponding MTP for that region. The CGIAR System Priorities are among the key foundations on which this Center MTP and the regional MTPs are developed and alignment with these has been crucial to that development. Particular attention has been paid to determining and signposting the impact pathways by which the international public goods produced by WARDA will be shared to benefit pan-African action to alleviate poverty and improve the financial and nutritional well-being of the SSA population. The programmatic structure introduced in 2005 remains the backbone of this MTP, the number of center programs being reduced to seven only because of the decisions that the Inland Valley Consortium (IVC) and the Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) should each have individual MTPs. Projects 1, 2 and 3 have been re-focused to take clear account of and align with CGIAR system priorities (SP) and with the West and Central Africa MTP. Science Council concern about the focus of Project 6 has been addressed. The post-conflict impact of this project is now additional to that of the products related to research on climate change and sustainable intensification. The former Project 8 on Networks re-emerges as Project 7 with clearer alignment to SP 5c and 5d. Most elements of impact and adoption research are now better aligned and concentrated in Project 5. Valuable and constructive comments made by the panels of the three CCERs examining WARDA in 2005–2006 in readiness for the 5th EPMR have been taken on board in progressing to this latest MTP. In particular, the highly-praised partnership model of close collaboration with the NARS, which WARDA has continued to strengthen, lends itself to yet wider adoption as the reform process develops. Comments made by the Science Council in 2005 have been taken into account in the formulation of this MTP, which also embraces a monitoring and evaluation system in obtaining valuable feedback not only from the CCER peer reviews but that obtained from PMI, self-evaluation and adoption of an impact culture. A new dimension is being added to the NERICA success story in the form of the lowland NERICAs, another scientific breakthrough, with yield potential of 6-7 t per ha and good resistance to major lowland stresses. Given the high potential of the lowlands in Africa, the new rice is expected to make an even bigger impact than the upland NERICA varieties. Four lowland NERICA varieties were released in Burkina Faso and two in Mali in 2005. About 60

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of the new lowland varieties have received farmers’ stamps of approval in several African countries through the participatory varietal selection (PVS) process—an approach that was used successfully in accelerating the dissemination of the upland NERICAs. However, despite the NERICA revolution now being well-established and recognized internationally, there are still gaps to be filled in documentation of the impact. Evidence of the enhanced protein content of some NERICAs, when set against internationally-accepted trading standards for rice, confirm the potential of the WARDA-developed interspecific cross of African and Asian rice. NERICA may contain up to 25% more protein than imported or traditional rices. Availability of seed was an early hindrance to dissemination, which is now receiving a major boost in seven pilot countries through the multi-country NERICA project funded by the African Development Bank via a combination of soft loans and grants. To reinforce this effort, the Japanese Government posted two specialists in technology dissemination and in grain quality to the Africa Rice Center within the African Rice Initiative. A major new USAID-funded biotechnology project on the use of marker-assisted selection started in 2005 and will greatly enhance the biotechnology capacity of four West African countries. Two popular varieties of rice from each country have been identified for improvement by the addition of a gene conferring resistance to rice yellow mottle virus. The second phase of the IFAD-funded PADS project to identify, evaluate, adapt and scale-out sustainable productivity-enhancing innovations for rice production systems in the rainfed lowland ecology is in full swing. The Gambia, Guinea, Ghana and Mali benefit from the Phase II agenda focussing only on the inland valley systems because of their great potential to become the food basket of West Africa. The program structure – Integrated Rice Production Systems and Rice Policy and Development – continues to focus on the two major challenges previously identified in the 2003–2012 Strategic Plan. With the ecoregional program IVC now producing its own MTP (Annex C), it is no longer a project within program 2. Likewise, project 6 has been refocused to allow for SWIHA having its own MTP (Annex B). One further revision arising from the Center-commissioned Review of the Inland Valley Consortium means that the lowland component of IVC is included in Project 2. The Center’s logframe analysis (Annex D) fully takes account of the relevant updates and the revised System Priorities of the CGIAR. Many more African governments – among them Nigeria, Uganda, Guinea, Mali and Senegal – have clearly expressed their support for rice as a strategic crop. WARDA is fulfilling its commitment to work closely with its traditional NARS partners but also its pledge to reach out beyond those traditional partners to sub-regional organizations such as CORAF /WECARD, to bilateral agencies, to governmental agencies such as JICA and JIRCAS and NGOs, to other research institutions and to the private sector. The ECARRN network, within the ambit of ASARECA, is now fully established with a coordinator based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A priority setting exercise identifying six research themes and 15 sub-themes, which were ranked by stakeholders using the laid down criteria of ASARECA, has now been completed. The implementation strategy for ECARRN will be generally guided by the order of prioritization of the sub-themes. An evaluation team appointed by the UNDP carried out a review of the Interspecific Hybridization Project (IHP) in late 2005 and made a number of appreciative remarks, together with recommendations that are being taken into account in future related planning.

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Africa Rice Center’s grant income for 2007 is projected at US$ 12.46 million, an estimated increase of US$ 0.26 million over 2006 grant income from donors. Expenditure in 2007 is estimated at US$ 12.20 million compared to actual spending of US$ 11.15 million in 2005 and estimated spending of US$ 11.89 million in 2006. The resource allocation to research for 2007–2009 is projected to be more than 66% of the total available. The Center’s allocation of resources by System Priority puts greater emphasis in 2007 (30% resource allocation, previously 25%) on the sustainable management of land, water and forest resources while promoting the alleviation of poverty. Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation also benefits now from a 28% (23%) allocation, slightly more than the 27% allocation in favor of producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements. With the Africa Rice Center firmly established for at least five years on its temporary headquarters site in Cotonou, the recruitment of new staff at all levels continues to strengthen the Center’s critical mass and places it in an ideal position to implement this MTP. The number of seconded experts, particularly from Japan, has been increased and there is enhanced collaboration with NARS partners. Benin’s strategic position contributed to the strong attendance at major regional workshops such as those on Policy and the SWIHA regional workshop on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture. New laboratory facilities have been developed in Cotonou in 2005 and 2006 and new genebank facilities in Cotonou will underpin genetic resources conservation during the period of this MTP. A new level of cooperation on rice research in Africa has been reached with the Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), which has agreed to post a senior scientist to work at the WARDA station at Ibadan in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria and St-Louis, Senegal remain WARDA out-stations although a close partnership is also being maintained with IER in Mali, where Center research staff were based in 2003–2005. Our Côte d’Ivoire-based Headquarters facilities remain intact, the genebank is operational, seed multiplication remains an all-year round activity and a skeleton staff maintains the labs and our offices.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WARDA embarked in 2005 on a new Medium Term Plan that enables the Center to implement its 2003–2012 Strategic Plan through the revised program structure now entering its third year. This MTP takes full account of WARDA's greatly increased involvement in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at the request of both the WARDA Council of Ministers and national agricultural research systems (NARS) in many non-member countries, and of the evolution of the CGIAR in SSA to embrace more intensive cooperation between centers and their national and international partners. As a key mover in the development of the MTP for West Africa and an active participant in the Eastern Africa MTP, WARDA is particularly cognizant of the latest CGIAR System Priorities and has readily adopted these as underpinning for the Center’s continuing engagement with poverty in SSA and the creation and dissemination of the many pertinent international and regional public goods being produced by the Center. At all times the Center also recognizes the important roles it can play in meeting Millennium Development Goals and the five ‘pillars’ of NEPAD’s CAADP. WARDA, in partnership with ASARECA, activated the ECARRN rice network with a coordinator based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and is now entering new collaboration with IRRI and the Japanese Government in eastern Africa and with IRRI in West Africa. The CCER on Partnerships praised the WARDA model for producing highly diversified partnerships with all levels of the rice sector, including farmers. Weaknesses in the ROCARIZ and ARI networks and in PVS extension were highlighted in this report. These are now being addressed in realignments under this latest MTP, in particular to focus greater efforts on the irrigated and rainfed lowland rice ecosystems that have the greatest intensification potential. Underpinning the MTP period and beyond are four revitalized key elements:

• Pursuit of coherence and excellence in a number of core research areas aimed at producing desirable international public goods.

• Adaptation of the network-based model for research collaboration. • Enhancing the institutional capacity of national agricultural research and extension

systems (NARES) through training and human resource development. • Direct engagement with the rice development sector.

Together these build towards WARDA's strategic goal to “significantly increase the quality, usefulness and availability of knowledge and technology within the rice sector to support the poor in Africa.” As proposed in the UNDP-commissioned evaluation on the Interspecific Hybridization Program, WARDA will strive to make locally produced rice (especially NERICAs) competitive in price and quality through reduction in local rice production costs, increased quality and cleanliness and consequent higher market desirability. These preparatory processes have resulted in a Medium Term Plan that WARDA feels is fully representative in delivering solutions to the problems and the needs of resource-poor communities throughout the major rice-growing ecologies of sub-Saharan Africa. This MTP also emphasizes partnership with effective NARS, with ARIs and with farmers, and is designed for implementation within a background of enabling government policies and profitable markets

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for locally produced rice. WARDA is also internalizing in this MTP how it is encapsulating in each of its projects the vital requirement to ensure the production of international public goods (IPG) and demonstrate how these will impact effectively in the alleviation of poverty and hunger across nations. In further taking into account various review recommendations and vital M & E, the Center is also seeking to progressively align with the System Priorities of the CGIAR and the regional MTPs for science research in sub-Saharan Africa. Financing plan The resource requirements over the MTP period are based on the 2006 funding level of the Center and projections for 2007. The plan assumes combined growth and inflation rates of 3.6% and 2.6% for 2008 and 2009, respectively. The projected unrestricted funding for 2007 amounts to US$ 5.71 million and restricted funding is put at US$ 6.65 million, giving a total 2007 grant income of US$ 12.36 million. The Center’s earned income is projected at US$ 0.10 million, which is the same level as in 2006. The combined annual weighted inflation in those African countries where the Center operates is projected to be 3.0-4.0%. Spending on Center operations in 2007 is planned to be at the level of US$ 12.20 million leaving a positive net increase in Center reserves of US$ 0.26 million.

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Program 1 – Integrated Rice Production Systems Project 1: Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems Rice production in upland ecologies is dominated by resource-poor farmers constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses, declining soil fertility and water deficit. In order to address these problems, conventional breeding and modern biotechnology will be used to exploit reservoirs of rich genetic resources present in neglected indigenous germplasm of African rices, namely O. glaberrima, O. barthii, O. longistaminata and O. sativa landraces to develop improved varieties of higher biotic resistance, increased protein content, stable yields and good performance under low input systems. The project focuses on: (i) upland rice varieties with higher yield, lower nutrient requirement and improved resistances to stress; (ii) integrated management packages for pests such as rice stem borers and termites, blast disease and the parasitic weed, Striga; (iii) assessing the impact of new varieties and technologies for better future targeting. Outputs 1. Improved lines and varieties of good quality with higher and stable yield 2. Integrated management options for pests and diseases Project 2: Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems for Enhanced Livelihoods A combination of improved quality rice varieties, pest and disease management packages designed for sustainability, and multi-cropping for extra food and profit will help revive and expand rice production in the lowlands. Cutting edge biotechnology tools and innovative traditional breeding methods will be used to pinpoint and develop breeding material with resistance to important stresses that will be evaluated by farmers through participatory varietal selection to identify farmer-selected lines for release. At the same time, integrated pest management packages and integrated crop management are emphasized. Vegetable crops will be introduced to improve and diversify farm production.

The project focuses on: (i) new cultivars with resistance or tolerance to iron toxicity, RYMV and AfRGM; (ii) sustainable integrated crop management techniques for these stresses; (iii) new high-value vegetable or field crop options to fit a rice-based system. Outputs 1. High-yielding and stable lowland rice lines and varieties with good quality 2. Sustainable integrated crop management options for lowland rice systems 3. Stable and profitable crop diversification in lowland rice systems

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Project 3: Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa Irrigated-rice systems are likely to realize high yields per days of water provided the range of degradation processes such as pesticide misuse, salinity, alkalinity and iron toxicity are corrected. Presently, the narrow genetic base of existing unimproved varieties limits the germplasm for this ecology. This project adopts a holistic approach embracing not only germplasm improvement and efficient crop and natural resource management techniques, but also the changes in policy that may be needed to guarantee a profitable future for irrigated production. Working with NARES and with small- and medium-scale farmers will ensure that improved research results are rapidly transferred. The project will focus on: (i) germplasm improvement for yield and stresses; (ii) halting environmental degradation at the farm level; (iii) helping farmers make efficient and sustainable use of inputs, including post-harvest, while maximizing the returns; (iv) intensification and diversification opportunities, including rice-livestock and rice-vegetable integration. Outputs 1. Agro-morphological profiles of irrigated rice-based systems 2. Improved lines and varieties for use in irrigated rice-based systems in Africa 3. Integrated crop and natural resources management (ICNRM) options for improved

resource-use efficiency and mitigation of degradation in irrigated rice-based systems Project 4: Integrated Management of Drought in Rainfed Rice Ecosystems in Africa The productivity of current African farming systems serving populations of the poor is being limited through recurring drought. Severe drought conditions in parts of Kenya, Ethiopia, Niger and Somalia have now been detected for six years in a row and recurring drought is common in many countries in Southern Africa. WARDA is therefore bringing a number of scientific disciplines together to understand why short-duration, drought-tolerant varieties are not enough on their own. Instead, a range of new approaches, including matching genotypes to particular management practices or geographical area, and making use of soil water retention capabilities, is to be developed. NARS will gain new expertise in biotechnology tools and significant steps taken to improve the capacity of rainfed systems to contribute to strengthening Africa’s food security. The project focuses on: (i) understanding how drought impacts on rainfed systems; (ii) understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying drought tolerance to produce improved varieties with higher yield and consumer acceptability; (iii) integrated management options to mitigate drought. Outputs 1. Major drought scenarios in rainfed rice characterized for Africa 2. Improved drought tolerant lines and cultivars with higher and stable yield 3. Integrated management options to mitigate drought

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Program 2 – Rice Policy and Development Project 5: Rice Policy and Technology Impact on Food Security and Poverty Reduction This project generates knowledge and strategies for developing policy and institutional frameworks for competitive rice production, thereby improving the livelihoods of millions of people in SSA. Although efforts are being made to increase rice production through breeding and agronomic enhancement of seeds and cultivation systems, unfavorable policies and inappropriate institutions can wipe out these gains. The project aims also at developing a much deeper understanding of the likely scenarios for rice development in SSA, as well as assessing poverty, economic and environmental impacts with particular emphasis on productivity and poverty at the individual, community and national levels. The project focuses on: (i) building a database and tools for priority setting and impact assessment; (ii) policies to promote competitive rice systems; (iii) understanding how better post-harvest technologies can improve competitiveness; (iv) assessing ex-ante and ex-post economic, social, and environmental impacts of technological, institutional and policy changes at the national and regional levels (v) sharing expertise in policy analysis and impact assessment with NARES and other stakeholders. Outputs 1. Database and tools for priority setting and impact assessment 2. Rice policy options for promoting competitive rice production systems 3. Improved post-harvest technologies and a competitive rice market 4. Enhanced NARES capacity in policy analysis and impact assessment Project 6: Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods Rice has a key role to play in offsetting major impacts of climate change and natural or human-induced disasters, and in rebuilding the livelihoods and well-being of the displaced and vulnerable, especially women and children. Rural areas often bear the brunt of climate change, which induces flooding, soil degradation, disease and pest outbreaks, and the loss of the genepool. Civil conflict invariably impacts on farmers, forcing them from their home areas into the cities where there is no opportunity to farm, with consequent loss of agricultural knowledge. This project will first understand the differing needs of climate change, unexpected natural disasters and those induced by man. It will use WARDA’s knowledge base and that of NARES and NGOs to design strategies to mitigate displacement and quickly restore viable agriculture production, to allow sustainable intensification of rice-based cropping systems, and to mitigate longer-term climatic impacts. The project focuses on policymakers, with: (i) strategies to ensure intensification can be carried out sustainably; (ii) early warning systems to reduce human and environmental impact on rice-based livelihoods; (iii) strategies for mitigating the impact of climate change Outputs 1. Strategies for sustainable agro-ecological intensification along the rainfed rice production continuum in SSA 2. Strategies for mitigating impact of climate change on rice-based livelihoods in SSA

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3. Rice sector decision support tools for vulnerability mapping and early warning systems in SSA determined Project 7: Partnership through Networks This project consolidates WARDA’s partnerships by distilling research and development components of networks into a coherent whole. The networks are spreading spider webs along which improved germplasm and other technologies and expertise are channeled to a multiplicity of stakeholders in rice production—from the resource-poor grower, through the private sector, to research centers and NARES. Adaptation to individual ecologies or environments is carried out by the NARES working with ROCARIZ for technology transfer, and the African Rice Initiative for dissemination of improved rice germplasm and associated technologies. In East and Central Africa, similar technology generation and transfer roles are being undertaken by ECARRN. The project focuses on: (i) development of a competitive rice sector, including effective seed systems; (ii) developing and disseminating rice technologies, including those for post-harvest and processing, through national partners; (iii) capacity building to safeguard sustainable rice sectors at regional and national levels. Outputs 1. Networks of partnerships and stakeholders’ platform established to promote national rice

sector development 2. Rice technologies developed, validated and disseminated by national partners 3. Enhanced capacity building and resource mobilization for sustainability of national rice

sectors

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1. INTRODUCTION The eyes of the world have turned increasingly towards Africa in 2005 and 2006 with renewed reports of famine in various parts of the continent and of the food supply problems that dog the heels of conflict. WARDA believes that food, in particular rice, can be grown sustainably to meet Africa’s needs, and this MTP serves to further underline the strength and feasibility of WARDA’s research and development agenda. The development and release of new NERICAs for the lowlands are only the latest fruits of this R&D thrust, while the outward spread of the upland NERICAs continues across West, East, Central and Southern Africa. Determination to work in a focused manner with regional and international partners for sustainable development of rice-based production systems for food security and poverty alleviation underpins this 2007–2009 MTP. Rice represents life for major populations throughout the world and is deeply embedded in the cultural heritage of many societies. It is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. In Africa, rice has become increasingly important, both as a food source and as an economic commodity. Rice is now the most rapidly growing food source in Africa. Rice production in Africa increased from 8.6 million tonnes of paddy in 1980 to 18.6 million tonnes in 2005. Despite such dramatic growth, demand continues to exceed supply and the region relies on imported rice. The quantity of rice imported yearly by the region increased from 2.5 million tonnes in 1980 to 7.6 million tonnes in 2004 (FAOSTAT, 2006). In the immediate future, food security in Africa will largely depend on achieving a sustainable increase in local rice production. 1.1. A Sustainable Increase in Rice Production in Africa Africa's potential for expanding rice production can be seen in the following context: land with potential for arable production in Africa is estimated at 637 million hectares, with about 68% in reserves. The area currently designated for rice production represents only about 1.6% of total potential arable land. Low labor cost and increasing availability of yield-enhancing technologies to farmers will contribute to increasing rice production. 1.2. Constraints to Sustainable Rice Production in Africa Upland rice and rainfed lowland rice are grown mainly by resource-poor farmers who, in general, apply a very low level of inputs such as fertilizers and agro-chemicals. The performance of upland rice is also limited by the following factors:

• Severe drought stresses. Rice planted on the upper slopes of inland valley swamps, where the groundwater table is at 60 cm or more below the soil surface, display symptoms of drought stress after only a few days without rain.

• High pressure from weed competition. • Low soil fertility due to a combination of inherent low soil fertility, soil erosion and

the shortened fallow period under shifting cultivation methods that have arisen from increasing production pressures due to population growth.

• Blast disease, iron (Fe) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity, bird and rodent damage.

Drought stress can also affect rice grown in rainfed lowland/inland valley swamp systems in the region but to a lesser extent compared to that in the uplands. In rainfed lowland/inland


valley swamp systems, depending on the location of the field, rice plants can obtain supplementary water from one or more of the following sources: high groundwater table, run-off water and the swelling of the river water supply during rainy seasons. However, the other major constraints to rice production in rainfed lowland/inland valley swamp systems in the region are:

• Physical constraints: flash flood and iron (Fe) toxicity. • Biological constraints: weed competition, rice yellow mottle virus, gall midge,

Diopsis species, stem borers and bird damage. • Economic constraints: lack of appropriate means for land preparation, labor shortage.

In irrigated ecosystems, rice crops receive a reliable and regulated water supply; as a result, rice is continuously cropped and degradation processes are accelerated. High rice yields were initially obtained in several irrigated areas in sub-Saharan Africa. However, irrigated rice yields in Senegal, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria in West Africa; Cameroon in Central Africa; and Mozambique in Southern Africa have declined in the recent past due to lack of government support and to the deterioration of soil fertility and irrigation infrastructure. Moreover, epidemic outbreaks of RYMV and BLB remain important constraints to increasing yield. In Madagascar, irrigated rice yields have been stagnant due to low levels of fertilizer application. Rice production in sub-Saharan Africa is further limited by the following constraints:

• Unfavorable government policies affecting agriculture in general and demand for local rice, in particular, is influenced by competitiveness;

• Inadequate and irregular input supplies (seed, fertilizer, pesticides) and credit; • Weak research and extension support and a poor link between research and

development; • Insecurity of land tenure and lack of effective farmer organizations and cooperatives; • Lack of appropriate equipment, especially for post-harvest operations; • Poor road networks and marketing systems; • Weak private sectors to develop post-harvest operations.

A sustainable increase in rice production in Africa requires strategies for overcoming the constraints that limit the growth of the rice industry. These strategies must focus on the following: the formulation of appropriate government policies to support the development of wetlands for rice production; increasing rice yield; improving post-harvest technology through research and extension; and on the provision of infrastructure and accessibility to viable input-output markets (especially the private seed and fertilizer sectors). 1.3 International public goods NERICA (New Rice for Africa) is the cornerstone of the Africa Rice Center’s international public goods (IPGs) in the third millennium. Such is its success with smallholder farmers that they may often overlook that NERICA is not just one variety or even one family of varieties. Today it encompasses rice varieties suitable for the very different upland and lowland ecologies and in the future the NERICA appellation will be even more embracing as varieties continue to be bred from Asian and African parents while incorporating various genes for tolerance to known constraints on smallholder rice production.


As well as the development, testing, dissemination and uptake of these improved lines and varieties throughout Africa, germplasm is shared with researchers on other continents. Africa Rice Center research to characterize genes and develop markers associated to drought tolerance in O. sativa and O. glaberrima is expected to have widespread application in rainfed systems, together with new information on interactions between drought and other biotic and abiotic factors in rainfed rice ecosystems which will feed into the global knowledge bank on the likely impacts of climate change. Information on the physiological mechanism underlying drought tolerance in the different rice species and sub-species and databases on drought mapping will have widespread application. Hand-in-hand with germplasm improvement goes research in complementary technologies, including integrated soil fertility management, IPM options for RYMV and AfRGM, cultivation technology options for rice-based systems in lowland, and options for integrated crop and natural resources management to enhance irrigated rice productivity and profitability. Within the framework of IGNRM, special attention is being paid to addressing problems of degradation that have become particularly associated with irrigated rice-based systems in Africa. In a joint project with AVRDC, development is proceeding on rice-vegetable systems that will be as relevant outside Africa as they will be for many countries in Africa where the nutritional benefits of systems combining rice with other products such as vegetables or fish have still to be felt. Scientific publications, including research papers, training manuals and conference papers on new methods and new technologies, help disseminate the fruit of WARDA research. 2. SUMMARY OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2005 2.1 Research highlights Through its partnership with national programs, WARDA concentrated its effort on the three major rice production systems, namely upland, lowland and irrigated. At the same time activities were undertaken in processing; dissemination of research results; policy and marketing issues; natural resource management, particularly impoverishment of soil fertility; water use efficiency; integrated pest management; and technology uptake. Issues such as the high cost of inputs, the unstable market, weak institutional policies and capacity building were addressed. A new area, which received increased attention, was the theme of drought. 2.1.1 Integrated Production Systems (Program 1)

• Severe drought in 2005 trials highlighted promising material with potential to confer drought tolerance. Although the 300 test lines had not been rigorously selected previously for drought tolerance, 97 lines significantly (P≤0.05) outyielded one or more checks. The mean yield of those lines with a significant yield increase was around double that of the checks at 964kg/ha, 1086 kg/ha, 998 kg/ha and 1090 kg/ha, respectively. These 97 lines provide a valuable pool of material to assist maintenance of yield under severe drought conditions and will be disseminated widely to NARS for evaluation in SSA.


• Of seven NERICAs evaluated in two ecologies of Congo DRC, NERICA4, NERICA6 and NERICA7 are the most adapted. From 220 new NERICAs, 18 upland types were selected as the best adapted. Eleven out of 72 NERICA lowland varieties evaluated gave good results.

• Five new irrigated rice varieties were released in the Senegal River valley. These varieties will further increase the genetic diversity and offer varietal choices in addition to the three Sahel varieties that now occupy more than 70% of the total irrigated rice area in the region. Three interspecific (irrigated NERICAs) and 1 intraspecific varieties were also identified for release in The Gambia.

• The successful application of a methodology for combined agronomic and socio-economic on-farm research pinpointed yield and productivity gaps among farmers, and identified key constraints to improving production efficiency of irrigated rice.

• Upland NERICAs were planted on over 150,000 ha across Africa, including about 80,000 ha in Guinea and more than 20,000 ha in Uganda

• New NERICAs with better characteristics associated with weed competitiveness than the first generation NERICAs were identified

• Identification of an O. glaberrima line showing shorter growth duration than CG 14, the O. glaberrima parent of all commercial upland NERICAs

• Transfer to NARS partners of the screening methodology developed at WARDA to identify durable blast resistance varieties

• Development was completed in Senegal of a prototype small-scale harvester to address the bottleneck of labor shortage for harvest and post-harvest operations

• 72 potential parents were characterized for drought tolerance/resistance both at vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development

• Genetic and QTL assessment in NERICA was completed • Experiments found fewer deadhearts on rice intercropped with maize as a trap crop

than on monocropped rice or maize • Development of habitat management strategy to control the African rice gall midge

(AfRGM) in Nigeria by using plants of Paspalum scrobiculatum around rice fields as a reservoir of AfRGM parasitoids.

2.1.2 Rice Policy and Development (Program 2) The program was actively involved in promoting the development of complementary technologies to enhance sustainable production in rice-based farming systems throughout West and Central Africa. The highlights were:

• Statistics summarizing rice trends for production, consumption, and trade in SSA were put together published on WARDA website for wider dissemination and put on CD and made available to collaborating NARES. The document can be accessed from the WARDA website: http://www.WARDA.cgiar.org/publications/Rice%20Trends.pdf

• In collaboration with partners in Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, a Rice policy Research and Advocacy Network – Agricultural Policy Research and Advocacy Group (APRAG) was formed in March 2005. The main objective of the network is to bridge the gap between policy researcher and advocacy groups for enhancing adoption of policy recommendations.

• In taking stock on rice policy and its effects in SSA countries, a regional rice policy and food security workshop was organized which attracted 80 participants from 20


countries. Workshop participants identified regional research and development priority areas for promoting rice policy impact in SSA.

• A study on gender-differentiated impact of collective action governance in semi-collective irrigated rice schemes in Benin was completed. The results show that women are particularly discriminated against with regards to access to land, with significant impacts on their productivities, incomes and technical efficiencies. Inequality and discrimination were also observed in the male groups, with significant negative impacts on the productivities and incomes. In fact most of the inequality in the perimeter results from the inequalities in the male groups. However, this discrimination did not have a significant impact on technical efficiency. These results show that outside intervention may be necessary to ensure that self-created collective action groups do not exacerbate intra- and inter-gender inequalities.

• Capacity development: a one-week group training on the methodology of impact assessment was conducted in Cotonou, Benin, in 2005 (May 9-14, 2005) for 24 ROCARIZ economic task force members from Benin, Burkina, The Gambia, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. A few IITA and WARDA Research Assistants and Students from the University of Calavi-Abomey, Benin also attended the course. The course was taught using the data collected in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, and Guinea.

• A farmer training video on an improved rice parboiling technique and equipment was developed in collaboration with local artisans and released in partnership with SG2000 and INRAB in French, Fon and English.

• A regional workshop on mainstreaming HIV/AIDS prevention programs in agriculture was organized and attracted over 70 participants from various backgrounds. This improved partnerships for research and development on HIV/AIDS with research and non-research organizations. The workshop participants identified priority research areas, formed and launched the Africa Network on HIV/AIDS & Agriculture (ANEHA).

• Structure and functioning of the seed sector reviewed, constraints and opportunities identified and strategies for rehabilitating the seed sector proposed. Strategies to reconstruct rice seed sector in post-conflict countries: the cases of Sierra Leone and Rwanda.

• An information and knowledge sharing system – West Africa Inland Valley Information System (WAIVIS) was developed. The system compiles information acquired through the IVC, structures data as an easy-to-use tool, and uses it to classify IVS in West and Central Africa. It is now available on a website and on CDs for wider dissemination and use.

• ARI coordinating unit produced more than 16 tonnes of foundation seeds for dissemination. Through the ARI network, more than 200 tonnes of NERICA seeds were produced in member countries and distributed during the year. More than 100 upland NERICA elite lines and other improved varieties were sent to NARS for PVS.

2.1.3 Other achievements by WARDA support units Genetic Resources Unit The objective of WARDA’s Genetic Resources Unit (GRU) is the collection, conservation, management, use and continued availability of rice genetic resources to national research partners and other collaborators.

• In 2005, GRU regenerated a total of 4,428 designated rice germplasm and multiplied 2,967 accessions at IITA Ibadan in order to obtain enough seeds for storage. In


addition, 936 accessions of O. glaberrima from IITA Ibadan and from M’bé, Côte d’Ivoire were characterized in Benin. Designated germplasm refer to plant accessions, which were placed with the CGIAR Centers including WARDA under the auspices of the FAO and held in-trust as international public goods (IPGs) for the benefit of mankind.

• The Genebank Management and Information Sharing System (WAGIS) database was converted for use on a MySQL server for interoperability with other systems. Updated web pages have been added to the website. Data on 7,456 accessions was archived.

• Upon request, INGER-Africa distributed 2475 accessions in West Africa, 197 in East, Central and South Africa and 139 in other countries.

Biosafety and Plant Quarantine In 2005, the Plant Quarantine and Biosafety Unit interacted with the Plant Protection Service of WARDA’s new host country (Benin) to establish a framework of collaboration on seed health issues. WARDA continues to be actively involved in the process of developing biosafety regulations in the region. The plant quarantine facility at WARDA is a cornerstone in strengthening domestic quarantine capabilities by providing assistance in meeting the plant health requirements. It is an important link between WARDA and NARS. Training, Information, Library Services (TILS) More than 150 participants, mainly scientists and extension agents, from many African countries were trained or attended specialized workshops organized by TILS during 2005. Training course topics included Impact Assessment, Analysis of Rice Germplasm Nursery Variety Trials, Computer applications and statistical analyses in agricultural research and two sessions of Enhancing Local Knowledge and Innovations. A Marker-assisted Selection Workshop was held in Mali to launch the USAID-supported biotechnology project. WARDA, IITA and IPGRI provided backup for an FAO workshop on the Use of Phytogenetic Resources via Selection and Biotechnology. Ten artisans from Benin were trained on building and fine-tuning improved rice parboilers, and staff from IRAG (Guinea) and NARI (The Gambia) received in-house training from the Plant Pathology Unit on RYMV diagnosis and pathotyping. 3. CHALLENGE PROGRAMS AND AFRICA RICE CENTER (WARDA) The Challenge Programs bring together powerful coalitions to use advanced technologies and traditional plant diversity to address the continuing problem of hunger, especially among the resource-poor farmers of the developing world. WARDA is engaged in each of the four Challenge Programs to ensure that rice producers and rice consumers alike are able to reap the manifold benefits from these initiatives. HarvestPlus The primary underlying cause of micronutrient malnutrition is poor quality diet, characterized by high intakes of food staples, but low consumption of animal and fish products, fruits, grain legumes and vegetables, which are rich sources of protein, bioavailable minerals and vitamins. Biofortification of staple crops provides, at low cost, a sustainable food source with improved levels of micronutrients.


WARDA will screen a wide range of germplasm covering breeding lines from rainfed and irrigated ecologies and O. sativa and O. glaberrima accessions and landraces from the Genetic Resources Unit for a range of important micronutrients. Information generated will provide a basis to develop a breeding program to improve the levels of important micronutrients in rice for Africa. Unlocking Genetic Diversity in Crops for the Resource-poor The products of the genomics revolution will not address the needs of the poor without this strong coalition of institutions dedicated to alleviating poverty through a combination of molecular technology and traditional plant breeding. This Program will make available as public goods an unprecedented array of genomic and genetic resources, ready for direct use in plant improvement. The first beneficiaries will be the NARS of those developing countries, small and large, that have plant improvement programs, and later any other entities with crop improvement goals, especially those dedicated to the well-being of resource-poor farmers. Rice is a priority crop for the first year case study on drought. WARDA is mainly involved in the sub-program SP1: Genetic diversity of global genetic resources. The Genetic Resources Unit is supplying drought-tolerant accessions, lines and varieties for the global genetic resource, and WARDA completed at Cornell the genotyping of 3000 accessions of rice with six SSR markers. A collaborative poster on the population structure of these accessions was presented in September 2005 at the Generation Challenge Program annual meeting in Rome. Further tasks include phenotypic analysis under drought conditions of the 3,000 accessions and other mapping populations, such as the interspecific mapping populations between O. glaberrima x O. sativa (upland variety from Colombia) developed by CIAT. WARDA will be involved in unraveling the genetic basis of drought tolerance in rice by conducting phenotyping experiments on segregating populations and derived lines and locating genes/QTLs on crop genetic maps using wet lab and in situ genotyping. Water and Food The Africa Rice Center is participating in this Challenge Program in collaboration with WorldFish, IFPRI and NARES, NGO and governmental organizations from Asia and Africa. The project entitled Community-based Fish Culture in Irrigation Systems and Seasonal Floodplains has been approved for implementation in 2005 and the MOA has been signed by all stakeholders. The aim of the project is to investigate fish productivity using seasonal floodwaters of large rivers such as the Indus-Ganges, Mekong and Niger for rice-fish culture. These waters are considerably underutilized in terms of managed aquatic productivity. The underlying assumption of the approach is that all stakeholders can communally manage seasonal water bodies under equitable and sustainable sharing arrangements. WARDA is coordinating the research in the floodplains of the Niger River in Mali. The work is executed by IER, PVRES, ORM, Direction Régional de la Pêche and the Coordination Régionale ONG. Sub-Saharan Africa The SSA-CP addresses the three major challenges to African agriculture: failure of agricultural markets, inappropriate policies and natural resource degradation. WARDA, in collaboration with other CG Centers, FARA, NARES in West and Central Africa and through


sub-regional organizations, including CORAF/WECARD, helped identify and characterize pilot learning sites in each of three cross-border sub-regions. The main foci of this program are:

• Improving accessibility and efficiency of markets for smallholder and pastoral products

• Developing technologies for sustainably intensifying subsistence-oriented farming systems

• Developing smallholder production systems that are compatible with sound NRM • Catalyzing the formulation and adoption policies that will encourage innovation to

improve the livelihoods of smallholders and pastoralists A senior WARDA scientist sits on the steering committee of the SSA-CP. WARDA led a taskforce of multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary stakeholders to develop a concept note to bid for the implementation of activities in the northern Guinea savanna of Kano-Katsina-Maradi PLS. The concept note addressed the four main foci of the Program and was among the five approved by CORAF and developed into full proposals in March 2006.


4. SYSTEMWIDE PROGRAMS Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) As the largest employer in Africa, agriculture is particularly affected by the global catastrophe of HIV/AIDS. An estimated seven million agricultural workers have died of AIDS worldwide, according to FAO, and it is estimated that 25 million Africans, mostly in the 15–49 years age group are already infected with HIV. The CGIAR response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic is the Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) of which Africa Rice Center is the convening center. In line with SC recommendations, SWIHA now benefits from its own Medium Term Plan (see Annex C). In developing this MTP input was received from CG and non-CG Centers through the African Network on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (ANEHA), a pan-African platform involving agricultural and non-agricultural professionals to implement an integrated strategy to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the agricultural sector. Thus, SWIHA has identified three priority themes for the MTP as follows:

1. Diversification of livelihood systems in farming communities 2. Nutrition and dietary diversification 3. HIV/AIDS policy advocacy and awareness.

Within the CGIAR Centers, SWIHA has developed partnerships with IITA, ICRISAT, CIAT, IPGRI and World Fish Center and other international organizations – World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), CABI-Bioscience and Commonwealth of Learning (COL), Canada. Inland Valley Consortium The ecoregional program of IVC released WAIVIS (West African Inland Valley Information System) for the first time. This software draws upon the data accumulated during the 10 years of inland valley research. Apart from scientists in national programs, international organizations like IWMI and FAO are using WAIVIS. This led to joint project proposals.

Systemwide Livestock Program Many small-scale rice farmers grow crops in mixed crop-livestock systems within which rice straw has a distinct fodder value. WARDA is teamed up with ILRI, IRRI and ICRISAT to carry out multidimensional improvement of the fodder value of rice straw for ruminants. The research agenda includes an assessment of the opportunities for exploiting variation in fodder value of rice straw in current varieties and opportunities for further rice improvement with respect to rice straw fodder as an additional breeding and selection criterion. On-line Learning Resource Project (Information and Communications Technology –Knowledge Management) The objective in creating an On-line Learning Resource Center (OLR) is to enhance the quality and pertinence of information related to agriculture and natural resource management in collaboration with key partners (NARES, CGIAR centers, Agriculture Programs and Universities). The OLR will allow the rapid transfer of ‘public goods’ created within the CGIAR no matter where and in what format, develop a state-of-the-art educational resource with a joint platform approach to education and training, and build the capacity of national partners. The entry point and coordination unit for this program is Training, Information and Library Services (TILS).


Consortium for Spatial Information (ICT-KM) Africa Rice Center is a member of the Consortium for Spatial Information (CSI) and takes an active part in the Information and Communications Technology – Knowledge Management project. The existing geo-spatial data at WARDA are being inventoried and the datasets will be compiled using a common methodology to form part of a metadata-base that will be available on-line. It should lead eventually to better availability and sharing of geo-spatial data, and increased collaboration across centers. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Resource-poor farmers in developing countries, who currently rely on rice, lose an estimated 10% in yield each year because of soil-dwelling insect pests. WARDA’s involvement in this sub-program on integrated pest management will focus on sustainable management of termites through a combination of improved management techniques and identification and dissemination of NERICAs with resistance/tolerance to termites. 5. OUTLOOK FOR 2006 5.1 Projects begun in 2005 The following projects were newly begun:

• Marker-assisted selection for improvement of rice varieties resistant to RYMV for West Africa – USAID-WARP

• Promotion of superior vegetable cultivars in West Africa – USAID-WARP • NERICA Promotion Project in the BUMBA Zone, DRC – IFAD • Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of Technologies for Rice-Based Systems in

West Africa, Phase II (PADS, Phase II) – IFAD •• Drought Tolerance project – Rockefeller Foundation • Sustaining National Rice Research and Development in a Changing Institutional

Environment Through Collaborative Networking (ROCARIZ) – USAID-WARP • Multi-national NERICA Dissemination Project through ARI – African Development

Bank • ECARRN, the new rice network to boost rice research in East and Central Africa –

EU and Canada Fund for Africa • Community-based fish farming in Irrigation Systems and Seasonal Floodplains

project on the River Niger, Mali – IER, PVRES, ORM, Direction Regional de la Pêche and the Coordination Regionale ONG.

5.2 Collaboration 5.2.1 WARDA-IRRI Collaboration The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and WARDA have many decades of experience in rice R & D through working with poor farmers in unfavorable environments across Asia and Africa. WARDA has successfully developed and deployed NERICA rice varieties to improve rice production in uplands and now lowlands. IRRI successfully deployed rice varieties and production technologies that triggered the green revolution in Asia. IRRI can therefore adapt its successful Asian experience to African conditions in collaboration with WARDA and other national and international centers and help develop viable national rice R&D systems to address the problems of small rice producers in SSA. IRRI will bring its formidable capacities in germplasm improvement and expertise in


genomics and biotechnology. The elite breeding material developed and adapted to irrigated, rainfed and upland ecosystems in rice growing countries of Asia, including germplasm identified under the INGER network and a large number of interspecific progenies generated from crosses of Asian (O. sativa) x African (O. glaberrima) species (>5000 introgression lines), will be available for evaluation and adaptation under African conditions. Successful development of mutually beneficial IRRI-WARDA collaboration plays a critical role in supporting the rebuilding of the rice sector of resource-poor countries of SSA. 5.2.2 Collaboration with NARS WARDA has traditionally strong partnership links with the NARS, in particular, which means that the Center draws on a pool of nearly 150 senior scientists—including its own staff—both through direct links and those created and fostered under the aegis of the ROCARIZ and ARI networks and the Inland Valley Consortium. This collaboration with the NARS has been further extended by the presence of ECARRN in eastern Africa and the extension of the ARI activities in eastern and central Africa. Within multi-country activities and projects, WARDA uses its superior buying power to drive down the cost of commonly-used materials and equipment for its NARS collaborators, as well as funding project-related activities, including training and cross-border travel for the collaborating scientists. Typically, within a project framework, the NARS make in-kind contributions in terms of staff time. The adoption of this approach enables WARDA to fulfil its project objectives while contributing simultaneously to capacity-building in the NARS. 5.2.3 Other collaboration WARDA continues to engage with other international centers of excellence, with national institutions, with NGOs and with the private sector. Several new Memoranda of Understanding have been signed with organizations including JIRCAS and JICA from Japan and the Songhaï NGO headquartered in Benin but active in several African countries. 6. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REVIEWS The Fifth External Program and Management Review of WARDA is scheduled for 2007. CCERs on Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management (IGNRM) and on WARDA’s Partnerships were completed. An external evaluation was commissioned by UNDP on the Interspecific Hybridization Project. Two CCERs, one on Socio-economics and the other on Organization/Management are planned for 2006. 7. RESEARCH PRIORITY SETTING AND PLANNING Building on the outputs of the 2004 priority setting exercise, this MTP reviews and updates Center priorities following consultation with the National Experts Committee (NEC), the ROCARIZ, ARI and IVC networks, and SWIHA. In addition, the recommendations of the CCERs on partnership, integrated genetic and natural resources management and on IVC have guided priority setting.


7.1 Eastern and Central Africa Rice network (ECARRN) ECARRN organized a Stakeholders’ Workshop on priority setting in Nairobi in December 2005 which produced the following priorities: 1) Human and institutional capacity development, 2) Enhanced information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms, 3) Increased production and productivity of rice-based production systems in the ECA region, 4) Enabling policies and improved rice marketing systems, 5) Enhanced information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms. Fifteen sub-themes were also ranked by stakeholders based on the ASARECA priority setting criteria. 7.2 Research days Research days form part of WARDA’s research planning and monitoring mechanism. The WARDA Research Days provide an important opportunity for scientists to present the results of their research activities for the previous 12 months and to present research plans and budget requirements for the year to come. Outputs and results from 2005 activities and proposals and workplans for 2006 were presented by the WARDA team from Cotonou and the satellite stations at the 2005 Research Days meeting held in Cotonou on 14–18 November, 2005. About 80 scientists, researchers, NARS and NGO representatives, together with invited guests from other organizations with an active interest in riziculture were present at the meeting. Outside participants included INRAB (Benin), IRRI (Philippines), JICA (Japan), IITA (Benin) and Sasakawa Global 2000. 7.3 Consortium Steering Committee of IVC The then Consortium Management Committee discussed the recommendations of the CCER at the IVC Annual Workshop in April 2005. It was decided to implement the recommendations with immediate effect to act as a basis for the strategic planning of Phase 3. New research activities will be multi-annual, trans-boundary and located in benchmark areas, as previously designed for Phase 2. The number of benchmark areas will be increased, to include all agro-ecological zones. The framework for the new IVC strategic plan was formulated at the workshop, based on four themes: 1) improving livelihoods of resource poor farmers by optimizing inland valley production systems, 2) sustaining (agro-)biodiversity in inland valley lowlands, 3) capitalization and transfer of results, and 4) capacity building and institutional changes. During its extraordinary meeting in September the CMC discussed the draft strategic plan for Phase 3. Several changes have been proposed, including changing the name of the Consortium Management Committee to that of Consortium Steering Committee, which is more in line with its actual activities and responsibilities. The final draft of the strategic plan will be presented to the Annual Workshop in 2006 for approval, and it will be presented subsequently to the next National Experts Committee meeting for ratification. The official request of Senegal to join IVC was endorsed. ISRA was invited and attended the annual workshop in Banjul and the request submitted for approval to the IVC members was approved. A similar informal request from ITC was discussed. CSC awaits the official request.


7.4 Steering Committee of the African Rice Initiative The African Rice Initiative Steering Committee met in Cotonou in April 2005. The committee identified seed production and supply as the first priority issue and therefore made the following recommendations:

(i) Emphasis should be put on breeder and foundation seeds production (ii) ARI should support and encourage the production of certified seeds by communities

and private sectors (iii) ARI should conduct training in seed production and train communities in community-based seed systems (CBSS).

Other priority areas identified were the development of complementary technologies for NERICAs and post-harvest and processing. Fulfilling the recommendations of the Steering Committee, more than 2000 tonnes of NERICA seeds were produced in the 7 pilot countries in 2005 and up to 6 tonnes of foundation seeds distributed for off-season seed multiplication in selected countries.

From 2006, it is planned to offer through ARI an annual four-month training course in seed production to at least 10 NARS scientists/year. 7.5 Steering Committee of ROCARIZ The ROCARIZ network will continue to work on the five major priority themes: rice varietal selection, natural resource management, integrated pest management and socio-economics. Between the rice improvement and IPM Task Forces, the network will support the development and dissemination for site-specific selection in the following areas: (i) evaluation of inter- and intraspecific segregating populations and the selection of improved rice lines which combine good yield potential and multiple stress tolerance (ii) fixed lines will be identified at one or two sites which combine good yield potential with multiple stress tolerance and (iii) superior rice lines will be selected and evaluated by farmers through PVS. The Socio-Economics Task Force will broaden its outlook to assess impact and policy issues affecting the rice sector in NARS countries. The Natural Resource Management Task Force will continue to work on soil fertility, water and cropping systems. The Technology Transfer Task Force will use participatory methods to evaluate post-harvest methodologies and adopt the PLAR methodology in most of its activities. In the next three years, training programs and yearly Task Force meetings will be carried out for all the thematic groups. Universities in the sub-region will be brought into the network’s work. Breeder seed production for most new rice lines will be a major network activity. 7.6 Steering Committee Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture SWIHA has continued to enlist new partners in its activities, developing working relationships with the national HIV/AIDS programs in Benin and other West African countries, and establishing collaborative working relationships with CABI and several NARES.


An English-language training manual on Positive Living is now being translated into French for training use in French-speaking West African countries as a joint collaborative effort with CABI. Regular workplace sensitization meetings are organized. The SWIHA SSA Regional Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture and Nutrition in July 2005 identified a number of negative impacts of HIV/AIDS on agriculture and food security which need now to be addressed. These included, but were not limited to: the decreases in agricultural labor, livestock and cultivated areas; reduction of income-generating activities for women; and utilization of savings and livestock to finance care and funerals.


8. FINANCING PLAN 2005 OUTCOME AND 2006 FORECAST 2005 actual

(US$ million) 2006 estimate (US$ million)

Sources of Funds Donor Funding a. Unrestricted b. Targeted

Earned Income Total Application of Funds Programmatic Management and General Expenses Special Transition Program* Depreciation Less: Overhead Recoveries Total Surplus/ (Deficit)

6.07 5.70 0.16

11.93

6.92 3.37 0.68 0.77

(0.59) 11.15

0.78

5.60 6.50 0.10

12.20

7.96 3.59

1.24 (0.90) 11.89 0.31

* Relocating to Cotonou, Benin. In 2005, about 62% of resources were utilized for programmatic activities. WARDA ended the year with a surplus of US$ 0.78 million, thereby strengthening its long-term reserves to a healthy level of 87 days of operations, well within the 75-90 days required by the CGIAR. For 2006, total income is projected at US$ 12.2 million, while expenditure is estimated at US$ 11.89 million, leaving a further surplus of US$ 0.31 million and increasing reserves to 101 days. Resource allocation to programs is projected to be around 67% of total expenditure. FINANCING PLAN 2007 Proposed funding for Center operations in 2007 is US$ 12.46 million, including World Bank funding of US$ 0.75 million. Projected unrestricted funding is US$ 5.71 million while restricted/project funding is set at US$ 6.65 million. The Center’s earned income is projected at US$ 0.10 million, the same level as for 2006. Table 7a of the MTP provides details of the funding and donor support for the 2007 agenda. Spending is planned to be at the level of US$ 12.20 million leaving a surplus of US$ 0.26 million to strengthen Center reserves. OVERVIEW FOR THE PERIOD 2006–2009 Projected operating levels for the period 2006 to 2009 The 2006 funding level of the Center has been used as the basis for developing the plans for 2007 to 2009. The expected level of donor funding for 2006 is projected at US$ 12.10 million. Combined growth and inflation rates of 3.6% and 2.6% have been incorporated in the plans for the years 2008 and 2009 respectively. The Center projected operating levels for 2006 to 2009 are:

US$ (million)

2006 2007 2008 2009

Projected Donor Funding a. Unrestricted Funding b. Targeted Funding Total projected funding (see MTP table 7)

5.60 6.50 12.10

5.71 6.65 12.36

5.80 7.00 12.80

5.90 7.23 13.13


Temporary relocation to Cotonou, Benin As a result of the Ivorian crises in September 2002 and November 2004, the Center had to move three times in two years. After a first move to Bamako, Mali, WARDA moved back to its Headquarters in Bouaké, but within weeks had to relocate temporarily to Cotonou, Benin. The temporary sites in Mali and Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire are closed. Since January 2005, the Center has been fully operational out of Cotonou and it plans to remain at this site for at least five years. Other stations at St. Louis, Senegal, and Ibadan, Nigeria, remain in operation. WARDA has signed an agreement with IITA, Cotonou to rent offices and share a number of operational services. Two existing greenhouses were converted to offices. All costs of conversion should be realized in 2006 and will be depreciated over a five-year period. Inflation and exchange rates Combined annual weighted inflation in West Africa is projected around 3-4 %. The CFA franc is pegged to the Euro. With the recent weakening of the US dollar, the center will most likely face some exchange difficulties. An increase in the non-dollar income will be more than offset by the fact that a large portion of WARDA’s expenditures are in the CFA/EURO zone. The Center is monitoring this trend continuously, and takes steps, wherever possible. Funding Trends With the continued efforts in fund raising and the harnessing of greater public awareness on the importance of strategic rice research amongst its community of donors, WARDA has consistently increased its revenue. Funding has increased, in nominal terms, from US$ 9.0 million in 1998 to US$ 12.2 million in 2006 (expected), a 36% increase in seven years. Fund raising efforts, a well-defined research focus, the revision of the 2007–2009 MTP projects, the success of its research and a greater public awareness of NERICA all indicate that it will be reasonable to expect moderate but steady growth in funding for the plan period of 2007–2009. Financial Indicators WARDA continues its efforts to improve short- and long-term reserves to absorb unexpected adverse financial developments. The Center has come a long way in improving its financial health. Liquidity and adequacy of reserves (expressed in days of operation) Year 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Days (5) 87 101 106 109 116 In 2002 the Center had negative reserves (–5 days). By the end of 2005, both short-term solvency (liquidity) and long-term financial stability (reserves) stood at 87 days. Deliberate efforts are deployed to increase long-term reserves over the CGIAR benchmark of 90 days by the end of 2006. Board, management and staff are working together to reach a level that can support consistent and uninterrupted operations in case of funding shocks, delays in donor contributions, dramatic exchange fluctuations or any other adverse financial development. The intention is to maintain these reserves in a bracket between 90 and 120 days. Allocation of resources for the period 2007 to 2009 The research activities and allocation of resources were determined by an in-depth and detailed review of WARDA programs and research projects at a special program retreat, followed by meetings involving staff at different levels of the Center. The Board and


Management also undertook a Center-wide review for setting priorities for the development of the 2007–2009 MTP. Research is allocated over 66% of total Center resources in consistency with Center priorities and the 2003–2012 Strategic Plan. The allocation of funds to projects, source of funding, and linkage with the CGIAR research agenda and systems priorities within the newly-adopted log frame are reflected in the main budget tables. Allocation by CGIAR activities 2005–2009

US$ (million)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual Estimate % Proposal % Plan Plan

Increasing Productivity 4.7 5 42 4.9 40 5.1 5.2 Protecting the Environment 0.6 0.6 5 0.6 5 0.6 0.6 Saving Biodiversity 1.2 1.3 11 1.9 16 1.9 2 Improving Policies 0.9 1 9 0.9 7 0.9 0.9 Strengthening NARS 3.7 3.9 33 4 33 4 4.1 Total 11.1 11.8 100 12.2 100 12.5 12.8

Allocation by CGIAR System Priorities in 2006–2009

US$ (million)

2006 2007 2008 2009

Estimate % Proposal % Plan Plan

SP1. Sustainable biodiversity for current and future generations

1.6 14 1.4 11 1.5 1.4

SP2. Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements

3.6 30 3.3 27 3.5 3.5

SP3. Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and emerging opportunity for high-value commodity and products

0.9 8 0.5 3.7 0.5 0.5

SP4. Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land, and forest resources

3 25 3.7 30 3.7 3.9

SP5. Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger

2.7 23 3.4 28 3.3 3.5

Total 11.8 100 12.2 100 12.5 12.8


Allocation by outputs (logical framework format)

US$ (million)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual Estimate % Proposal % Plan Plan

Germplasm Improvement 2.4 2.5 21 2.7 22 2.8 2.8 Germplasm Collection 1.2 1.3 11 1.9 16 1.9 2.0 Sustainable Production 3.9 4.2 35 4.1 33 4.2 4.3 Policy 0.9 0.9 8 0.9 7 0.9 0.9 Enhancing NARS 2.7 2.9 25 2.7 22 2.7 2.8 Total 11.1 11.8 100 12.2 100 12.5 12.8

Allocation of resources by object of expenditures (MTP Table 6). WARDA carefully monitors the cost structure of operations to ensure that fixed costs are kept within a reasonable proportion of the annual budget. Approximately 40-50% of resources are allocated to personnel costs. Allocation of resources by CGIAR undertaking and system priorities (MTP Table 2) The allocation of resources to CGIAR undertakings is in accordance with WARDA’s Strategic Plan 2003–2012 priorities and consistent with CGIAR strategies and systems priorities. Allocation of resources by region (MTP Table 5) All Center resources are directed to sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as dictated by the mandate of the Center within the CGIAR System. Staffing levels (MTP Table 9) Center-hired, internationally recruited staff (IRS) is estimated at around 48 positions, including post-doctoral fellows and visiting scientists. The same level of staffing is estimated during the plan period through to 2009. Nationally recruited staff (NRS) numbers are expected to reach 153 positions in 2006 and to remain constant thereafter. This is an important reduction compared to the 280 positions in 2002, before the crisis in Cote d’Ivoire. This reduction is mainly the result of the relocations of the WARDA Headquarters.


ANNEX A. PROGRAMS AND PROJECT PORTFOLIO Program 1 – Integrated Rice Production Systems Project 1: Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems Rationale In sub-Saharan Africa, upland rice is cultivated in bush-fallow systems using slash-and-burn practices. This is a labor-intensive subsistence farming activity for which resource-limited farmers do not use external inputs. Rice production in the upland is constrained by biotic stresses such as blast disease, stem borers, termites and weeds (i.e. Striga spp). Yields are severely affected by frequent drought, low soil fertility due to deficiencies of N and soil acidity. Major research efforts are geared in developing new varieties adapted to upland ecologies. Both conventional breeding techniques and biotechnology techniques will be used to exploit the rich reservoir of genetic resources present in the indigenous germplasm pool of the African rices O. glaberrima, O. barthii, O. longistaminata and O. sativa landraces. These have high potential for use as a source for resistances to rice major stresses as well as a source for high nutrient content. Because they have been neglected and under-utilized in the past, very little information is currently available. There is a need for relevant research to permit the effective and efficient utilization of these neglected materials to develop high-yielding varieties with better disease resistance. At the same time, emphasis will be put on improving the protein contents of the new varieties through the use of indigenous germplasm. Resource-poor farmers will be able to enhance productivity through adoption of high yielding, good quality and biotic stress-resistant rice varieties with good performance under conditions of low nutrients and water shortage. Goal To improve the well-being of upland rice producers and consumers in Africa. Purpose To enhance productivity and system stability through usage by farmers of high yielding, good quality, multiple-stress-resistant germplasm based on accessions that are characterized and safely preserved in WARDA’s genebanks. Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The availability of NERICAs with high protein content exceeding most existing international standards will improve children’s health, reduce child mortality rates and benefit people living with HIV/AIDS. Nutrient and water-efficient rice varieties developed using conventional and biotechnology tools will be better products to exploit poor upland soils and drought-prone environments, respectively. High-value rice straw will enhance livestock nutrition and health in the target upland areas. The development, testing, dissemination and uptake of improved lines and varieties for impact will require several activities related to germplasm characterization for biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and for yield performance and food quality. The project will use WARDA’s key strategic approaches in farmer participatory varietal selection (PVS)

Annexes


for both research and extension; it will implement its partnership model with NARS and with research and development networks (ECARRN and ROCARIZ), the Africa Rice Initiative and NGOs. Varietal development will include the use of key modern breeding and biotechnology tools, while testing of varieties will be done through regional yield trials to ensure spillover in similar agro-ecological zones across countries. Furthermore, the collaboration with numerous institutions in Africa, America, Europe and Asia will ensure that improved germplasm will be of use not only in Africa but also in other continents. Impact pathways Project impact pathways are being addressed through two major outputs: 1) Improved lines and varieties of good quality with higher and stable yield; 2) Integrated management options for pests and diseases. Based on the overall project goal to improve the well-being of upland rice producers and consumers in Africa (and other continents by spillover), the participatory development and dissemination of improved lines and varieties to farmers through NARS will enhance income and food security in the major target upland rice production areas for millions of farmers and in fast growing marginal and peri-urban areas. Similarly, new knowledge on pest and diseases management in upland production system and the dissemination of IPM technologies to farmers using participatory approaches in collaboration with NARS will result in improving productivity through reduced losses due to pest and diseases and improved livelihoods for poor rural farm households. This adoption and impact information will be disseminated through workshops and various publications outlets to WARDA stakeholders. This adoption and impact information will provide timely and reliable feedback information to researchers on the adoption impacts of the improved varieties and ICM options technologies they generate so that farmers’ socio-economic constraints and opportunities are taken into account when setting research priorities and when identifying recommendation domains. Outputs and activities Output 1: Improved lines and varieties of good quality with higher and stable yield Activities 1.1 Identify and characterize germplasm for yield, and performance in relation to: soil

acidity, low phosphate, blast, stem borers, weeds and micronutrients 1.2 Develop genetically diverse intra- and interspecific lines 1.3 Participatory varietal selection of advanced breeding lines Output 2: Integrated management options for pests and diseases Activities 2.1 Develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for rice stem borers 2.2 Characterize and integrate management of blast disease in the upland ecosystem 2.3 Determine incidence of Striga and termites in rice and develop management strategies Output targets 2007

• Characterization of breeding lines and cultivars for resistance/tolerance to blast, stem borers and termites at key sites and lines with improved yield dispatched to NARS

• Recommended IPM practices for important pests and diseases available • Collection of indigenous rice germplasm, including landraces and wild species in

West and Central Africa.


2008 • Lines with improved yield, resistance to blast, stem borers and termites and tolerant to

low phosphate and soil acidity developed • Micronutrient levels of a range of breeding lines and genebank accessions determined • O. glaberrima and sativa accessions with stress tolerance identified • Incidence of termites determined in three countries and management options

evaluated 2009

• Nutrient deficiency diagnoses in the main regions of Benin completed with recommendations of N, P and K application for small-scale farmers

• Pathogen lineage now completed for all countries in West Africa • Environmentally-friendly management options for termites disseminated to NARS • Development of markers associated with blast resistance started

Beneficiaries Millions of smallholder rice farmers in the warm sub-humid and humid tropics of Africa, particularly women rice farmers, who will have access to improved upland rice technologies. Wider benefit accrues to private traders, large producers and processors, while national research and development partners will benefit from new approaches to increase rice production and productivity. System linkages Germplasm improvement 20% Germplasm Collection 15% Sustainable production systems 35% Policy 10% Enhancing institutions 20% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations

1a – Conservation and characterization of staple crops – HIGH 1b – Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic

resources to increase the income of the poor – MEDIUM

Priority area 2 – Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements

2a – Maintaining and enhancing yield and yield potential of food staples – HIGH 2b – Tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – HIGH 2c – Enhancing nutritional quality and safety – HIGH

Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water,

land and forest resources 4d – Sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential

environments – HIGH

Priority area 5 – Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger

5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability – HIGH


Linkages to other WARDA projects

• Project 2: Germplasm supply, integrated soil fertility management principles, and adoption methodology, breeding methodology, IPM techniques

• Project 3: Exchange of germplasm and transfer of traits for yield and stress resistant Project 4: Varieties screened and developed for drought resistance fit well under the

rainfed rice ecologies • Project 5: Databases and tools, impact assessment, policy options and rice

competitiveness, post-harvest technologies and enhancement of NARS on impact assessment

• Project 6: Germplasm supply for rehabilitation of rice-based production systems and mitigation of the impact of climate change on rice-based livelihoods; Research on integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) options and dissemination of appropriate packages to farmers through NARS to increase and stabilize the productivity of fragile upland rainfed systems

• Project 7: PVS, dissemination of NERICAs and improved varieties and technologies • Inland Valley Consortium (IVC): Soil fertility, GIS, characterization • Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS in Agriculture (SWIHA): Use of varieties to

enhance nutritional status of those affected by HIV/AIDS

Partners • Advanced Research Institutes: IRD, Natural Resources Institute, Cornell University,

CIRAD and the John Innes Centre – development of genetic source materials for use in applied breeding programs and molecular analysis.

• CGIAR Centers: IRRI, CIAT, IITA – rice germplasm exchange and genomics knowledge sharing.

• ROCARIZ and ECARRN Task Forces: NARS, farmer organizations and NGOs –evaluation and adaptation of rice and ICM technologies

• Nihon University – physiological evaluation of WARDA's upland varieties inclusive of NERICAs

• Texas A&M University (Texas USA) – research on rice cooking quality • Masterfoods (Belgium) – rice food quality

Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 1.5 2008 $ 1.5 2009 $ 1.8


Project 2: Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems for Enhanced Livelihoods Rationale The area of lowland is limited by comparison to the uplands but the potential for yield is much higher, due to water availability in the lowlands providing an opportunity to grow more than one crop per year. This means a substantial proportion of the rapidly growing demand for rice in SSA can be met from production in the inland valleys, provided there are enabling rice development policies and active NARES involvement. However, land use intensification can result in pest and disease build-up, degradation of the resource base and sometimes abandonment of sites. Higher yields can take pressure off the land and help conserve both lowlands and uplands. There is a general need for technologies that enhance productivity and permit exploitation of these lowland areas in ways that ensure their sustainability while improving the well-being of farming communities. Major biotic constraints are African rice gall midge (AfRGM), rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), and weed competition, while the primary abiotic constraints are soil nitrogen deficiency and Fe toxicity. Biotechnology tools can unlock the genetic diversity of stress-resistant genes thought to be hidden in the Oryza spp., and identify molecular markers to exploit their transfer through marker-assisted selection. Drought and flooding are problems in lowlands with poor water management. Interspecific crosses are generating progenies that can be tested under pressure for major constraints. Large numbers of varieties can be presented to farmers through participatory varietal selection in order to provide feedback for breeders. Natural resource management in rice-based systems will benefit from participatory learning and action research (PLAR) to exchange potential solutions with farmers. System diversification through grain legumes and high-value vegetables will be investigated in partnership with AVRDC and NARS to improve farmers’ income and increase their ability to respond to market demand for quality products. Successful adoption will depend to some extent on the availability of improved germplasm for NARS testing and also on availability of inputs for farmers such as fertilizer. Legume-rice systems will contribute to organic matter build-up. Goal To create new opportunities which benefit poor lowland rice producers and consumers in Africa. Purpose To provide improved technologies that can help farmers to exploit the lowlands in a sustainable and profitable manner. Research approach to developing International Public Goods Lowlands offer great potential for the sustainable expansion and intensification of rice to help feed a growing population and restrain costly rice imports. The expected IPGs are: (1) high performance improved lowland varieties; (2) molecular markers for genes conferring resistance to biological constraints such as AfRGM; (3) IPM options for RYMV and AfRGM; (4) cultivation technology options for rice-based systems in lowlands; and (5) scientific publications. Germplasm characterization for biotic/abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and for high yield performance and good quality will be carried out on identified well-adapted genotypes. Integrated soil fertility management and studies to assess uptake pathways of technologies and impact will form part of the research approach. The project will use participatory varietal


selection (PVS) approaches for both research and extension and implement its partnership with NARS and other development networks. Regional yield trials will ensure spillover in similar agro-ecological zones across countries. The development of rice-vegetable systems is conducted as a joint project with AVRDC. The candidate options for both IPM and cultivation practices are intensively tested by NARS through the research networks (ROCARIZ and ECARRN). Economists play crucial roles in impact studies as in the case of the varietal development. Impact pathways To improve livelihoods of poor farmers by creating high productivity varieties that are resistant to major stresses, enhance NARS capacity and reduce agrochemicals use. Outputs and Activities Output 1: High yielding and stable lowland rice lines and varieties with good quality Activities 1.1 Characterize germplasm and develop breeding lines for yield, micronutrients,

resistance/tolerance to iron toxicity, RYMV, AfRGM and weeds 1.2 Participatory varietal selection (PVS) for lowland varieties 1.3 Characterization of genes and molecular markers associated with biotic stresses Output 2: Sustainable integrated crop management options for lowland rice-based systems Activities 2.1 Develop low input integrated soil fertility management options that optimize nutrient-use efficiency (nitrogen and phosphorus) 2.2 Generate IPM options for RYMV and AfRGM 2.3 Develop crop management options to alleviate Fe toxicity in watersheds Output 3: Stable and profitable crop diversification in lowland rice-based systems Activities 3.1 Develop options to exploit temporal and spatial niches for high value vegetable and

field crops to diversify the farmers’ portfolio of enterprises 3.2 Synthesize knowledge on peri-urban rice-based systems Output targets 2007

• Well adapted genotypes identified with resistance or tolerance to major rice stresses, BC1F1 and BC2F1 progenies developed and genotyped, and BC2F2 homozygous lines with resistance gene to RYMV available to NARS and evaluated

• Gene/QTLs associated with gall midge resistance identified • Habitat management strategy for AfRGM through biodiversity in Paspalum

scrobiculatum evaluated with farmers • Full biological, serological and molecular characterization of AfRGM and RYMV

isolates including isolates from East and Central Africa completed • Improved cultivars of high value vegetables are identified and made available for

testing in rice-based systems in several countries


2008 • New eco-specific varieties with resistance or tolerance to one or more of the prevalent

stresses (AfRGM, RYMV, iron toxicity, and blast) disseminated to national programs • Improved IPM strategies against RYMV and AfRGM ready to be tested with NARS • Weed-competitive NERICAs for rainfed lowland available and evaluated • Gene/QTL associated with bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance identified

2009 • Large-scale adoption of lowland NERICA by farmers in Africa • Improved IPM strategies against RYMV and AfRGM disseminated to NARS • Weed-competitive NERICAs for rainfed lowland disseminated to NARS • Improved cultivars of high value vegetables adapted to rice-based systems are

disseminated through the NARES

Beneficiaries Resource-poor lowland rice farmers cultivating inland valleys of the warm sub-humid and humid tropics of West and Central Africa, particularly those in areas with high population density. Partners

• NARES: through ROCARIZ in West and Central Africa, ECARRN in East and Central Africa, and NGOs (i.e. SG 2000) – conduct joint activities breeding, PVS, training

• CIMMYT and IITA – explore options for improved rice-maize systems for hydromorphic fringes

• AVRDC – develop integrated rice-vegetable systems • Natural Resources Institute, UK – management of weeds, nematodes and RYMV • JIRCAS and Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Japan – develop joint activities on

NRM and seeds • Cornell University, IRD, CIRAD and the John Innes Centre – biotechnological

activities • Texas A & M University – grain quality • Nihon University – physiological evaluation of WARDA’s lowland varieties

System Linkages Germplasm Collection 10% Germplasm improvement 30% Sustainable production systems 45% Policy 5% Enhancing institutions 10% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations 1a – Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops – HIGH 1b – Promoting conservation and characterization of underutilized plant genetic resources – HIGH


Priority area 2 – Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements 2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – HIGH 2b – Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – HIGH 2c – Enhancing nutritional quality and safety – HIGH 2d – Genetically enhancing selected high-value species – HIGH Priority area 3 – Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and emerging opportunities for high-value commodity and products 3a – Increasing income from fruit and vegetables – MEDIUM Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources

4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas – HIGH


5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability – MEDIUM


• Project 1 for germplasm, integrated pest/diseases and soil fertility management principles, and adoption methodology.

• Project 3 for some soil management principles and options, breeding for some stresses • Project 8: Technology generation and testing with the Economics, Natural Resources

Management, IPM and Breeding ROCARIZ Task Forces. • INGER-Africa for germplasm exchange. • IVC: Multi-scale characterization of inland valley systems; development of low cost

water management options; transfer and testing of crop and resource management technologies in specific environments.

• GRU – Evaluation of germplasm Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 2.1 2008 $ 2.2 2009 $ 2.0


Project 3: Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa Rationale Arid regions where irrigation plays an important role have the highest level of water withdrawal for agriculture. Of the 212 million hectares under cultivation in SSA, only 2% is under irrigation, yet this area supplies 10% of the agricultural production. Irrigated rice and associated production systems are generally input-intensive and market oriented. Input use levels and associated production costs are higher than for traditional rainfed rice production systems. Consequently, yield and productivity levels required to recover investment and ensure profitability of irrigated rice-based systems are much higher. Irrigated rice yield potentials are in the range of 8–10 tonnes ha-1, while actual paddy yields on farmers’ fields are 4–6 tonnes ha-1. In light of the challenges of narrowing the yield gaps, improved technologies are being generated and adapted to address the major constraints of irrigated rice-based systems. These technologies are being assembled into options for rice integrated crop management, with emphasis on medium- and small-scale producers who comprise the majority of irrigated rice farmers. Successful transfer of these options will depend on the cooperation and partnership of willing farmers and active NARES and a stable market environment supported by enabling rice development policies, including limited incentives for long-term investment by farmers in INRM. Combining crop and natural resources management will ensure sustainability and enhance productivity of the systems. The research thrust focuses on understanding the diversity of irrigated rice-based systems, and to assess the potential of improved technologies to narrow yield gaps and address the constraints on producers. As water control is key to lowland development, technologies developed for purely irrigated systems could be adapted to improving the performance of other systems along the irrigated-lowland continuum. Also, high levels and/or inappropriate use of chemical inputs and the inherent nature of irrigation farming make these systems prone to processes of environmental degradation such as water pollution, seepage, siltation, salinity, alkalinity and iron toxicity. These problems can be addressed through appropriate integration of genetic improvement and natural resource management. Improving water use efficiency can make dramatic contributions to increasing productivity and household food security, and enhance market opportunities. Finally, rice-livestock and rice-vegetable integration offer opportunities for intensification and diversification. Goal To enable farmers to harness the potential of irrigated rice-based systems in Africa by improving the productivity, sustainability and overall performance. Purpose Promote the utilization of options for integrated crop and natural resource management by farmers in a range of irrigated rice-based systems in Africa. Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The development, adaptation and uptake of improved technologies to enhance the performance of irrigated rice based systems in Africa will require a holistic approach that takes into account knowledge of the production environment and an integrated approach that will enhance performance and sustainability. Agro-socioeconomic and biophysical characterization will be undertaken to generate knowledge of the production environment in support of the development of relevant technologies, and to assess opportunities for rice-livestock and rice-vegetable integration.


This will support the process of developing options for integrated crop and natural resources management to enhance irrigated rice productivity and profitability. The integrated crop and natural resources management strategy will combine soil, water, weed, and pest/disease management strategies with improved irrigated rice varieties and post harvest technologies. Focus will be put on the dynamics of the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum to develop and adapt improved technology options to the wide range of irrigated rice production environments. The integrated crop and resources management approach will also pay special attention to addressing the problems of degradation associated with irrigated rice-based systems in Africa. Improved interspecific varieties (irrigated lowland NERICAs) will be adapted along the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum using the approach of participatory varietal selection. Impact pathways Impact pathways for the project are being addressed through an integrated approach that focuses on an iterative process of characterizing the production environment, generating relevant candidate technologies, developing options for integrated crop and natural resources management and the evaluation of impact on performance and the natural resource base. The principal outcome from output 1, ‘agro-morphological profiles of irrigated rice-based systems’, will be knowledge on the dynamics of the principal production systems. This is required for the targeting of production environments to ensure relevant and sustainable production and productivity increases from research and development efforts. Output 2, ‘improved lines and varieties for use in irrigated rice-based systems’, will deliver the required varieties to increase genetic diversity and enhance performance of irrigated rice based systems in Africa, including NERICAs for irrigated rice-based systems. From output 3 ‘integrated crop and natural resources management (ICNRM) options for improved resource-use efficiency and mitigation of degradation in irrigated rice-based systems’, relevant technology options for improving irrigated rice performance while maintaining the natural resource base will be delivered to the diverse group of irrigated rice producers in Africa. Outputs and activities Output 1: Agro-morphological characterization of irrigated rice-based systems developed Activities 1.1 Survey of irrigated rice-based systems at key sites along the intensive lowland-irrigated

continuum 1.2 On-station and on-farm validation of decision-support tools to improve resource and

nutrient use-efficiency in irrigated rice systems 1.3 Assessment of constraints and opportunities for intensification through rice-livestock and

rice-vegetable integration Output 2: Improved lines and varieties for use in irrigated rice-based systems in Africa Activities 2.1 Develop and evaluate improved inter- and intraspecific germplasm for irrigated rice-

based systems 2.2 Participatory adaptation of improved inter- and intraspecific germplasm along the

intensive lowland-irrigated continuum


Output 3: Integrated crop and natural resources management (ICNRM) options for improved resource-use efficiency and mitigation of degradation in irrigated rice-based systems Activities 3.1 Develop and adapt options for ICM along the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum 3.2 Develop technologies for integrated management of rice diseases and pests in irrigated

rice systems 3.3 Hold regional workshops on integrated crop management research and development Output targets 2007

• Improved intra- and interspecific varieties evaluated with large numbers of small-scale farmers along the water control gradient

• Options for rice integrated crop management adapted with farmers • Spatial and temporal dynamics of the intensified lowland–irrigated continuum

characterized 2008

• Improved intra- and interspecific lines evaluated with large numbers of farmers in different environments in Africa

• Losses due to RYMV vectors in irrigated rice minimized through farmer participatory learning approach

• Integrated management of BLB in irrigated ecosystem experimented 2009

• Improved interspecific varieties (irrigated lowland NERICAs) available to irrigated rice farmers in Africa

• Options for integrated management of BLB in irrigated ecosystem made available to NARS

• Options for ICM evaluated with large numbers of farmers in selected countries

Beneficiaries Principal beneficiaries will be rice-farming households and farmer organizations along the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum in West, Eastern and Central Africa, particularly those with access to purchased inputs. The predominantly women rice farmers in irrigated lowland rice-based production systems will benefit from adaptation of improved irrigated rice technologies along the water control gradient. Stakeholders and private sector actors engaged in harvest and post-harvest operations will also benefit. National research and development partners will benefit from networking, partnership and capacity development activities. Partners

• Task Forces – exchange of germplasm, regional trials, testing of technology options • NARES – technology evaluation and adaptation, farm characterization studies,

evaluation of germplasm, capacity building • Farmer Organizations – technology evaluation and adaptation, participatory analyses,

farm characterization, evaluation of germplasm • NGOs – participatory analyses, technology evaluation and adaptation, capacity

building • IRRI, CIAT – genomics, germplasm exchange, environmental degradation • Université Gaston Berger (Senegal) – validation of simulation tools, training • Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal) – training, laboratory analysis


• University of The Gambia – training • Wageningen University (the Netherlands) – adaptation of simulation tools and

environmental degradation, training • University of Georgia (USA), University of Florida (USA) – adaptation of simulation

tools • CIRAD (France) – adaptation of simulation tools, training

Role of partners in project implementation Partnership with NARES and development agencies is the modus operandi for project implementation. The mechanism includes exchange and joint field visits, preparation and implementation of joint research project proposals. Producer organizations and farmers collaborate directly in the identification of constraints and research priorities, and the implementation of on-farm adaptive research. NARS partners have principal responsibility for implementation of country level project activities. SROs and universities have a partnership role in the development and implementation of activities, including joint research projects and training. System linkages Germplasm collection 10% Germplasm improvement 30% Sustainable production systems 40% Policy 10% Enhancing institutions 10% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations

1a – Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops – HIGH 1b – Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic

resources – MEDIUM 1d – Promoting conservation of aquatic animal genetic resources – LOW


2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – HIGH 2b – Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – HIGH 2c – Enhancing nutritional quality and safety – HIGH

Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources

4b – Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livestock – HIGH 4c – Improving water productivity – HIGH 4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low and high potential

environments – HIGH





• Project 2: supply soil management principles and options, IPM • Project 5: input on policy options and institutional arrangements • Project 6: impact on environmental degradation • ROCARIZ: PVS • Project 7: rice variety evaluation along the water control gradient



Project 4: Integrated Management of Drought in Rainfed Rice Ecosystems in Africa Rationale Mean annual rainfall over the African continent is 725 mm, but harvesting this water source is difficult because of its high spatial and temporal variability. Crop failure due to drought could occur once in every five years and the risk of yield reduction due to moisture deficit is ever present. In West and Central Africa, rice cultivation presently covers 5.6 million hectares, of which more than 67% is devoted to rainfed ecosystems, mostly in the moist savanna and humid forest agro-ecological zones. In East and southern Africa the eight principal rice-producing countries currently grow around 1.7 million hectares of rice annually with more than 70% produced under rainfed conditions. In the majority of African countries smallholders extensively cultivate rice in low-input production systems and yields are generally low. Rice is particularly susceptible to drought, which is one of the major constraints in these ecosystems to increasing rice productivity, compared to other field crops such as maize, wheat and beans. Past strategies to mitigate the effects of drought on rainfed rice in Africa have focused on identifying and developing varieties with drought resistance inclusive of temporal escape from the stress by short growth duration. However, it is difficult to identify rice varieties with a sufficient level of drought tolerance, and there is still a need to screen a larger number of varieties/accessions to expand genetic sourcing to other Oryza species. Drought tolerance is a complicated process comprising various physiological mechanisms. Therefore, it is not an easy task to identify a target trait, which becomes a key selection criterion in the breeding of drought-tolerant varieties. This will in turn require the characterization of genes associated with drought tolerance in repeated experiments in different ecologies. Despite the availability of well-characterized, tolerant, short-duration materials, rainfed rice production may remain precarious and far below the potential of the new varieties. The cause of drought is not a simple function of rainfall quantity and distribution but encompasses, in particular, soil bio-physical properties that modulate the depth to which water penetrates, the amount of water stored in the soil, and the soil volume colonized by the crop’s root system. The dynamic interplay of these factors in the development of drought stress is complex and creates an array of drought environments that no single – drought tolerant – variety could address. Further research is thus required to define the role of these factors in determining drought environments and to rationalize the most important ones to permit targeted development of suitably adapted varieties. Particular emphasis is on partnership with NARS and advanced research institutions. Goal To mitigate in a sustainable manner the effects of drought in rainfed rice systems and improve food security in Africa. Purpose To provide rice farmers with integrated drought management options for enhanced productivity. Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The project will help to obtain the following International Public Goods (IPGs): 1) information on the physiological mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in the different rice species and sub-species; 2) develop markers associated to drought tolerance in O. sativa and O. glaberrima; 3) improved lines; 4) databases on drought mapping; 5) improved integrated management options; 6) training manuals, scientific publications and conference papers on new methods and new technologies.


Varietal development will be attained through multidisciplinary activities: physiological evaluation of rice germplasm for drought tolerance, characterization of genes and development of molecular markers for drought tolerance, development and evaluation of drought-tolerant germplasm for rainfed rice. In collaboration with numerous institutions in Africa, America, Europe and Asia the project will ensure that the improved germplasm will be of use not only in Africa but also in other rice consuming regions of the world. In collaboration with the WARDA GIS unit, the drought profiles for rainfed rice ecosystems will be assessed. Interactions between drought and other biotic and abiotic factors in rainfed rice ecosystems will be assessed, together with the likely impacts of climate change on drought occurrence in rainfed rice. Through active participation of students from universities in Europe and Africa we will investigate the potential for mitigating drought stress through integrated management options. We will conduct a literature review and a survey to evaluate available options and we will conduct participatory on-farm experiments backstopped by on-station experiments to test and validate the most suitable practices. Impact pathways The outcome from the research output of ‘Major drought profiles in rainfed rice characterized for Africa’ is compiled information that determines drought-prone areas and probability of occurrence in rice production zones. Such knowledge will help improve the livelihood of farmers by allowing timely deployment and implementation of measures to combat drought in such zones. The outcome from the research output of ‘Improved drought-tolerant lines and cultivars with higher and stable yield’ is the deployment in breeding programs of drought-tolerance sources and markers for drought tolerance and the development and distribution of drought-tolerant varieties with acceptable quality and good yield potential. The incomes and livelihoods of poor farmers will improve owing to the increased productivity and yield stability of drought-tolerant varieties. The outcome from the research output of ‘Integrated management options to mitigate drought’ is the identification and dissemination of proven integrated drought management options. The incomes and livelihoods of poor farmers will improve due to increased and more stable yields under drought stemming from the adoption of improved agronomic practices. The impacts generated will help to alleviate poverty and improve food security through the realization of higher and sustainable yields under drought, which in turn will sustain cropping in environmentally fragile zones. Outputs and activities Output 1: Major drought profiles in rainfed rice characterized for Africa Activities 1.1 Develop regional typology of drought profiles and associated stresses for rainfed rice

ecosystems 1.2 Assess interactions between drought and other biotic and abiotic factors in rainfed rice

ecosystems 1.3 Assess the likely impacts of climate change on drought occurrence for rainfed rice


Output 2: Improved drought-tolerant lines and cultivars with higher and stable yield Activities 2.1 Morphological and physiological evaluation of indigenous germplasm and intra- and

interspecific breeding lines for drought tolerance 2.2 Characterize genes and molecular markers for drought tolerance 2.3 Develop and evaluate drought-tolerant/resistant germplasm for rainfed rice

Output 3: Integrated management options to mitigate drought Activities 3.1 Inventory of existing cultural practices that contribute to rainfed rice yield stability

under drought 3.2 Field testing and evaluation of integrated drought management options (combining

variety and cultural practices) for rainfed rice ecosystems Output Targets 2007

• Morphological and physiological characters associated with drought tolerance confirmed and utilized in selection

• New sources of drought tolerance identified among O. glaberrima accessions and O. sativa landraces from WARDA’s GRU

• First series of 2nd backcross interspecific progenies (O. sativa x O. glaberrima – from Mali) and intraspecific drought-tolerant progenies developed

• Impact of agronomic practices on drought stress assessed in multi-site trials in SSA 2008

• Conceptual model and methodology for regional typology of drought profiles developed and validated

• Inter- and intraspecific F1 seed produced from crosses using newly identified sources of drought tolerance

• QTLs associated to drought tolerance identified • Information on ‘best-bet’ agronomic practices to mitigate drought stress disseminated

widely in sub-Saharan Africa 2009

• Regional typology of drought profiles for rainfed rice developed and documented • Elite drought-tolerant lines distributed widely in sub-Saharan Africa • CSSL lines available to breeders for regional evaluation • Superior integrated drought management options, combining variety and cultural

practices for rainfed rice ecosystems, identified for sub-Saharan Africa Partners

• CNRA (Côte d’Ivoire), IER (Mali) and CERAAS (Senegal) – cooperative activities on breeding and selection as well as physiological studies on drought tolerance

• Advanced Research Institutes: Cornell University and IRD – molecular analysis; CIRAD – system analysis and modeling

• CGIAR Centers: IRRI and CIAT – genomics and rice germplasm exchange • Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) –

cooperative activities on development of interspecific lines • ROCARIZ and ECARRN task forces – evaluation and adaptation of drought-tolerant

rice and cultural practices with NARS breeders and agronomists • Rothamsted International – on NERICA vigor


System linkages Germplasm improvement 40% Germplasm Collection 10% Sustainable production systems 30% Policy 5% Enhancing institutions 15% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations

1a – Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops – HIGH 1b – Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic

resources – HIGH


2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – HIGH 2b – Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – HIGH 2c – Enhancing nutritional quality and safety – HIGH 2d – Genetically enhancing selected high-value species – HIGH

Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources

4c – Improving water productivity – HIGH 4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential

areas – HIGH




• Project 1: Advanced breeding lines with drought QTLs introgressed • Project 6: Varieties for disaster mitigation; impacts of climate change • Networks: PVS, improved varieties and technologies dissemination

Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 0.9 2008 $ 1.0 2009 $1.0


Program 2 – Rice Policy and Development Project 5: Rice Policy and Technology Impact on Food Security and Poverty Reduction Rationale The strategy for increasing rice production in most of Africa has mainly relied on increasing yield, while neglecting the roles of policies, markets and institutions in the process of supply-to-demand adjustment. Though important, changes in national and international trade policies and their effects on domestic rice competitiveness and contribution to income and employment generation, food security and welfare have not been given adequate attention. A deeper understanding of the policy, institutional and market environment in which rice production and trade is promoted is vital in developing strategies for competitive rice sector development within a background of changes in consumer behavior that stimulate demand for local rice. Likewise, a better understanding of scaling-up strategies for post-harvest technologies will boost the sector in the region. Given the relative importance of imports and the increasing quality considerations in consumer decisions in satisfying demand for rice, it is imperative to integrate these factors in efforts to promote domestic rice sector development, reinforced also by favorable government policies. Furthermore, with less than five percent of world rice production being traded in international markets, and with major exporting countries in Asia undergoing structural changes, a dependence on imports to satisfy the rapidly growing rice demand means that African national rice economies will be exposed to unpredictable external supply and price shocks. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop a much deeper understanding of the likely scenarios for rice sector development in the region, and their poverty, economic and environmental implications. Such analysis would help in prioritizing alternative research and development investments to promote strategies for building market-driven and sustainable rice sector development in Africa. Allied directly to this is the need to systematically assess the impacts of technical and institutional changes within the rice sector, with particular emphasis on productivity, profitability and poverty at the individual, community and national levels. The availability of effective tools for archiving will greatly assist project implementation. Goal To enhance income and food security in Africa through sustainable rice sector development engendered by the widespread adoption of rice technologies, favorable policies, effective institutions and programs. Purpose Generate knowledge that supports development of demand-driven rice technologies, policies and institutions to improve livelihoods, nutrition and economic development. Impact Pathways The four outputs from this project reinforce each other and together contribute to the generation of knowledge, methodologies and strategies that support development of competitive rice production systems in SSA and thereby improve food security, incomes and economic development. Through development of a rice research database (Output 1), this project will improve availability of critical data required for research planning and priority setting. A regularly updated database also provides an opportunity to monitor research progress, establish the determinants of adoption and assess technology impacts on food security, incomes, employment and the environment. Noting the influence of international trade policies on the one hand and micro- and macro-economic policies in SSA on the other,


Output 2 provides knowledge on the effects of international and regional trade policies on domestic rice production, commercialization and trade. It also assists in identifying production and trade policies, and institutional and structural arrangements to promote the competitiveness of rice grown by smallholders. Similarly, ex-ante and ex-post impact assessment of improved post-harvest technologies generates knowledge and methodologies for scaling-up and scaling-out of innovations. Knowledge generated through this output (Output 3) can be utilized by farmers, NGOs, national extension agencies, rice millers and traders for improving post-harvest interventions, commercialization and investment decisions. Capacity building and training for NARES in socioeconomics, policy and market analysis, and impact assessment (Output 4) is critical to support research by providing the critical mass of scientists in the NARES for multi-country and regional research. Through enhancement of capacity of collaborators in the NARES, methodologies, tools and models developed by the project can be widely tested, validated and refined, thus leading to joint publications between WARDA and NARES scientists. Research outputs will be disseminated through publications, policy briefs, seminars and workshops targeted at policymakers in sub-regional and regional organizations (ECOWAS, UEMOA and AU) as well as the international scientific community. Furthermore, research outputs will be made available to organized farmers’ organizations (ROPPA, Rice Farmers’ Associations) to assist policy advocacy to enhance sustainable domestic rice production and trade, thereby promoting food security and poverty reduction in SSA. Research Approach to developing International Public Goods Research activities within this project are identified based on constraint analysis and rigorous prioritization exercises involving the NARES partners and other stakeholders. Each study is planned and implemented in several countries based on research themes and priorities defined in the WARDA Strategic Plan and MTP, respectively. The multi-country and multi-location approach to data collection adopted ensures that recommendations from the project can be scaled-up and -out to appropriate recommendation domains. Such domains could be, for example (a) production ecology (upland, lowland and irrigation), (b) scale of production (small-, medium- and large-scale) and (c) policy groupings (UEMOA and non-UEMOA countries), etc. Given that WARDA’s policy research team is charged to provide policy advice to member countries, it adopts a ‘participatory policy research approach’. This approach involves the end users of policy research in the problem identification as well as the research process. Through this participatory framework and through close collaboration with national research and development institutions, WARDA is in a position of comparative advantage to lead the implementation of rice policy research with the aim of producing practical long-term agricultural and rice sector development strategies in SSA that ensure the uptake of policy research outputs. The institutional and organizational dimensions of scaling-up post-harvest technologies will be assessed using enterprise webs and innovation system analysis.


Output and activities Output 1: Database and tools for impact assessment and priority setting Activities 1.1 Develop research database management system and use data for priority setting 1.2 Projection of demand and supply patterns of rice in Africa under various policy and

trade scenarios 1.3 Determine social, economic and environmental impacts of rice-based technological

changes at the national and regional levels 1.4 Collect and document socioeconomic and gender disaggregated baseline data on

NERICA production and marketing in East Africa and southern Africa Output 2: Rice policy options for promoting competitive rice production systems Activities 2.1 Review rice markets, trade policies and their effects on domestic rice production and

consumption in the sub-region 2.2 Appraise rice commercialization effects on rural livelihoods, gender and poverty 2.3 Assess agricultural input market policies and effects on the rice sector 2.4 Assess the effects of agricultural and trade policies on institutions and structural

arrangements for rice production, milling and marketing in West Africa Output 3: Improved post-harvest technologies and competitive rice market Activities 3.1 Assess post-harvest systems and institutions for promoting markets for quality rice in

selected countries in Africa 3.2 Assess and promote market-driven commercialization strategies for small-scale rice

enterprises 3.3 Assess the impact of domestic rice post-harvest systems and grain quality

characteristics on competitiveness 3.4 Develop and assess scaling-up strategies for post-harvest technologies Output 4: Enhanced NARES capacity in policy analysis and impact assessment Activities

4.1 Provide rice policy and technology impact information to key stakeholders in the rice sub sectors through workshops and “Rice Policy Briefs”

4.2 Assess the impact of adoption of new varieties on farmers’ livelihoods, poverty and rice biodiversity in collaboration with NARES

4.3 Develop methods to target and adapt technology components to specific biophysical, social and market conditions

4.4 Analyze effects of socio-economic and institutional constraints to lowlands development

Output targets 2007

• Framework for rice research database management developed and available for enhanced impact assessment and priority setting

• Impact of poor grain quality on domestic rice competitiveness assessed and reported • Econometric tools for impact assessment developed and made available to partners • Estimation of the diffusion, actual and potential adoption and impacts of NERICAs in

West and Central Africa as case studies completed


• Strategic tools including videos and enterprise web to plan scaling-up of post-harvest technologies developed

2008 • Econometric tools for impact assessment developed, tested with partners and available • Effects of rice commercialization on rural livelihoods, gender and poverty documented • Ex-post impact assessment of post-harvest technologies on the competitiveness of

domestic rice in WCA completed and reported • Social and economic impact of NERICA and other modern varieties in West and

Central African countries as case studies documented • Socioeconomic and gender disaggregated baseline information on NERICA

production, milling and marketing in East and Southern Africa documented • National and regional dissemination pathways of ASI thresher and rice parboiler

documented as case studies 2009

• A manual on scaling-up strategies for rice post-harvest technologies developed • Effects of agricultural and trade policies on institutions and structural arrangements for

rice production and marketing in West Africa assessed and documented • Impacts (ex-ante and ex-post) of varietal improvement on national incomes, poverty

and biodiversity in West and Central Africa assessed • Estimation of the diffusion, actual and potential adoption and impacts of NERICAs in

East and Southern Africa as case studies completed • Actual and potential impact of the NERICAs and other modern varieties on the

Millennium Development Goals assessed for West and Central Africa

System linkages Germplasm collection 0% Germplasm improvement 0% Sustainable production systems15% Policy 75% Enhancing institutions 10% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 3 – Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and emerging opportunities for high-value commodity and products 3a – Increasing income from fruit and vegetables – LOW Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources 4a – Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level – MEDIUM 4c – Improving water productivity – MEDIUM 4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas – HIGH Priority area 5 – Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 5a – Improving science and technology policies and institutions – HIGH 5b – Making international and domestic markets work for the poor – HIGH 5c – Improving rural institutions and their governance – HIGH




• Project 1: Post-harvest technologies to enhance livelihoods • Project 2: Intensification through improved market access for lowland farmers • Project 3: Understanding technical change for high returns in irrigated rice systems • Project 6: Identification of social, economic, policy and institutional factors

influencing natural resource management • IVC: Collaborating on technology transfer using PLAR methodology

Partners and their roles

• Economics Task Force of ROCARIZ in member countries – Implementation of multi-country studies

• NARS, CORAF, UEMOA, ECOWAS – Regional policy studies, and scaling up of ‘best policy practices’

• Planning Bureaus in member countries – Implementation of multi-country studies and uptake of national policies

• National Universities: UCA – National studies on dissemination pathways of post-harvest technologies

• Advanced Research Institutes: CIRAD, McGill University, Wageningen University – Development of research methodologies, models and joint publications

• Advanced Research Institutes: CIRAD, McGill University – Development of research methodologies, models and joint publications

• FAO; USAID – National and regional studies, organization of policy relevant workshops

• CGIAR Centers: IFPRI, IITA, ICRISAT, IRRI – Joint research activities, workshops and publications

• Oxfam Canada; ROPPA, Cotonou – Policy advocacy at national, regional and WTO levels

Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 0.8 2008 $0.8 2009 $ 0.8


Project 6: Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods Rationale Emerging constraints to agricultural development and food security in Africa are the impacts of both human and changing global environment influences on livelihoods. Climate change may result in profound changes for subsistence farming, including increased disease outbreaks. Rice has a key role to play in offsetting major impacts of natural and human–induced disasters and in rebuilding the livelihoods and well-being of the displaced and vulnerable, especially women and children. Recurrent conflicts and civil strife have eroded infrastructure, weakened agricultural institutions and depleted capacity for agricultural research in many parts of Africa. Increased numbers of refugees have compounded degradation of habitat and environmental resources. In Africa, agriculture is the largest provider of employment, with rice a major contributor to nutrition and a provider of rural livelihoods. However, failure to provide sufficient food and to absorb the growing population induces the migration of the youth to urban areas in search of alternative employment.

Trends in climate change, natural resource degradation, and in particular soil fertility decline, carbon sequestration, disease pandemics, dietary ailments linked to poor nutrition, and post-conflict rehabilitation are pan-African concerns. Research has consistently predicted that climate change will make extreme weather conditions – such as floods and droughts, which can erode soils and lead to crop failure – more common in Africa. Rural people in SSA rely mostly on natural resources to improve their livelihoods. With continued degradation in the quality and quantity of these natural resources, rural people will need innovative technologies on integrated soil and water management to overcome poverty and malnutrition. Through rice and rice-based technologies, WARDA can influence the recovery potential of food supply systems in conjunction with proactive governments. Rice has many advantages in agricultural restoration. The crop is adapted to diverse ecologies of SSA, and improved varieties are continually expanding its productivity, range and ability to fit into the more distinct climatic zones, which may follow climate change. Short duration growth varieties of rice are available, and the seed harvested is robust, easily stored and transportable, as well as being familiar to consumers and readily traded. Knowledge of rice cultivation and handling is widespread across gender and the continents.

Another research priority in which WARDA will play an increasing role is the development of climate models to analyze and understand the effect of climate change – e.g. cycles of flooding and drought – on rice-based livelihoods in SSA. The ultimate goal is to develop strategies that help mitigate the impact of a changing global environment on agro-ecosystems and rice-based livelihoods in SSA. Goal Contribute to mitigating the effects of a changing global environment and man-made disasters on rice-based livelihoods in SSA. Purpose Mitigate negative impact of climatic, human and environmental factors on rice-based livelihoods in farming communities in SSA. Research Approach to developing International public Goods Effects of climate, land degradation and conflicts create a vicious circle and adversely affect livelihoods in rice-based systems. This project applies an integrated approach to studying


these effects that will lead to the generation of knowledge, tools and strategies for reducing vulnerability of farming communities to the effects of climate, human and environmental shocks. Research outputs will be achieved through laboratory, field experimentation and socio-economic surveys. It will involve along agro-ecological gradients from the humid forests to the sudan-sahel savanna. Output 1 will develop and test integrated soil fertility management options. Output 2 will provide knowledge on climate change and use knowledge to develop tools and approaches to mitigate effects of climate change on livelihoods. Socio-economic, policy and institutional arrangements and their effects on land management will be elucidated through surveys and participatory policy research approaches, thus generating policy options (Output 3).

Impact pathways Many countries in SSA are continuously faced with changing environments due to factors, including soil degradation and climate change, but also human impacts such as conflict. Project 6 proposes to evaluate temporal and spatial factors of influence and develop tools for monitoring affected agro-ecologies to assist in understanding the change process and to enable more careful management of natural resources during the processes of rehabilitation.

Modern information and communication technologies used in compiling a database on changing climate and land use will greatly enhance NARS’ ability to tap the global knowledge pool. Such technologies could also help improve people’s access to services and resources, thereby empowering them and expanding their economic opportunities.

Outputs will be disseminated through publications, policy briefs and workshops targeted at policymakers in national, sub-regional and regional organizations (e.g. ECOWAS, ASARECA, UEMOA and AU). Research outputs will be made available to NARES, farmers’ organizations to underpin availability of improved land management technologies as well as promoting policy advocacy to enhance sustainable smallholder land management and enhance domestic rice production, trade and equity. Outputs and activities Output 1: Sustainable agro-ecological intensified rainfed rice-based production systems in SSA developed. Activities 1.1 Assess existing strategies for understanding degradation thresholds and evaluate

constraints and trends in production potential in rice-based systems 1.2 Evaluate soil processes determining trends in soil quality in intensified rice-based systems 1.3 Develop integrated soil fertility management options that enhance and optimize

productivity in rainfed rice-based systems Output 2: Strategies for mitigating impact of climate change on rice-based livelihoods in SSA Activities 2.1 Assess the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of rural populations 2.2 Develop strategies that mitigate the impacts of climatic change on the livelihoods of rural

populations 2.3 Regional and expert consultation workshops to develop options for rehabilitating

environmental assets for rural communities


Output 3: Enabling socio-economic, policy and institutional options for sustainable land management in rice-based systems in SSA Activities 3.1 Identify socio-economic, policy and institutional drivers for sustainable land management

in rice-based systems 3.2 Evaluate forms of farmers’ organization for sustainable land management in rice-based

systems. 3.2 Develop GIS-related tools for planning sustainable smallholder land management

interventions in rice-based systems Output targets 2007

• Tools to evaluate changing trends in degraded thresholds of rice-based systems to environmental change developed and made available to partners

• Integrated soil fertility management practices for improved sativas and NERICAs in rainfed rice-based systems developed and available to farmers

• Socio-economic, policy and institutional drivers for sustainable land management in rice-based systems identified

2008 • Conditions for reversal of over-exploited environments and strategies to improve

livelihoods of communities with degraded environments assessed and reported • Integrated soil fertility management practices for lowland NERICAs and other

improved varieties in rainfed lowlands developed and available to farmers • Evaluation of constraints and opportunities for the optimisation of productivity based

on high input use completed and documented • Manual on GIS-related decision-support tools to provide early warning system on use

of land and water resources made available to partners • Evaluation of forms of farmers’ organization for sustainable land management in rice-

based systems completed and documented 2009

• One decision support tool (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer [DSSAT] model) validated and used by partners for up-scaling of integrated soil fertility management practices across agroecological gradient.

• Manual on strategies that mitigate the impacts of climatic change on the livelihoods of rural population made available to partners

• Drought/flooding incidence in at least two countries in West Africa using historic and current satellite data completed and reported

• Rice sector vulnerability to climatic change spatial information system mapped • GIS-related tools for planning sustainable smallholder land and water management

interventions in rice-based systems developed. • Impact of climatic change on rice-based systems in at least two countries in SSA

assessed

System linkages Germplasm Collection 10% Germplasm improvement 0% Sustainable production systems 50% Policy 25% Enhancing institutions 15%


Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations

1a – Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops – MEDIUM Priority area 2 – Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements

2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – LOW 2b – Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – HIGH 2c – Enhancing nutritional quality and safety – LOW

Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources 4a – Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level – MEDIUM 4c – Improving water productivity – LOW 4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas – HIGH

Priority area 5 – Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support

sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 5a – Improving science and technology policies and institutions – HIGH 5c – Improving rural institutions and their governance – LOW 5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability – HIGH

Partners and their roles

• NARES in post-conflict Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Angola and Congo DRC – to evaluate germplasm accessions for their adaptability to local stresses

• Advanced Research Institutes/universities: Wageningen University (WUR); International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) – scientific backstopping in remote sensing and GIS-based research on climate change, provision of PhD students.

• Regional institutions: AGRHYMET is the regional center for early warning, climatology, land use and, land cover studies – the most important partner in providing raw and processed remote sensing and climate data.

• CGIAR centers: IWMI – experience on irrigated area mapping (global scale) as well as rice system mapping (regional scale) will assist in creating a rice map of Africa as well as a rice monitoring system. IITA and TSBF/CIAT – experience in developing ISFM packages for maize. IITA will provide legume germplasm. IAEA will assist in isotope studies on nutrient-use efficiency.

• FAO and the Famine Early Warning System Networks (FEWS)/ USAID are the providers of famine early warning on a global scale as well as on a regional scale in collaboration with AGRHYMET. They will be included in the discussion to determine those data gaps for early warning systems that can be filled by WARDA.


• Project 1: Enhancing productivity and stability of upland rice-based system - for screening germplasm

• Project 2: Sustainable intensification of lowland rice-based systems – for screening germplasm


• Project 4: Integrated management of drought in rainfed rice ecosystems in Africa – for profiling of drought-prone environment

• Project 5: Rice policy and technology impact on food security and poverty reduction – socio-economics, policy and institutional arrangements

• Project 7: Partnership through networks – Methodologies and platforms for up-scaling technologies



Project 7: Partnership through Networks Networks ARI (African Rice Initiative), ECARRN (East, Central and Southern Africa Rice Research Network) and ROCARIZ (Réseau ouest et centre africain du riz) Rationale Partnerships are a fundamental requirement for developing collaborative activities that provide holistic approaches to INRM problem solving, as well as for testing, adapting and diffusing technologies rapidly across Africa, primarily through a participatory approach. The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) is unique in forging partnerships with NARES, which might otherwise be left in an intellectual and professional vacuum isolated from international research efforts and from their extension counterparts in other African countries. At the same time, a range of NGOs, SROs, development agencies and farmers’ groups is increasingly becoming the vehicle for transformation of rural communities. The private sector (traders, processors and agricultural input agents, and multinationals) is also beginning to play an important role in technology development, testing, marketing and adoption. Partnerships bring these diverse interests together to create synergies and contribute to greater efficiencies in access to knowledge and resource mobilization for research. Technologies targeting rice production systems in Africa should consider the complex, diverse and dynamic nature of the conditions under which rice is produced in any given ecology. Significant adaptation is needed for technological changes and methodological approaches if they are to fit the diverse stakeholders and institutions. Ideally placed to fulfill this adaptive role are rice research and development networks such as ARI, ECARRN and ROCARIZ. Through networking, resource-use and research efficiencies will be enhanced, capacity building improved, and rapid and efficient technology dissemination to end-users made easier. WARDA, in partnership with ASARECA, has put in place rice networks for eastern and central Africa while continuing to strengthen collaboration with CORAF/WECARD in West and Central Africa (WCA). ROCARIZ is a WARDA/WECARD (CORAF)/NARES rice research and development network for WCA that generates, tests and transfers relevant rice-based technologies to end-users of research results through its network Task Forces. WARDA regional taskforces were merged in 2000 with CORAF’s rice networks to form ROCARIZ, which is now well established as the primary mechanism for regional collaboration in rice research and development in WCA. However, not all networks are exclusively research-oriented. The African Rice Initiative (ARI) was created to ensure a rapid dissemination of NERICAs and complementary technologies to meet the increasing demand for rice across SSA. Central to ARI is the establishment of stakeholders’ platforms and new forms of partnership to put rice producers, processors and retailers in direct contact with research and other actors within the rice development sector. ARI recorded an array of interesting results in 2005, notably more than 2000 tonnes of seeds were recorded in seven pilot countries. The launch of the East, Central and Southern Africa Rice Research Network (ECARRN), with a coordinator based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is enhancing the dissemination of WARDA-generated and other improved rice technologies. Goal To improve livelihoods in rural and urban populations through strengthened partnerships and capacity, and dissemination of improved technologies.


Purpose To generate and improve dissemination of improved technologies for use by farmers and NARES for enhanced livelihoods. Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The expected IPGs in Project 7 are: (1) advanced forms of partnership to enhance the conduct of PVS; (2) options and implementation strategies for effective rice seed systems; (3) seed system strategies for effective delivery; (4) knowledge and tools for effectiveness and efficiency of participatory research approaches; (5) improved upland and lowland NERICAs (6) breeder seeds and their production methodologies;; (7) post-harvest and processing technologies; (8) peer-reviewed publications IPGs 1-3 will be developed in collaboration with other WARDA projects, NGOs and the NARS. Where necessary, external resource persons will be used. The results will be shared with the international community through workshops, training, reports and on the WARDA web site. Participatory approaches (IPG4) will be used to make improved upland and lowland NERICAs (IPG5) available to end-users throughout SSA, while breeder’s seeds as well as their production and maintenance technologies are transferred to NARS through training (IPG6). The empowerment of women has always been a key element of Project 7 and post-harvest technologies, including processing techniques and recipes for NERICA-based processed products, are transferred to women through training and exhibitions (IPG7). NERICA passport data and peer-reviewed journal articles are shared with the international community (IPG8). Impact pathways Networks are acting as brokers between research and end-users. By transferring improved technologies such as NERICA to farmers, networks are contributing to the improvement of their livelihoods through the attainment of higher yields and reduced labour due to earliness and weed competitiveness of NERICAs. Earliness also offers the opportunity of harvesting more than one crop in a year. NERICA also offers additional market opportunities, especially for women seed producers, with the income generated used for educating children and alleviating poverty. High protein content of NERICAs ensures that their consumption will improve health and reduce childhood mortality and morbidity. Expanded know-how in seed production and delivery will improve yields and overall production with positive impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. Outputs and activities Output 1: Networks of partnerships and platforms established to promote national rice sector development Activities 1.1 Catalyze the formation of national rice stakeholders’ platforms from researchers,

universities, NGOs, the private sector, extension services and farmers 1.2 Enable linkages and interactions between national networks for knowledge sharing and

programmatic alignment 1.3 Promote national policy dialogue for competitive rice sector development


Output 2: Rice technologies developed, validated and disseminated by national partners Activities 2.1 Facilitate the production and dissemination of breeder and foundation seeds of

NERICAs and other improved rice varieties 2.2 Test and disseminate NERICAs and other improved rice varieties 2.3 Enable the development, evaluation and dissemination of rice technologies including

IPM, ISFM, ICM, post-harvest and processing technologies Output 3: Enhanced capacity building for NARES and other stakeholders Activities 3.1 Facilitate national and sub-regional research planning and priority setting for rice sector

development 3.2 Promote and facilitate training in participatory approaches including PVS and PLAR 3.3 Promote and facilitate training in post-harvest and processing technologies 3.4 Organize workshops for the dissemination of technical knowledge and information 3.5 Capacity building on seed production and seed enterprise development Output targets 2007

• Videos on novel post-harvest practices developed and disseminated • New forms of partnership identified and knowledge and tools for improving

effectiveness and efficiency to enhance the conduct of participatory research developed

2008 • Rice knowledge and information tool kits developed to trigger location-specific

innovations • Improved complementary technologies, including modes of participatory research,

promoted and used by end-users • Options and implementation strategies for effective rice seed systems through

networks and platforms developed 2009 • Publications on NERICA passport data, complementary technologies and rice seed

systems in Africa published • Capacity of 10 NARS on technology testing and on impact/adoption and policy research

enhanced • Better understanding of the contributions of networks and platforms to ICM Beneficiaries Smallholder rice farmers, small-, medium- and large-scale processors, rural and urban dwellers, NGOs and NARES throughout Africa Partners and their roles

• National institutions: ANADER, CNRA, OVDL, NARI, LADEP, CRI, MOFA, IRAG, SNPRV, INRAB, INERA, IRAD, DGRST, IRAF, NARI, CSIR, SARI, IRAG, INPA, IER, CNRADA, INRAN, NCRI, ISRA, NARCC, RRS, ITRA, FOFIFA, NARO, KARI, NARES and rice farmer groups and the private sector in SSA – provision of facilities and human resources for technology testing and methodology approaches.

• Universities – contribute to high-level capacity building.


• SROs (FARA, CORAF, ASARECA) – facilitation of the policy framework for research and dissemination

System Linkages Germplasm collection 5% Germplasm improvement 20% Sustainable production systems 25% Policy 5% Enhancing Institutions 45% Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities Priority area 1 – Sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations

1a – Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops – HIGH


2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – HIGH


5a – Improving science and technology policies and institutions – HIGH

5c – Improving rural institutions and their governance – HIGH 5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and

vulnerability – MEDIUM Linkages to other WARDA projects Project 2: technology generation and testing Projects 1, 3 and 4: PVS, dissemination of NERICAs and improved varieties Project 5: through the ROCARIZ Economics task force Project 6: distribution of emergency seed packages Project 7: development of PLAR methodology Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 2.2 2008 $ 2.2 2009 $ 2.2


ANNEX B The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agro-ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) Introduction The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agro-ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa or the Inland Valley Consortium (IVC) was established in 1993 to respond to social and environmental challenges in West Africa, related to poverty and food security on the one hand and degradation of the natural resource base on the other. It was one of the first ecoregional programs of the CGIAR; IVC became fully operational in 1994 with the arrival of a full-time coordinator. Membership grew gradually from an initial seven to a total of 12 West African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Togo). Presently, five CG centers are involved [Africa Rice Center (WARDA), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), and WorldFish Center)] as well as five international research and development institutions [West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR) and the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC)]. During Phase 1 of the IVC (1994-1999), extensive biophysical and socio-economic characterization work was executed at 18 key sites. In 2000 the second phase of the Consortium started. In this phase, IVC project activities were integrated into WARDA’s Program 3 (Rice Policy and Development). Research objectives in Phase II (2000-2004) focused on four main themes: Characterization of inland valley land use dynamics; Development and evaluation of technologies for improved production systems and natural resources management; Socio-economic and policy aspects of improvements in inland valley land use systems, and technology dissemination processes and impact pathways for inland valley development. In September 2004, IVC was evaluated externally for the third time in its history. Recommendations from this Center-commissioned External Review (CCER) served as a guideline for the framework of the Strategic Plan for IVC Phase 3. The stakeholders used the CCER recommendations as guidelines for drafting the new strategic plan at the annual workshop in April 2005. The draft was presented to the Consortium Management Committee in September 2005. The stakeholders identified four main research themes for Phase 3: 1) increasing inland valley productivity, 2) mitigating negative impacts affecting ecosystem services, 3) benefits from past achievements and transfer of technologies, including local innovations, and 4) systematic stakeholder capacity building. The new MTP outputs presented below are based on these research themes. The draft of the new stand-alone MTP was presented to the Annual Workshop in Serekunda, The Gambia, in May 2006 and approved by the Consortium Steering Committee. Rationale Nearly half of sub-Saharan Africa’s 700 million people live below the poverty line. With population growth rate exceeding the growth rate of regional food production, the future for Africa’s poor remains precarious. Besides food insecurity and widespread poverty in SSA environmental problems are becoming increasingly dramatic, differentiated by depletion and degradation of natural resources. Cultivated soils are losing their inherent fertility and are subject to erosion due to over-exploitation and inappropriate land management practices. Tropical forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate to meet the increasing demands for arable land, fodder and fuel wood. However, a promising and largely unexploited land resource is the estimated 190 million ha of inland valleys (also referred to as bas-fonds,


wetlands, dambos, swamps, fadamas, vleis, etc.) Inland valleys are defined as the upper reaches of river systems. An inland valley comprises valley bottoms and minor floodplains, which may be submerged for part of the year, their hydromorphic fringes and contiguous upland slopes and crests that contribute runoff and seepage to the valley bottom. Depending on the country, only about 10-25% of these inland valley lowlands are currently used for agricultural production. Since its inception 12 years ago, IVC has gained substantial experience in understanding and managing the inland valleys in WCA. Considerable progress has been made in documenting low-cost water management technologies and developing information systems and decision support tools for the exploitation of inland valleys. The time is opportune to benefit from this experience and concentrate on transfer of the acquired knowledge. For technology transfer IVC adopted the Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) methodology, which was developed through consultation with an IFAD-supported project (Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of technologies for rice-based Systems). IVC continues to collaborate with WARDA on PLAR methodology development with special emphasis on integrated natural resource management. This provides a strong foundation for expanding IVC activities into east and southern Africa with the benefit of continued political will and a willingness of communities to work cooperatively in the exploitation of inland valleys and wetlands. A wise and sustainable use of natural resources and functions of wetlands offers a prime opportunity to assure the food and environmental security of significant numbers of the rural poor. IVC has comparative advantage, and is playing a role in the Challenge Programs on SSA as well as Water and Food. In the next five years IVC will continue to focus on value-adding integrated systems such as crop-livestock, rice-fish culture, and to pay greater attention to biodiversity issues with the continued active help of the NARS and the donor community. Goal To improve the livelihood of rural communities through the adoption and use of sustainable technologies fulfilling the production potential of the inland valleys in SSA Purpose To develop appropriate technologies helping farmers to profitably increase productivity of inland valleys, while conserving the environment and biodiversity Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The International Public Goods (IPGs) of the IVC can be classified in six general categories: decision-making tools (1), policy recommendations (2), databases (3), agricultural technologies (4), manuals, training modules and fact sheets (5) and scientific publications (6). The decision-making tools and policy recommendations apply (IPGs 1-2) to the complex issues of inland valley development. They involve various disciplines (e.g. from hydrology to economics) and hierarchical levels (from farm household to the central government) and require fundamental considerations (e.g. natural biodiversity versus crop intensification; complete or partial development). These tools and recommendations will be the principal outcomes of various research endeavors and symposia and workshops with national and international participation. Through field studies, inland valleys of different agro-climatic zones are selected and farmers, village chiefs, local or regional decision-makers, professionals from NGOs, NARES and bilateral development agencies are interviewed and confronted with different scenarios. By means of geographic information on inland valleys, potentially suitable or vulnerable valleys may be identified. This GIS database can be combined with information on


perceptions of stakeholders and development trajectories to create a powerful tool. Tools and recommendations will be made public through symposia, websites and dissemination of publications and CD’s. The databases (IPG 3) are the results of biophysical and socio-economic characterizations of inland valleys carried out by national consortium members, geographic information from satellite images and GPS measurements, and meteorological information from partner institutes. These databases can be made publicly available through the IVC website. Agricultural technologies (IPG 4) and improved farm practices will be developed, tested and validated through various experimental studies. For the development and testing of these technologies, participatory on-farm research will be backstopped by controlled on-station experiments. The technologies will be validated through multi-location, on-farm trials with a broad selection of farmers. The principal methodology used throughout this process will be the Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) developed by WARDA. The new and validated technologies and farm practices will be disseminated through manuals, (PLAR) training modules, fact sheets, workshops, symposia proceedings and scientific publications (IPGs 5-6). Those materials will be made easily available to farmers, extension services and research centers. Impact pathways Four outputs are used to ascertain maximum impact of the consortium activities. The outcome of the increase in inland valley agro-ecosystems productivity (output 1) is adoption of more profitable technologies leading to food security and poverty alleviation. The mitigation of negative impact on environmental services (output 2) has the adoption of recommendations for an environmentally-sound inland valley management as outcome, leading to a more sustainable environment. The transfer of past achievements and local innovations (output 3) capitalizes on available knowledge within IVC as well as within the inland valley communities optimizing the impact through the availability of appropriate and familiar land use technologies and inland valley development options. Capacity enhancement of inland valley stakeholders (output 4) is safeguarding the sustainability of the project efforts through increased expertise on inland valley development. Outputs and activities Output 1: Productivity of inland valley agro-ecosystems increased Activities 1.1 Developing improved crop and natural resources management technologies 1.2 Optimising natural resources use through adoption of integrated systems 1.3 Improved income security through farm diversification 1.4 Formulating policies for sustainable inland valley development Output 2: Negative impacts affecting ecosystem services mitigated Activities 2.1 Evaluating local management of biodiversity as a common resource 2.2 Testing alternatives for agrochemical use and their impact 2.3 Anticipating the effect of climate change on inland valley management 2.4 Formulating policies for environmentally-sound inland valley practices


Output 3: Past achievements and local innovations transferred Activities 3.1 Disseminating project results for adding value to past achievements 3.2 Developing databases and decision making tools for inland valley development 3.3 Promoting participatory learning and action research for INRM in inland valleys 3.4 Identifying, testing and up-scaling of promising local innovations Output 4: Capacity of inland valley stakeholders enhanced Activities 4.1 Strengthening collaboration between NARES and International Institutes 4.2 Organizing capacity enhancing training workshops 4.3 Promoting systematic degree training of IVC stakeholders Output Targets 2007

• Water productivity of the Niger in Mali assessed and documented • Stakeholder perception study on inland valley biodiversity published • Local innovations on weed management documented

2008 • Weed competitiveness study of lowland NERICAs published • Dynamics of inland valley land use and vegetation cover mapped • Video and PLAR modules on weed management developed • Capacity-enhancing training workshops organized

2009 • Validation report for community-based fish culture in shared water bodies published • Effective no-herbicide weed control strategies developed • Two new PLAR modules on tree crop management developed and validated • Symposium proceedings published

Beneficiaries Inland valley stakeholders, NARES, NGOs, local government workers and policymakers. Partners and their roles Five CGIAR centers are members of IVC: Africa Rice Center as convening center, IITA, ILRI, IWMI and WorldFish. All centers participate in the annual workshop at which activities are planned, and are linked to IVC by collaborative existing or future projects. Special projects – such as the Community-based Fish Culture Project (see below) in Mali; Inland Valley Database development in Benin, Guinea and Togo; Improved Varieties in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria; and the Lowland Development Trajectories Project in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Togo – are coordinated or executed by the IVC members. The following NARES are members of IVC: INRAB in Benin; INERA in Burkina Faso; IRAD in Cameroon; CNRA in Côte d’Ivoire; SARI and CRI in Ghana; IRAG in Guinea; IER in Mali; NCRI in Nigeria; LWDD in Sierra Leone; ISRA in Senegal; IRAT in Togo; and NARI in The Gambia.


The sub-regional organization CORAF, the UN organization FAO and the ARIs CIRAD, ITC, Wageningen UR and The World Vegetable Center are international members of IVC. They participate in research planning, project formulation and capacity building of the national members. Linkages to Challenge Programs WorldFish is partner with IFPRI in the CP Water and Food project “Community-based fish culture in irrigation systems and seasonal floodplains”; IWMI is partner in a proposal called “Decision support for agricultural development, capacity building and investment strategies across the Volta and Niger basins with special reference to informal smallholder irrigation”; and IITA and ILRI are partners in the CP SSA proposal called “Enhancing sustainable smallholder land management to improve rural incomes and livelihoods in NGS of KKM PLS”. New Initiatives A new collaborative project called “Promoting ant-based pest control in tree crops in West-Africa” has started in 2006. The project focuses on ways to reduce pesticide use while enhancing biodiversity and improving farmers’ livelihood in inland valleys and other tree-growing areas of Africa and fits well in activity 2 of output 2. It is a new collaboration between IVC and WARDA, IITA, the Universities of Parakou and Abomey-Calavi in Benin and IRAG in Guinea. Synergy between IVC and the Africa Rice Center There is a strong synergy between IVC and the convening center. The collaboration materializes between IVC and WARDA’s MTP Project 2, 5, 6 and 7. IVC adopted WARDA’s Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) as methodology to transfer inland valley technologies. PLAR was developed in close collaboration with another project at the Africa Rice Center called the Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of technologies for rice-based Systems (PADS). Linkages to WARDA projects • Project 2: use of improved technologies for testing/dissemination in lowlands • Project 5: PADS Phase II: use of PLAR methodology for technology transfer • Project 6: impact of environmental degradation and climate change • Project 7: ROCARIZ Taskforce on NRM and Technology Transfer CGIAR System Research Priorities Priority area 2 – Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic

improvements 2a – Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples – MEDIUM 2b – Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stresses – MEDIUM

Priority area 3 – Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and

emerging opportunities for high-value commodities and products 3a – Increasing income from fruit and vegetables – HIGH 3b – Increasing income from livestock – HIGH

3c – Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture – HIGH

3d – Sustainable income generation from forests and trees – HIGH


Priority area 4 – Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources 4a –Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level –

HIGH 4b – Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods – HIGH 4c – Improving water productivity – HIGH 4d – Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential

environments – HIGH Priority area 5 – Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support

sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and

vulnerability – HIGH

Millennium Development Goals IVC contributes to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by addressing MDG 1, 3, 7 and 8. As a result of working on development pathways in the poorest countries of the world, the IVC contribution to MDG 1 speaks for itself. The vast majority of farmers in inland valleys are women. By training these women farmers, IVC contributes to their empowerment and, therefore, to MDG 3. Theme 3 of the new Strategic Plan addresses the effects of inland valley development on biodiversity and the environment (MDG 7), while developing partnerships (MDG 8) is the backbone of IVC. The intervention area of IVC to contribute to the CGIAR System Research Priorities and Millennium Development Goals.

Millennium Development Goals CGIAR System Priorities

1 2 3 4 5 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger + ++ ++ ++ ++ 2 Achieve universal primary education 3 Promote gender equality and empower women ++ ++ ++ ++ 4 Reduce child mortality + + + + + 5 Improve maternal health + + + + + 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases ++ ++ 7 Ensure environmental sustainability ++ ++ + + ++ 8 Develop a global partnership for development ++ + ++ ++

System linkages Germplasm collection 5% Germplasm improvement 5% Sustainable production systems 40% Policy 25% Enhancing institutions 25% Budget (US$ million) 2007 $ 1.7 2008 $ 1.8 2009 $ 1.8


ANNEX C Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) Rationale The HIV/AIDS pandemic is no longer just a health issue, but has become a major disaster that threatens all economic, social and political development. Sub-Saharan Africa has been the region worst hit by the pandemic, with over 25 million people living with the disease, which is depriving people of the means to obtain their main livelihood from agriculture. FAO estimated that 7 million agricultural workers have been killed by AIDS and projected that 16 million more deaths would occur in SSA by 2020. The statistics shows that the virus is taking a toll on the most productive segments (15-49 years) of the population. As the largest employer in Africa, agriculture is particularly affected. The labor force is severely impaired because of death or illness of individuals. Farming families suffer from loss of labor and subsequent loss of income; the poorest find it difficult to produce enough food to subsist on. The response of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been to launch the Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on food security, nutrition and economic development through agricultural research and development. One main challenge is in creating awareness, not on HIV/AIDS but on the fact that those institutions in agriculture, rural development, etc are important, and they can play a role in the collective effort to mitigate the further spread of the disease. The CGIAR-supported centers in SSA aim to use their comparative advantage, through being represented in almost every country in close contact with rural communities, to contribute in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Through research, the SWIHA will generate knowledge on the linkages between the pandemic and agriculture, develop policies and strategies to mitigate the effect of the pandemic on rural livelihoods, and tool kits of methodologies and training manuals to support research and for capacity building. Objectives of SWIHA

1. To understand and communicate the bi-directional links between HIV/AIDS and agricultural production systems, natural resource use, food and nutritional security to a wide range of decision makers;

2. Set up efforts in information sharing and capacity development for sub-regional response in the context of HIV/AIDS and food security;

3. Identify and disseminate innovative gender-sensitive polices, technologies and methodologies from CGIAR centers to vulnerable groups and communities in the region at risk to the impact of HIV/AIDS;

4. Ensuring that CGIAR Centers have best workplace practices for their workforces, which can serve as role models for national systems.

5. Involving the CGIAR Centers in efforts aimed at mitigating and preventing the spread of AIDS, including support to relevant research agendas, selection and improvement of practices that improve human nutrition and health.

Governance arrangements SWIHA was initiated by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and has the official status of a CGIAR-Future Harvest Systemwide Initiative,


created to bring together the expertise of the 15 agricultural research centers. SWIHA is an international program, open to all participants with an interest in HIV/AIDS and Agriculture. Steering Committee SWIHA activities are directed by a Steering Committee. This is a decision-making body comprising nominated members from partner institutions. The committee elects a Chair from among its participating institutions. The SC assists the SWIHA secretariat in fundraising and annual budget and workplan approval. Other responsibilities of the SC as outlined in the SWIHA framework include:

• Providing strategic guidance and oversight of SWIHA activities • Representing SWIHA in discussions with donors, interested parties and the media • Promoting the development, methodology, activities and technologies of SWIHA

The SC is expected to meet once a year, with in-between tele-conferences and e-mail exchanges on matters of common interest. The coordinator represents the initiative on a continuous basis. The committee elects a chair that serves for three years. SWIHA Secretariat The SWIHA secretariat is responsible for the overall coordination and implementation of SWIHA activities. The secretariat consists of a full-time coordinator, who is employed by the convening institute, WARDA. The secretariat has major responsibilities in the management of SWIHA activities, including fundraising, formulation of calls for proposals, organizing workshops and conferences, information gathering and sharing among partners. Thematic working groups These comprise scientists and practitioners from the partner organizations, and are responsible for identifying constraints and activities for which SWIHA intervention is required and which will provide the greatest value. They also help in setting priorities and fundraising through joint proposals for specific thematic and regional activities. SWIHA works closely with the Africa Network on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (ANEHA), particularly with the ANEHA country focal points for implementing agreed activities. Summary of Achievements in 2005 1 Partnership Partnerships are essential to SWIHA, which has continued to enlist new partners in its activities. Various stakeholders were informed on how the CGIAR can contribute to the debate on HIV/AIDS and agriculture and its mitigation. In Benin and other West African countries, SWIHA developed working relationships with the national HIV/AIDS programs. This was evident in the participation of a number of organizations – national, regional and international – in the 2005 regional workshop. 2 Linkages and collaboration with Advanced Research Institutions (ARI)

SWIHA established collaborative working relationships with CABI and several NARES. A joint SWIHA-CABI proposal was developed and submitted to donors. An English-language training manual on Positive Living is now being translated into French for training use in French-speaking West African countries as a joint collaborative effort between the two institutions.


3 Workplace policy and sensitization SWIHA organized regular workplace sensitization meetings. Medical doctors have interacted with staff at WARDA and IITA Benin to sensitize them about the extent and seriousness of HIV/AIDS in general and in Benin, in particular. It informed staff about the health care system in Benin and also provided an analysis of health centers and doctors with various medical specialties in Benin. 4 British Association (BA) Festival of Science As part of the public awareness of HIV/AIDS activities at WARDA, SWIHA was invited to present a paper at the BA Festival of Science from 7–9 September 2005. In a special session on ‘Africa’s Rainbow Revolution’, the meeting highlighted Science and African Development – What can science do to tackle hunger in Africa? The SWIHA Coordinator presented on Impact of HIV/AIDS on Africa Agriculture, and also participated in many media conferences and interviews. 5 Priority setting and collaboration A SSA Regional Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture and Nutrition was organized in Cotonou, Benin from 18–20 July 2005 with the theme HIV/AIDS and Agriculture: Implications for Food Security in West and Central Africa. The workshop brought together more than 77 people, including experts representing national, regional, international and non-governmental and donor organizations with involvement in various disciplines, agricultural R&D, health, nutrition, extension, sociology, gender and policy with a focus on HIV/AIDS in SSA. This workshop provided an opportunity to all stakeholders to share in the rapidly expanding body of research and operational experience in this area, which can serve as a platform for strengthening future collaborations. It also deepened understanding of the interactions between health, HIV/AIDS, agriculture and food security. It was generally acknowledged that agriculture and food security should be used as the entry points for increasing resilience and creating awareness about the pandemic. A number of negative impacts of HIV/AIDS on agriculture and food security were identified. These included, but were not limited to the decrease in agricultural labor; the decrease in cultivated areas; reduction of income generating activities for women; decrease in livestock; decrease in available food stocks in quantity and quality; decrease in productivity; decrease in farm revenues; utilization of savings and livestock to finance care and funerals; decrease in the number of producers; increase in food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty; modification of the structure of household composition; and degradation of community services which are public goods. Goal Contribute to mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS pandemic and nutrition on agriculture, livelihoods and food security in rural areas in SSA. Purpose To provide policymakers and agricultural communities with ways to mitigate the negative effects of HIV/AIDS on agriculture, rural livelihoods and food security.


Research Approach to developing International Public Goods The underpinning research agenda of SWIHA is based on priorities identified by participating centers as well as associated stakeholders. In implementing the research activities, new multi-location and multi-country studies are given priority and the results thus generated can be used first for developing regional interventions and secondly, transplanted to similar recommendation domains elsewhere. Research outputs are targeted for publication in peer-reviewed journals to make findings widely available to the research community, policy makers, health and development workers.

In particular, SWIHA research produces the following IPGs: (a) innovation/knowledge about the linkages between HIV/AIDS and agriculture; (b) training manual and modules to be used by health and development workers; (c) strategies for improving health and for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in agriculture and rural development; (d) HIV/AIDS communication strategies; and (e) policy recommendations/documents.

These IPGs will be obtained through various research endeavors, workshops/and or symposia with national and international participation. Impact pathways Development of an efficient coordination and information-sharing mechanism that will bring CGIAR scientists, health development agencies and medical practitioners together for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in rural development. Coordination and information sharing will be enhanced through regular targeted thematic workshops/conferences, a website and newsletters. Research results from this project will be made available to policymakers through workshops, newsletters and short communications. Regular training will be provided to Africans for improving capacity for assessing HIV/AIDS impacts and for developing strategies and programs for enhancing livelihoods and incomes of people and communities at risk of the pandemic, thus leading to reduction of infections and of the pandemic spread. Outputs and Activities Output 1: Efficient and better coordinated response of research and development institutions to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on agriculture

Activities 1.1 Set up and strengthen partnerships between CGIAR centers and non-research institutions

working on HIV/AIDS in SSA

1.2 Strengthen stakeholder groups to identify priorities and strategies for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in crop, livestock, fishery and forestry sub-sector development programs

1.3 Identify opportunities for stakeholders to scale-out and scale-up successful research and development experiences.

1.4 Facilitate stakeholder groups to set up sub-regional/institutional coordination nodes for promoting information exchange and compliance of governance structure.


Output 2: Livelihoods of agricultural communities and vulnerable people diversified and improved Activities 2.1 Identify and promote interventions for improving rural livelihoods in the face of

HIV/AIDS 2.2 Identify and promote appropriate labor-saving and productivity-enhancing technologies in

communities vulnerable to HIV/AIDS 2.3 Assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural communities and disseminate information to

stakeholders 2.4 Assess methodologies for understanding the linkages between HIV/AIDS and agriculture

and strategies for mitigating its negative impacts on rural communities. Output 3: Nutrition and diets of HIV/AIDS-vulnerable rural communities improved Activities 3.1 Identify and assess perceptions about control of HIV/AIDS in rural communities 3.2 Develop alternative nutrition strategy for improved health of HIV/AIDS vulnerable

communities Output 4: Information and communication models for effective interventions in

agriculture and nutrition management developed and promoted Activities 4.1 Develop guidelines and training manuals on Positive Living for PLWAs and trainers

based on successful cases and experiences 4.2 Provide training for researchers and extension personnel on methodologies for studying

the effects of HIV/AIDS on agriculture and rural livelihoods 4.3 Develop mechanisms for scaling-out and -up of proven technologies and suitable

nutrition for HIV/AIDS-vulnerable communities and PLWAs 4.4 Identify and promote best communication approaches for various stakeholder categories Output targets 2007

• Study on impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production completed • Priority research and development interventions for rural communities dependent on

cash crop and vegetable farming, fish, livestock or forest resources identified • Guidelines and training manuals on Positive Living for trainers developed • Perceptions about nutrition and control of HIV/AIDS in rural areas identified

2008 • Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about HIV/AIDS in rural communities assessed

and information published • A tool kit of participatory methodologies for studying the linkages between

HIV/AIDS and agriculture developed and published • The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural communities assessed and published • Guidelines and training manuals on Positive Living for PLWAs and trainers

developed and published


2009 • Nutrition strategy for improving the health of vulnerable groups to HIV/AIDS

developed • Mechanisms for scaling-out and -up of proven technologies and suitable nutrition for

HIV/AIDS-vulnerable communities and PLWAs developed • Collaborators from NARES trained on participatory methodologies for studying the

effects of HIV/AIDS on agriculture • An effective communication strategy for rural communities for mitigating HIV/AIDS

and its effects on livelihoods developed Beneficiaries HIV/AIDS rural and urban smallholder farmers, NARES, NGOs and policymakers, with particular reference to women, young girls and youth. Contribution of SWIHA to CG-System Priorities and Millennium Development Goals

(a) Alignment with CGIAR System Priorities

SWIHA research activities are aligned with the CGIAR Systemwide Priorities (SP). In particular, SWIHA research outputs contribute to SP4 and SP5 as follows:

Priority area 4 – Poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources

4a – Integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level – HIGH 4b – Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystem for food and livestock – HIGH 4c – Improving water productivity – MEDIUM 4d – Sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas – HIGH

Priority area 5: Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support

sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 5a – Science and technology policies and institutions – LOW 5b – Making international and domestic markets work for the poor – MEDIUM 5c – Rural institutions and their governance – HIGH 5d – Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability

– HIGH

(b) Contribution to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Given the established linkages between extreme poverty and HIV/AIDS, SWIHA contributes to the MDG 1 – eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. SWIHA contributes to MDG 2 – achieving universal basic education – by creating awareness and developing mitigation strategies, thus reducing the incidence of orphanhood, which prevents a significant number of children from attending school. SWIHA also contributes to MDG 3 – promoting gender equality and empowering women – and to MDG 4 – reduce child mortality – through its work on identifying and developing laborsaving devices, nutrition strategies and diets.


System linkages Germplasm collection 0% Germplasm improvement 0% Sustainable production systems 15% Policy 65% Enhancing institutions 20% Linkages to other WARDA projects

• Project 1: Improved, nutritionally enhanced staples • Project 2: Labor-saving technologies • Project 3: Promoting indigenous and innovative knowledge bank on irrigated systems • Project 5: Policies and strategies for managing the impact of HIV/AIDS on agriculture • Project 6: Minimising vulnerability through improved use of the natural resource base • Project 7: Access to platforms for HIV/AIDS-affected communities



Participating Institutions and Roles

SWIHA participating institutions Roles of partners

1: CGIAR Centers

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Centro Internaçional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT-TSBF)

International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)

World Fish Center (WorldFish)

CGIAR Gender and Diversity Program

The mission of these institutions is to alleviate hunger and poverty in tropical developing countries, with focus on Africa, by generating and promoting appropriate technologies that benefit the poor and enhance productivity while preserving the natural resource base. As HIV/AIDS affects the real clients (rural people) and their livelihoods, they have a common vision to mitigate the effects of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity, nutrition of people and livelihoods.

2. Other IARCs

CABI Bioscience, United Kingdom

Commonwealth of Learning (COL), Vancouver, Canada

Atlantic Center of Excellence for Women’s Health (ACEWH), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada

CABI brings on board experience on awareness creation and training about HIV/AIDS, care and management in rural areas through a project on “How to Live Positively” – a practical manual for facilitating community action in HIV/AIDS-affected areas, implemented in Zimbabwe by Dr Sam Page, an expert in Farmer Participatory and HIV/AIDS Mitigation.

COL - Capacity for distance learning about HIV/AIDS in rural areas

ACEWH – supports interns and students for targeted activities.

3. In the developing countries: participating NARES, NGOs in Africa

Institut de Formation et d’Action pour le Développement des Initiatives Communautaires Durables (IFAD-ONG), Benin

Projet Plurisectoriel de Lutte Contre le SIDA (PPLS), Benin

L’approche intégrée et développement, ECODEV, Côte d’Ivoire

Quality Assurance and Research Development Agency (QARDAN), Nigeria

AIDS Prevention Initiative Nigeria (APIN)

These NGOs work directly with PLWAs, thus they provide direct access to communities for SWIHA teams working on HIV/AIDS and agriculture, nutrition and livelihoods.

4. Specialized organizations working on HIV/AIDS

United Nations AIDS/AIDS Inter-Country Team for West and Central Africa UNAIDS (ICT/WCA), Côte d’Ivoire

UNAIDS contributed to setting up ANEHA and identifying priority intervention areas for SWIHA


ANNEX D. FINANCIAL TABLES FOR 2007–2009 Table 1. WARDA – 2007 Research Agenda Requirements by CGIAR Output Table 1a. WARDA – Research Agenda Requirements by CGIAR System Priorities Table 2. WARDA – Research Agenda Allocation of Resources, 2005-2009 Table 2a WARDA – Research Agenda Allocation of Resources, 2006-2009 Table 3. WARDA – Research Agenda Project and Output Cost Summary, 2005-2009 Table 4. WARDA – Allocation of Project Costs to CGIAR Activities, 2005–2009 Table 4a WARDA – Allocation of Project Costs to CGIAR Activities, 2006–2009 Table 5. WARDA – Research Agenda Investments by Production Sector, Commodity and

Developing Region, 2005 – 2009 Table 6. WARDA – Research Agenda Expenditure by Functional Category, and Capital

Investments and Capital Fund Cash Reconciliation, 2005 – 2009 Table 7. WARDA – Agenda Financing & Summary Statement of Activity, 2005-2007 Table 8a. WARDA – Allocation of 2005 Member Financing to Projects by CGIAR Activity Table 8b. WARDA – Allocation of 2006 Member Financing to Projects by CGIAR Activity Table 8c. Africa Rice Center – Allocation of 2007 Member Financing to Projects by CGIAR

Activity Table 9. WARDA – Research Agenda Staff Composition by Function, 2005-2009 Table 10. WARDA – Cash Requirement, Revenue Flow and Currency Shares, 2005-2007 Table 11. WARDA – Statement of Financial Position, 2005-2009


Table 1. WARDA – RESEARCH AGENDA REQUIREMENTS BY CGIAR OUTPUT1, 2007

(expenditure in $ million)

Project Germplasm Germplasm Sustainable Enhancing PROJECT

Number Center Projects Improvement Collection Production Policy NARS TOTALS

001 Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems

0.30 0.23 0.53 0.15

0.30

1.51

002 Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems 0.62 0.21 0.94 0.10

0.21

2.08

003 Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa

0.45 0.15 0.61 0.15

0.15

1.51

004 Mitigating Drought in Rainfed Rice-based Systems 0.34 0.09 0.26 0.04

0.13

0.85

005 Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction - - 0.11 0.57

0.08

0.76

006 Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods

0.03 0.10 0.13 0.20

0.20

0.66

007 The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) - - - - -

007a Partnerships through Networks 0.44 0.11 0.54 0.11

0.98

2.18

8 Partnerships through Networks to 2006 - - - - - -

Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) 0.09 0.09 0.68 0.43

0.43

1.70

SWIHA - - 0.14 0.61 0.19

0.95

OUTPUT TOTALS 2.275 0.965 3.939 2.365

2.658

12.202

1 Please refer to Table 2 for the crosswalk between CGIAR Activities and the new CGIAR Outputs.


Project Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority PROJECTNumber Center Projects 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B 3C 3D 4A 4B 4C 4D 5A 5B 5C 5D TOTALS

TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL001 Enhancing Prductivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems 0.09 0.08 - - 0.53 0.25 0.08 - - - - - 0.08 - - 0.17 - - - 0.25 1.5 002 Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems 0.35 0.33 - - 0.35 0.42 0.14 - 0.14 - - - - 0.09 - 0.14 - - - 0.14 2.1 003 Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa 0.08 - - - 0.38 0.25 - - 0.03 - - - 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.18 0.10 - - 0.05 1.5 004 Mitigating Drought in Rain-fed Rice-based Systems 0.07 0.08 - - 0.13 0.07 0.07 - - - - - - - - 0.25 - - - 0.19 0.9 005 Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction - - - - - - - - 0.03 - - - 0.07 - 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.8 006 Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods 0.07 0.07 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.04 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.22 0.7

007 The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) -

007a Partnerships through Networks 0.22 - - - 0.62 - - - - - - - - - - 0.44 - - 0.25 0.65 2.2 8 Partnerships through Networks to 2006 -

Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) - - - - 0.02 0.02 - - 0.06 0.02 0.17 - 0.40 0.26 0.17 0.28 - - - 0.30 1.7 SWIHA - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.07 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.9

TOTALS 0.87 0.55 - - 2.02 1.00 0.28 - 0.26 0.02 0.17 - 0.87 0.60 0.48 1.72 0.45 0.27 0.59 2.03 12.20

1/ Please refer to Table 2 for the crosswalk between CGIAR Activities and the new CGIAR System priorities.

Table 1a. WARDA -- Research Agenda Requirements, by CGIAR System Priorities 1/, 2007



Table 2. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA - ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, 2005-2009 (expenditure in $ million)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Outputs: Audited Estimate Proposed Plan Plan

Germplasm Improvement 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 (Activity: Germplasm Enhancement &

Breeding,

plus Networks, as appropriate) Germplasm Collection 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 (Activity: Saving Biodiversity, plus networks, as appropriate)

Sustainable Production 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3

(Activity: Production Systems Dev & Mgmt, Protecting the Environment and Networks, as appropriate)

Policy 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 (Activity: Improving Policies, plus Networks, as appropriate)

Enhancing NARS 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 (Activity: Strengthening NARS - the three sub-

activities,

plus Networks, as appropriate) TOTAL 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Audited Estimate Proposed Plan Plan

Increasing Productivity 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.2 of which: Germplasm Enhancement & Breeding 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 Production Systems Development &

Management 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3

Protecting the Environment 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Saving Biodiversity 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0

Improving Policies 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Strengthening NARS 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 # 4.1 of which: Training and Professional Development 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 Documentation, Publications, Info.

Dissemination 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 Organization & Management Counselling 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Networks 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3

TOTAL 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


Table 2a. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA – ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, 2006-2009


2006 2007 2008 2009

CGIAR System Priorities: Estimate Proposed Plan Plan Sustainable biodiversity for current and future generations 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4

Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic resources to increase the income of the poor 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6

Promoting conservation of indigenous livestock 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Promoting conservation of aquatic animal genetic resources 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.5 Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 Improving Tolerance to selected abiotic stresses 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 Enhancing nutritional quality and safety 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 Genetically enhancing selected high-value species 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and emerging opportunity for high-value commodity and products 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 Increasing income from fruit and vegetables 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 Increasing income from livestock 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Promoting sustainable income generation from forests and trees 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.9 Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

Improving water productivity 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas. 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 Improving science and technology policies and institutions 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.5

Making international and domestic markets work for the poor 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Rural institutions and their governance 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1

Total 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual

Outputs: Audited Estimate Proposed Plan Plan

Germplasm Improvement 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

Germplasm Collection 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0


Policy 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Enhancing NARS 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 (Activity: Strengthening NARS - the three sub-activities,

plus Networks, as appropriate) TOTAL 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual


Increasing Productivity 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.2 of which: Germplasm Enhancement & Breeding 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 Production Systems Development & Management 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3

Protecting the Environment 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Saving Biodiversity 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0


Strengthening NARS 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 of which: Training and Professional Development 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7

Documentation, Publications, Info. Dissemination 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0

Organization & Management Counseling 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Networks 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3

TOTAL 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


Table 3. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA PROJECT AND OUTPUT COST SUMMARY, 2005-2009 (in $ million)

Project 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Number Actual


001 Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland

Rice-based Systems 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8

002 Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems

2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0

003 Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa

1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7

004 Mitigating Drought in Rainfed Rice-based Systems

0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

005 Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction

0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

006 Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

007 The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC)

1.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

007a Partnerships through Networks 0.0 0.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 008 Partnerships through Networks 2.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

IVC 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 SWIHA 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.9

Total: 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


Summary by Output: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual


Germplasm Improvement 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 Germplasm Collection 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 Sustainable Production 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 Policy 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 Enhancing NARS 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8

Total: 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867

Institutional Cost Components: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual


Direct project costs 7.8 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 Indirect project costs 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Total project costs 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


Table 4. WARDA Allocation of Project Costs to CGIAR Activities, 2005-2009

(in $ million) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual

Project Activity Audited Estimate Proposal Plan Plan

001. Enhancing Prductivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems

Enhancement and Breeding (Rice) 0.45 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.56

Production Systems (Rice) 0.34 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.43


Saving Biodiversity 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.31 Improving Policies 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21

Training & Professional Development 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Documentation, Publ., Info. Dissemination 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06

organization & Management Counseling

Networks 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 1.452 1.548 1.513 1.543 1.804 002. Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems




Saving Biodiversity 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.23 Improving Policies




Networks 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 2.114 2.253 2.081 2.219 1.994 003. Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa










Networks 1.530 1.632 1.513 1.640 1.709 004. Mitigating Drought in Rain-fed Rice-based Systems




Saving Biodiversity Improving Policies

Training & Professional Development



Networks 0.868 0.926 0.851 0.965 0.950 005. Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction



Protecting the Environment




organization & Management Counseling 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Networks 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.733 0.778 0.757 0.772 0.807 006. Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods

Enhancement and Breeding (Rice)

Production Systems 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05


(Rice)

Protecting the Environment





Networks 0.642 0.683 0.662 0.675 0.665 007. The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC)

Enhancement and Breeding (Rice)

Production Systems (Rice) 0.38 0.41

Protecting the Environment 0.04 0.04

Saving Biodiversity 0.02 0.02 Improving Policies 0.17 0.18

Training & Professional Development 0.15 0.16

Documentation, Publ., Info. Dissemination 0.53 0.56

organization & Management Counseling 0.08 0.09

Networks 0.32 0.34 1.691 1.804 007a. Partnerships through Networks

Enhancement and Breeding (Rice) 0.28 0.28 0.28

Production Systems (Rice) 0.14 0.14 0.14

Protecting the Environment 0.03 0.03 0.03

Saving Biodiversity 0.53 0.54 0.53 Improving Policies 0.09 0.09 0.09

Training & Professional Development 0.42 0.43 0.42

Documentation, Publ., Info. Dissemination 0.14 0.14 0.14

organization & Management Counseling 0.05 0.05 0.05

Networks 0.51 0.52 0.51 2.175 2.219 2.184


008. Partnerships through Networks

Enhancement and Breeding (Rice) 0.27 0.29

Production Systems (Rice) 0.14 0.14

Protecting the Environment 0.03 0.03

Saving Biodiversity 0.52 0.55 Improving Policies 0.09 0.10

Training & Professional Development 0.41 0.43

Documentation, Publ., Info. Dissemination 0.13 0.14

organization & Management Counseling 0.05 0.05

Networks 0.50 0.53 2.122 2.263 IVC Enhancement and

Breeding (Rice) 0.22 0.23 0.23







Networks 0.40 0.43 0.42 1.703 1.833 1.804 SWIHA Enhancement and

Breeding (Rice) 0.12 0.09 0.12







Networks 0.22 0.16 0.22 0.946 0.675 0.950


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual

Audited Estimate Proposal Plan Plan Summary by Undertaking:

Increasing Productivity 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.2

Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

ProductionSystems Development &Mangt 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3




Training & Professional Devt. 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7

Documentation,Publ.Info. Dissem. 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0

Organization &Mangt. Counselling 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Networks 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3

Strengthening NARS 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1

Total: 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual

Audited Estimate Proposal Plan Plan Summary by Output:

Germplasm Improvement 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

Germplasm Collection 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0


Policy 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Enhancing NARS 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8

Total: 11.152 11.888 12.202 12.540 12.867


Table 4a. WARDA allocation of project costs to CGIAR activities, 2006-2009

(in $ million)

2006 2007 2008 2009

Project Activity Estimate Proposal Plan Plan 001. Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1


Promoting conservation of indigenous livestock

Promoting conservation of aquatic animal genetic resources

Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6

Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stress 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Enhancing nutritional quality and safety 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Genetically enhancing selected high-value species

Increasing income from fruit and vegetables

Increasing income from livestock

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture

Promoting sustainable income generation from forests and trees

Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.1 0.1 0.1

Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.1

Improving water productivity

Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Improving science and technology policies and institutions

Making international and domestic markets work for the poor

Improving rural institutions and their governance

Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 002. Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems










Increasing income from fruit and vegetables 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1




Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level

Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1







2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0 003. Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic resources to increase the income of the poor 0.1





Enhancing nutritional quality and safety 0.2


Increasing income from fruit and vegetables 0.0 0.0 0.0









Improving science and technology policies and institutions 0.1 0.1 0.1




1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 004. Mitigating Drought in Rainfed Rice-based Systems














Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods







0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9


005. Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops

Promoting conservation and characterization of under-utilized plant genetic resources to increase the income of the poor



Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple

Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stress




Increasing income from livestock 0.0

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture 0.0


Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1



Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas. 0.1 0.1 0.1

Improving science and technology policies and institutions 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Making international and domestic markets work for the poor 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Improving rural institutions and their governance 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2


0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 006. Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops 0.1 0.1 0.1




Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple 0.0

Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stress 0.0








Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.0








0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

07. The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC)

Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops





Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stress 0.1

Enhancing nutritional quality and safety


Increasing income from fruit and vegetables 0.2

Increasing income from livestock 0.2

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture 0.2


Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.2

Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.2

Improving water productivity 0.2


Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas. 0.2




Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability 0.2

1.8 007a. Partnerships through Networks Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops 0.2 0.2 0.2




Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple 0.6 0.6 0.6














Improving rural institutions and their governance 0.3 0.3 0.3

Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability 0.7 0.7 0.7

2.2 2.2 2.2 008. Partnerships through Networks Promoting conservation and

characterization of staple crops 0.2
















Promoting sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas. 0.5



Improving rural institutions and their governance 0.2

Improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability 0.7

2.3 IVC

Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops




Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple 0.0 0.0 0.0

Improving tolerance to selected abiotic stress 0.0 0.0 0.0



Increasing income from fruit and vegetables 0.1 0.1 0.1


Increasing income from livestock 0.0 0.0 0.0

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture 0.2 0.2 0.2



Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.3 0.3 0.3

Improving water productivity 0.2 0.2 0.2






1.7 1.8 1.8 SWIHA

Promoting conservation and characterization of staple crops




Maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staple









Sustaining and managing aquatic ecosystems for food and livelihoods 0.2 0.1 0.2

Improving water productivity 0.2 0.1 0.2


Improving science and technology policies and institutions 0.2 0.1 0.2


Making international and domestic markets work for the poor 0.1 0.1 0.1

Improving rural institutions and their governance 0.1 0.1 0.1


0.9 0.7 0.9

2006 2007 2008 2009

Estimate Proposal Plan Plan Summary by CGIAR Priorities:

Sustainable biodiversity for current and future generations 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4





Producing more and better food at lower cost through genetic improvements 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.5





Reducing rural poverty through agricultural diversification and emerging opportunity for high-value commodities and products 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5


Increasing income from livestock 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Enhancing income through increased productivity of fisheries and aquaculture 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2


Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land, and forest resources 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.9

Promoting integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9




Improving policies and facilitating institutional innovation to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger 2.7 3.4 3.3 3.5






Total: 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9


2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

REGION Actual

Audited Estimate Proposal Plan Plan

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9 Asia Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC)

West Asia and North Africa (WANA)

TOTAL 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9

1. Includes overheads, and must add up to the sum of the individual sectors/commodities from the project portfolio.

2. Equals the sum of sectors/commodities in Increasing Productivity, scaled up to total investments for the Research Agenda.

Table 5. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA, 2005-2009 Investments by Production Sector, Commodity and Developing Region (in $ million)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Actual PRODUCTION SECTORS & COMMODITIES Audited Estimate Proposal Plan Plan

1/ Germplasm Improvement

Crops 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

Rice 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

Livestock

Trees

Fish

TOTAL 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8

1/ Sustainable Production

Crops 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3

Rice 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3

Livestock

Trees

Fish

TOTAL 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3

2/ Total Research Agenda

Crops 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9

Rice 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9

Livestock

Trees

Fish

TOTAL 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9


Table 6. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA, 2005-2009 Expenditure by Functional Category, and Capital Investments and Capital Fund Cash Reconciliation (in $ million)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE (Actual) (Audited) (Estimate) (Proposal) (Plan) (Plan) Personnel 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.8 6.2

Supplies and Services 4.2 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 Operational Travel 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Depreciation 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 Total 11.2 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

CAPITAL INVESTMENTS (Actual) (Audited) (Estimate) (Proposal) (Plan) (Plan) Physical Facilities

Research

0.2

0.1

0.1

Training

Administration

0.0

0.1 0.1

0.1

Housing Auxiliary Units - -

Sub-total

0.2

0.2 0.1

0.1

0.1

Infrastructure & Leasehold Furnishing & Equipment

Farming

0.0

0.1

Laboratory & Scientific

0.1

0.2 0.1

0.1

Office

0.0

Housing Auxiliary Units

Computers

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.1

0.1

Vehicles

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.3

0.3

Aircraft

Sub-total

0.5

0.4 0.5

0.5

0.5

TOTAL 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

CAPITAL FUND CASH RECONCILIATION (Actual)

(Audited) (Estimate) (Proposal) (Plan) (Plan)

Balance, January 1

0.4

0.5

1.1

1.7

2.2

plus: annual depreciation charge

0.8

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

plus / minus: disposal gains/(losses)

0.0

plus / minus: other

minus: asset acquisition costs

(0.7)

(0.6)

(0.6)

(0.6)

(0.6)

equals: Balance, December 31 0.5 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.6


Table 7. WARDA AGENDA FINANCING & SUMMARY STATEMENT OF ACTIVITY, 2005-2007

(in $ million)

Member 2005 2006 2007

(Actual) (Estimate) (Proposed)

(Audited)

Unrestricted Grants (US$) (US$) (US$)

AFDB 0.00 0.00 0.00 BELGIUM 0.23 0.34 0.40 CANADA 0.69 0.49 0.49 COTE D'IVOIRE 0.00 0.00 0.00 DENMARK 0.00 0.00 0.00 EC 0.00 0.00 0.00 FRANCE 0.09 0.09 0.09 GERMANY 0.19 0.18 0.18 JAPAN 0.90 0.78 0.78 JAPAN-SPECIAL RELOCATION 0.04 0.00 0.00 MEMBER STATES 0.05 0.11 0.11 NETHERLANDS 0.92 0.86 0.86 NORWAY 0.77 0.59 0.59 SWEDEN 0.45 0.42 0.42 UNDP 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNITED KINGDOM 0.64 0.86 0.86 UNITED KINGDOM-SPECIAL RELOCATION 0.14 0.00 0.00 USA 0.20 0.18 0.18 WORLD BANK 0.75 0.70 0.75 WORLD BANK-SPECIAL CRISIS 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sub-total 6.07 5.60 5.71


2005 2006 2007 (Actual) (Estimate) (Proposed)

Summary Statement of Activity (Audited)

Member Grants 11.77 12.10 12.36

+ Center Income (other revenues) 0.16 0.10 0.10

= Total Revenues 11.93 12.201 12.46

Less:

Total Expenses 11.152 11.888 12.202

Surplus (Deficit) of total revenues over total expenses 0.779 0.314 0.257

Restricted Grants 2005 2006 2007

(Actual) (Estimate) (Proposed) (Audited)

(US$) (US$) (US$) AFDB 0.27 0.76 0.42 BELGIUM 0.00 0.00 0.00 CANADA 0.60 1.11 0.00 CFC/FAO 0.00 0.00 0.25 CHEMONICS 0.00 0.00 0.84 CORAF/FARA 0.00 0.00 0.09 DENMARK 0.00 0.00 0.00 ENI-CONGO 0.00 0.00 0.00 EUROPEAN UNION 0.92 0.83 1.98 FRANCE 0.12 0.12 0.12 IDRC 0.00 0.00 0.00 GATSBY FOUNDATION -0.01 0.00 0.00 GERMANY 0.26 0.09 0.00 JAPAN (JIRCAS) 0.00 0.00 0.00 IFAD 0.35 0.25 0.20 JAPAN 1.18 0.98 1.12 NEPAD 0.00 0.00 0.00 NETHERLANDS 0.35 0.46 0.21 NORWAY 0.00 0.00 0.00 ROCKEFELLER FDN 0.64 0.39 0.05 TAIWAN/AVRDC 0.05 0.06 0.00 UNDP/TCDC 0.19 0.20 0.62 UNEP 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNITED KINGDOM 0.00 0.00 0.00 USA 0.49 0.67 0.60 WORLD BANK 0.20 0.57 0.15

Other Miscellaneous 0.10 0.00 0.00

Sub-total 5.70 6.50 6.65

TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS 11.77 12.10 12.36


Table 8a. WARDA ALLOCATION OF 2005 MEMBER FINANCING TO PROJECTS BY CGIAR ACTIVITY

(in $ million)

Undertakings

Increase

Productivity Protect Saving Improve Strengthen

NARS

Project Member Total Breeding Systems Environ Biodivers Policies Training Other 001. Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems

AfDB 0.19 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01

Canada 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union

France 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01

Japan 0.35 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.02

Netherlands

Rockefeller 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01

USA

World Bank 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Miscellaneous 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc. 0.46 0.14 0.11 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.03

Total Project Cost 1.46 0.45 0.34 0.11 0.25 0.17 0.03 0.10 002. Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union

France 0.01 0.00 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

IFAD

Japan 0.24 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01

Netherlands

Rockefeller 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Taiwan 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

UNDP/TCDC 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00


USA 0.16 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01

World Bank 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Miscellaneous 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc.. 1.35 0.57 0.31 0.07 0.16 0.15 0.09

Total Project Cost 2.12 0.90 0.49 0.11 0.25 0.24 0.13 003. Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union

France 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany 0.12 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

IFAD

Japan 0.38 0.08 0.14 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03

Netherlands 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Rockefeller

Taiwan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

UNDP/TCDC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

USA 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

World Bank

Miscellaneous 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc. 0.71 0.14 0.26 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.06

Total Project Cost 1.53 0.30 0.55 0.28 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.13 004. Mitigating Drought in Rain-fed Rice-based Systems

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union 0.29 0.11 0.13 0.01 0.04

France 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD

Japan 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Netherlands

Rockefeller 0.28 0.11 0.13 0.01 0.04

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

USA

World Bank 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Miscellaneous 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc. 0.19 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.02

Total Project Cost 0.87 0.34 0.39 0.03 0.11


005. Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union 0.25 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.05

France 0.01 0.01 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD

Japan 0.20 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.04

Netherlands

Rockefeller

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC

USA 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

World Bank

Miscellaneous 0.01 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc. 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.03

Total Project Cost 0.73 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.26 0.11 0.15 006. Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union 0.29 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08

France 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD

Japan

Netherlands 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Rockefeller

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC

USA

World Bank 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Miscellaneous 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unrstrctd+cntr inc.. 0.20 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.06

Total Project Cost 0.64 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.18


007. The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) to 2006

AfDB

Canada 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union

France 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01

Gatsby Foundation

Germany 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.06

IFAD 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.06

Japan

Netherlands

Rockefeller

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC

USA

World Bank

Miscellaneous 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Unrestricted+center inc. 1.36 0.00 0.30 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.12 0.75

Total Project Cost 1.69 0.38 0.04 0.02 0.17 0.15 0.93 008. Partnerships through Networks to 2006

AfDB 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02

Canada 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02

CFC-FAO

Chemonics

Congo

CORAF/FARA

European Union 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03

France 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05

Japan

Netherlands 0.22 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.07

Rockefeller 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC

USA 0.20 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06

World Bank 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04

Miscellaneous 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01


Total Project Cost 2.11 0.27 0.14 0.03 0.51 0.09 0.41 0.68


Center Totals

Total Targeted Funding 5.71 1.28 1.21 0.32 0.67 0.53 0.65 1.05

Total Unrestricted Funding +

Center Income 5.44 1.07 1.16 0.27 0.57 0.37 0.62 1.37

Total Allocations 11.15 2.35 2.38 0.59 1.25 0.89 1.27 2.42


Table 8b. WARDA ALLOCATION OF 2006 MEMBER FINANCING TO PROJECTS BY CGIAR ACTIVITY

(in $ million) Undertakings Increase Productivity Protect Saving Improve Strengthen NARS

Project Member Total Breeding Systems Environ Biodivers Policies Training Other 001. Enhancing Prductivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems AfDB 0.55 0.17 0.13 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.04 Canada CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo CORAF/FARA European Union France 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 Japan 0.36 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.03 Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 USA World Bank 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 0.39 0.12 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.02

Total Project Cost 1.55 0.48 0.37 0.12 0.27 0.18 0.03 0.11002. Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems AfDB Canada 0.28 0.12 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union France 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.41 0.17 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 UNDP/TCDC 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 USA 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 World Bank 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 1.15 0.49 0.27 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.07

Total Project Cost 2.25 0.96 0.52 0.12 0.26 0.25 0.14003. Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa AfDB Canada 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union France 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Netherlands 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 Rockefeller


Taiwan 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UNDP/TCDC 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 USA 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 World Bank Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 1.07 0.21 0.39 0.19 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.09

Total Project Cost 1.63 0.32 0.59 0.30 0.05 0.07 0.16 0.14004. Mitigating Drought in Rain-fed Rice-based Systems AfDB Canada 0.14 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.02 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union 0.15 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.02 France 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Netherlands Rockefeller 0.24 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.03 Taiwan UNDP/TCDC 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 USA World Bank 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 0.34 0.13 0.16 0.01 0.04

Total Project Cost 0.93 0.36 0.42 0.03 0.12005. Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction AfDB Canada 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.03 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union 0.44 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.09 France 0.01 0.01 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 World Bank Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Total Project Cost 0.78 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.28 0.12 0.16006. Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods AfDB Canada 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 France 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gatsby Foundation Germany 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 IFAD Japan Netherlands 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03


Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04

Total Project Cost 0.68 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.20007. The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC)

AfDB Canada 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.08 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union France 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 Japan Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 1.56 0.00 0.35 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.14 0.86

Total Project Cost 1.80 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.18 0.16 0.99008. Partnerships through Networks

AfDB 0.21 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.07 Canada 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.04 CFC-FAO Chemonic Congo Denmark European Union 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03 France 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04 Japan Netherlands 0.28 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.09 Rockefeller 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA 0.23 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.07 World Bank 0.32 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.10 Miscellaneous Unrestricted+center

inc. 0.71 0.09 0.05 0.00 0.18 0.03 0.14 0.23

Total Project Cost 2.26 0.29 0.14 0.03 0.55 0.10 0.43 0.72

Center Totals

Total Targeted Funding 6.50 1.46 1.22 0.30 0.88 0.63 0.79 1.21Total Unrestricted Funding + Center Income 5.39 1.04 1.31 0.33 0.45 0.32 0.55 1.37



Table 8c. WARDA Allocation of 2007 Member Financing to Projects by CGIAR Activity

(in $ million) Undertakings

Increase

Productivity Protect Saving Improve Strengthen

NARS Project Member Total Breeding Systems Environ Biodivers Policies Training Other

001. Enhancing Prductivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems AfDB Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Congo

CORAF/FARA 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

European Union 0.12 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

France

Gatsby Foundation

Germany

IFAD

Japan 0.24 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.01

Netherlands

Rockefeller

Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

USA 0.30 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05

World Bank

Miscellaneous


Total Project Cost 1.51 0.47 0.36 0.12 0.26 0.18 0.03 0.10 002. Sustainable Intensification of Lowland Rice-based Systems

AfDB Canada CFC-FAO 0.03 0.02 0.01 Chemonics 0.08 0.06 0.03 Congo CORAF/FARA 0.02 0.02 0.01 European Union 0.07 0.05 0.02 France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.64 0.45 0.19 Netherlands Rockefeller


Taiwan

UNDP/TCDC 0.40 0.28 0.08 0.04 USA World Bank Miscellaneous

Unrestricted+center inc. 0.84 0.02 0.40 0.06 0.00 0.23 0.13

Total Project Cost 2.08 0.88 0.48 0.11 0.24 0.23 0.13 003. Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa AfDB Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics Congo CORAF/FARA European Union 0.57 0.13 0.19 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.04 France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan Netherlands 0.21 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank Miscellaneous


Total Project Cost 1.51 0.30 0.55 0.27 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.13 004. Mitigating Drought in Rain-fed Rice-based Systems

AfDB Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics Congo CORAF/FARA European Union France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.01 Netherlands Rockefeller 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 Taiwan UNDP/TCDC 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 USA


World Bank

Miscellaneous

Unrestricted+center inc. 0.65 0.21 0.33 0.02 0.09

Total Project Cost 0.85 0.33 0.38 0.03 0.11 005. Rice Policy and Technology Impact for Food Security and Poverty Reduction

AfDB Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics 0.20 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.05 Congo CORAF/FARA 0.05 0.03 0.01 European Union 0.20 0.20 France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.03 Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC 0.08 0.04 0.04 USA World Bank Miscellaneous

Unrestricted+center inc. 0.11 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03

Total Project Cost 0.76 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.27 0.12 0.15 006. Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods

AfDB Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 Congo CORAF/FARA European Union 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 France 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank


Miscellaneous

Unrestricted+center inc. 0.34 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.10

Total Project Cost 0.66 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.19 007a. Partnerships through Networks

AfDB 0.42 0.09 0.06 0.27 Canada CFC-FAO Chemonics Congo CORAF/FARA European Union 0.66 0.08 0.28 0.09 0.22 France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.06 Japan Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA 0.30 0.07 0.13 0.11 World Bank Miscellaneous


Total Project Cost 2.18 0.28 0.14 0.03 0.53 0.09 0.42 0.69 IVC AfDB Canada CFC-FAO 0.23 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.08 Chemonics Congo CORAF/FARA European Union France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 Japan Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank 0.15 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.06 Miscellaneous


Total Project Cost 1.70 0.22 0.11 0.02 0.41 0.07 0.33 0.54 SWIHA AfDB Canada


CFC-FAO

Chemonics 0.37 0.09 0.09 0.19 Congo CORAF/FARA European Union 0.27 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.12 France Gatsby Foundation Germany IFAD Japan Netherlands Rockefeller Taiwan UNDP/TCDC USA World Bank Miscellaneous


Total Project Cost 0.95 0.11 0.06 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.18 0.31 Center Totals Total Targeted Funding 6.65 1.93 0.80 0.33 0.80 0.49 0.79 1.51 Total Unrestricted Funding + Center Income 5.56 0.76 1.36 0.25 1.09 0.37 0.85 0.86



Table 9. WARDA RESEARCH AGENDA STAFF COMPOSITION BY FUNCTION, 2005-2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (Actual) (Estimate) (Proposal) (Plan) (Plan) (Audited)

Hired by: Hired by: Hired by: Hired by: Hired by:

center other center other center other center other center other Internationally-Recruited Staff (IRS) Research and Research Support 29 3 36 6 36 0 6 36 6 36 6 of which: Regular Appointments 14 2 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 Post-Doctoral Fellows/ 3 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 Associate Professionals 12 12 12 12 12 Research Management 9 0 9 0 9 0 0 9 0 9 0 of which: Regular Appointments 5 6 6 6 6 Post-Doctoral Fellows/ Associate Professionals 4 3 3 3 3 Training / Communications 4 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 3 0 of which: Regular Appointments 2 2 2 2 2 Post-Doctoral Fellows/ Associate Professionals 2 1 1 1 1

Center Total IRS Staff 42 3 48 6 48 0 6 48 6 48 6


Nationally-Recruited Staff (NRS)

Center Total NRS Staff 140 153 153 153 153

TOTAL STAFF 182 3 201 6 201 0 6 201 6 201 6

DEFINITIONS Internationally-Recruited Staff (IRS)

This category includes staff who carry out highly technical/senior functions, as defined by the center, and they may include personnel hired in the local or regional labor market. Included in this group, but shown separately, are post-doctoral fellows and associate professionals (who may have other titles in different centers), and who often are staff provided by donors as part of a project or other institutional arrangement. Costs for consultants engaged for specific tasks are not personnel expenses and the individuals are not staff; their costs should be calculated in the "supplies and services" category.

Support Staff This category includes the numerical majority, in many cases, of personnel at a center. These are usually, but not necessarily always, individuals hired in the local labor market. They carry out functions which require less demanding skills than for the IRS category. The support staff category does not include seasonal field labor or other individuals engaged on a purely contract basis, for example when a center contracts with an employment agency to provide security, janitorial and other services. Such costs should be calculated in the "supplies and services" category.

Staff Rationalization: Over 100 general support staff have been laid off permanently in mid-2003, thus reducing the number from 337 to 230, due to a rationalization process accelerated by the civil crisis . Further staff rationalization was done in October 2004 due to the renewal of the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire.


Table 10. AFRICA RICE CENTER CASH REQUIREMENT, REVENUE FLOW & CURRENCY SHARES, 2005-2007 (in US$ '000)

MONTHLY CASH FLOWS

2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Opening Cash balance 4.370 4.383 4.828 4.755 4.388 3.909 4.488 4.109 4.067 4.202 4.057 4.407 Receipts:

Grants Unrestricted 0.936 0.638 0.289 0.327 0.000 0.772 0.048 0.000 0.313 0.768 1.052 0.525 Restricted 0.812 0.910 0.133 0.327 0.293 0.903 0.281 0.660 0.525 0.000 0.000 0.068

Earned Income/Others 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.010 0.008 0.024 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.011 0.010 Subtotal 1.748 1.548 0.422 0.655 0.303 1.683 0.352 0.670 0.850 0.782 1.063 0.602

Disbursements:

Operations 1.736 1.102 0.487 1.006 0.750 0.937 0.719 0.711 0.703 0.830 0.623 0.916 Capital Acquisition 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.017 0.033 0.165 0.013 0.000 0.013 0.098 0.089 0.244

Others Subtotal 1.736 1.102 0.495 1.023 0.783 1.103 0.732 0.711 0.715 0.928 0.712 1.160

Net monthly movement 0.013 0.446 -0.073 -0.368 -0.479 0.580 -0.380 -

0.041 0.135 -0.146 0.351 -0.558

Ending Cash Balance 4.383 4.828 4.755 4.388 3.909 4.488 4.109 4.067 4.202 4.057 4.407 3.850 2006 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Opening Cash balance 3.850 4.678 5.493 5.395 4.978 4.468 5.166 4.763 4.970 5.141 4.933 5.258 Receipts:

Grants Unrestricted 0.973 0.663 0.301 0.340 0.000 0.802 0.050 0.000 0.325 0.799 1.093 0.545 Restricted 1.822 1.101 0.161 0.395 0.355 1.092 0.339 0.798 0.636 0.000 0.000 0.082

Earned Income/Others 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.015 0.012 0.034 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.016 0.015 Subtotal 2.795 1.763 0.461 0.737 0.369 1.906 0.424 0.812 0.978 0.819 1.109 0.642

Disbursements:


Operations 1.967 0.949 0.552 1.140 0.850 1.062 0.815 0.606 0.796 0.941 0.706 1.038

Capital Acquisition 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.015 0.029 0.146 0.012 0.000 0.011 0.086 0.079 0.215 Others

Subtotal 1.967 0.949 0.559 1.155 0.879 1.208 0.826 0.606 0.807 1.027 0.785 1.254

Net monthly movement 0.829 0.815 -0.098 -0.418 -0.509 0.698 -0.402 0.207 0.171 -0.208 0.325 -0.612

Ending Cash Balance 4.678 5.493 5.395 4.978 4.468 5.166 4.763 4.970 5.141 4.933 5.258 4.646

2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Opening Cash balance 4.646 5.194 5.037 5.318 4.646 4.747 4.901 4.272 4.489 3.786 3.122 4.868 Receipts:

Grants Unrestricted 1.283 0.387 0.161 0.289 0.468 0.000 1.149 0.040 0.000 1.145 1.023 Restricted 0.069 0.400 1.002 0.050 0.698 0.473 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.000 0.986 1.695

Earned Income/Others 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.018 0.012 0.028 Subtotal 1.351 0.787 1.163 0.053 1.030 0.941 0.000 1.218 0.041 0.018 2.143 2.746

Disbursements:

Operations 0.803 0.944 0.875 0.709 0.900 0.642 0.617 1.001 0.732 0.596 0.318 1.336 Capital Acquisition 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.015 0.029 0.146 0.012 0.000 0.011 0.086 0.079 0.215

Others Subtotal 0.803 0.944 0.882 0.724 0.929 0.788 0.629 1.001 0.743 0.682 0.397 1.551

Net monthly movement 0.548 -

0.156 0.281 -0.671 0.101 0.153 -0.629 0.217 -

0.702 -0.664 1.746 1.194

Ending Cash Balance 5.194 5.037 5.318 4.646 4.747 4.901 4.272 4.489 3.786 3.122 4.868 6.063


CURRENCY STRUCTURE OF EXPENDITURES

2005 2006 2007

(Actual Audited) (Estimate) (Proposed)

Currency

US Dollar 6.2 56% 6.7 56% 6.8 56% FCFA 4.0 36% 4.3 36% 4.4 36%

Other note 1/ 0.9 8% 1.0 8% 1.0 8%

TOTAL 11.2 100% 11.9 100% 12.2 100%

Notes: 1/ All other currencies the sum of which accounts for less than 5% of total expenditure.


Table 11. AFRICA RICE CENTER STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION,

2005-2009

(in US$ million) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (Actual) (Estimate) (Proposal) (Plan) (Plan)

Assets Audited Current Assets

Cash & Cash Equivalents 3.85

4.65 6.06

6.40

6.90 Accounts Receivable

Donors 3.37

3.50 2.70

2.60

2.28

Employees 0.20

0.20 0.20

0.06

0.06

Other 0.32

0.32 0.24

0.24

0.24

Inventories 0.42

0.32 0.20

0.20

0.20

Prepaid Expenses 0.36

0.30 0.19

0.19

0.19

Other Current Assets - - -

-

-

Total Current Assets 8.52

9.286 9.593

9.69

9.87

Fixed Assets

Property, Plant & Equipment

8.58

9.68

10.72

11.95

13.07

Less: Accumulated Depreciation

(7.3)

(8.5)

(9.6)

(10.6)

(11.7)

Total Fixed Assets - Net 1.33

1.19 1.16

1.33

1.39

Total Assets 9.85

10.48 10.75

11.02

11.26

Liabilities and Net Assets Current Liabilities

Bank Indebtedness

0.02 Accounts Payable

Donors

3.43

2.90

2.33

2.32

2.19

Employees

0.17

0.23

0.23

0.22

0.22

Others

1.07

1.22

1.50

1.49

1.50

In-trust Accounts

0.21

0.33

0.38

0.38

0.38

Accruals and Provisions

1.27

1.80

2.06

2.00

2.00

Total Current Liabilities 6.16

6.48 6.50

6.41

6.29

Long-Term Liabilities

Total Liabilities 6.16

6.48 6.50

6.41

6.29

Unrestricted Net Assets

Unrestricted Net Assets

3.68

4.00

4.25

4.61

4.97

Total Net Assets 3.68

4.00 4.25

4.61

4.97

Total Liabilities & Net Assets 9.85

10.48 10.75

11.02

11.26


ANNEX E: WARDA PROJECTS LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRICES


Project 1: Enhancing Productivity and Stability of Upland Rice-based Systems Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Improved lines and varieties of good quality with

higher and stable yield Output Target 2007 - Lines from the lowland and irrigated ecologies and

germplasm accessions assessed for micronutrient concentrations - Advanced breeding lines with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses dispatched to NARS for screening and PVS research - Preliminary QTLs identified for important agronomic traits

Output Target 2008 - Micronutrient levels of a range of breeding lines and genebank accessions determined - O. glaberrima accessions evaluated for important stresses and agronomic traits - Elite lines with tolerance to four important stresses dispatched to NARS for screening and PVS research - Gene/QTL associated with blast resistance identified

Output Target 2009 - Inter- and intraspecific segregating populations dispatched to NARS for adaptive selection - Elite lines with multiple stress tolerance dispatched to NARS for screening and PVS research - Development of markers associated with blast resistance started

CGIAR/NARS and ARI breeders, researchers, agronomists, pathologists, entomologists, extensionists and private sector

New genetic variation for important characters deployed in breeding programs for varietal improvement

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers due to increased productivity from new varieties with heavier, more stable yield, and improved nutritional value

Output 2 Integrated management options for pests and diseases CGIAR/NARS and ARI breeders, pathologists, extensionists

New knowledge on pests, disease and IPM options applied and evaluated in NARS

Output Targets 2007 At least one IPM option for controlling stem borers available for testing in at least two countries

CGIAR/NARS and ARI pathologists, entomologists, extensionists, farmers

IPM technology being evaluated by poor farmers

Output Targets 2008 - Pathogen lineage determined in six countries - Lines identified with improved blast resistance - Contribution of IPM options to sustainable production determined and ready for assessment by farmers - Incidence of termites determined in at least four countries

Output Target 2009 - Environmentally-friendly management options for termites disseminated to NARS - Pathogen lineage completed for West Africa

CGIAR/NARS and ARI pathologists, entomologists, extensionists, farmers

Strategies being used to develop IPM technology

Validation of NERICA performance on-farm. Improved livelihood, reduced poverty, and less environmental impact from pesticides due to the use of IPM technology


Project 2: Sustainable Intensification of Lowland rice based-Systems for Enhanced Livelihoods

Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact

Output 1 High yielding and stable lowland rice lines and varieties with good quality

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers due to increased productivity from varieties resistant to major stresses

Output Targets 2007 - Well adapted genotypes identified with (i) combinations of resistance or tolerance to RYMV, iron toxicity and blast and (ii) combining resistance or tolerance to AfRGM and good adaptation to the respective ecologies - AfRGM biotypes characterized with molecular tools - Recipient parents selected, appropriate lab space identified in NARS countries, first generations of hybrids generated - Tool screening for iron toxicity developed - Gene/QTL associated to AfRGM resistance identified

Stress-resistant lines adopted by poor farmers More efficient selection by NARS for stress resistance

Capacity of NARS enhanced

Output Targets 2008 - New eco-specific varieties with resistance or tolerance to one or more of the prevalent stresses (AfRGM, RYMV, iron toxicity, and blast) disseminated to national programs - Use of indigenous P to mitigate iron toxicity validated - BC2F1 and BC2F2 lines homozygous for resistance to RYMV available and evaluated - Weed-competitive NERICAs for rainfed lowland available and evaluated - Gene/QTL associated with AfRGM identified - MAS applied to select RYMV resistant lines - Genes/QTL associated with BLB resistance identified

Stress-resistant lines adopted by poor farmers RYMV-resistant varieties adopted by poor farmers More efficient selection for RYMV resistance

Output Targets 2009 - New varieties released in Africa - Improved cultivars of high-value vegetables adapted to rice-based systems are disseminated through the NARES - MAS applied to pyramid AfRGM and BLB resistant genes

CGIAR/NARS breeders, researchers

AfRGM-, BLB-resistant varieties adopted by poor farmers

Reduced use of agrochemicals


Output targets are given for the year of the Work Plan and for the subsequent years when appropriate

Output 2 Sustainable integrated crop management options for lowland rice-based systems

Output Targets 2007 - Lowland soil in different agro-ecologies characterized to target soil management interventions - Two sets of options of N and P fertilizer recommendations for elite lowland NERICA lines and sativa for at least two agroecologies available for developing lowland rice ISFM packages - Habitat management strategy for AfRGM through biodiversity in Paspalum scrobiculatum evaluated with farmers - Full biological, serological and molecular characterization of RYMV isolates including isolates from East and Central Africa completed

Soil nutrient deficiencies and physical characteristics evaluated An important component for developing low input lowland rice ISFM available to NARS and farmers

Output Targets 2008 - Improved IPM strategies against RYMV and AfRGM ready for testing with NARS

CGIAR/NARS agronomists, researchers

Low input lowland rice ISFM packages being tested by NARS and farmers

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers due to increased productivity from varieties resistant to major stresses and nutrient-use efficient; and sustainable production systems from the use of ISFM packages

Output Targets 2009 - Use of indigenous phosphate to mitigate iron toxicity disseminated in some NARS and NARES - Weed-competitive NERICAs for rainfed lowland disseminated to NARS - Improved IPM strategies against RYMV and AfRGM disseminated to NARS

Output 3 Stable and profitable crop diversification in lowland rice-based systems

Output Targets 2007 Improved cultivars of high value vegetables are identified and made available for testing in rice-based systems in several countries

Output Targets 2008 Output Targets 2009 Improved cultivars of high-value vegetables adapted to

rice-based systems are disseminated through the NARES

CGIAR/NARS Agronomists, Researchers

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers due to increased productivity from varieties resistant to major stresses


Project 3: Enhancing the Performance of Irrigated Rice-based Systems in Africa

Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Agro-morphological profiles of irrigated rice-based

systems developed

Output Targets 2007 - Spatial and temporal dynamics of the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum characterized

NARS researchers and extension services

Increased knowledge of key characteristics of irrigated rice- based systems

Output Targets 2008 - Losses due to RYMV vectors in irrigated rice minimized through farmer participatory learning approach

Scientists, donors, NARES researchers

Wide distribution of information on irrigated rice-based systems

Output Targets 2009

Enhanced environment for rice production and poverty reduction

Output 2 Improved lines and varieties for use in irrigated rice-based systems in Africa

Output Targets 2007 - Improved intra- and interspecific varieties evaluated with large numbers of small-scale farmers along the water control gradient

Breeders Pool of varieties for higher productivity and genetic diversity.

Output Targets 2008 - Improved intra- and interspecific lines evaluated with large numbers of farmers in different environments in Africa.

Extension services, irrigated-rice farming communities in West and Central Africa.

Improved yields from the use of high performing varieties

Output Targets 2009 Improved interspecific varieties (irrigated lowland NERICAs) available to irrigated rice farmers in Africa.

Rice farmers in irrigated lowland rice-based systems

Increased genetic diversity and improved yields in irrigated rice-based systems.

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers due to increased productivity

Output 3 Integrated crop and natural resources management (ICM) options for improved resource-use efficiency and mitigation of degradation in irrigated rice-based systems in Africa

Output Targets 2007 - Options for rice integrated crop management adapted with farmers

Women rice farmers in irrigated lowland rice-based production systems

Improved productivity and production due to adoption of ICM principles

Output Targets 2008 - Integrated management of BLB in irrigated ecosystem experimented

Smallholder rice farmers along the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum.

Improved productivity due to better control of BLB

Output targets 2009 - Options for ICM evaluated with large numbers of farmers in selected countries - Options for integrated management of BLB in irrigated ecosystem made available to NARS

Smallholder rice farmers along the intensive lowland-irrigated continuum.

Improved productivity of irrigated rice schemes that are prone to processes of degradation.

Improved livelihoods and improved sustainability for irrigated rice systems; reduced environmental degradation


Project 4: Integrated Management of Drought in Rainfed Rice Ecosystems in Africa Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output 1 Major drought profiles in rainfed rice

characterized for Africa Output Target 2007 - Conceptual model for regional typology of drought

profiles developed - Inventory of agronomic practices that can contribute to mitigating drought stress initiated

Output Target 2008 Methodology for regional typology of drought profiles developed and validated

Output Target 2009 Regional typology of drought profiles for rainfed rice developed and documented

CGIAR/NARS agronomists, extension services, decision-makers

Compiled information used to determine drought-prone areas and probability of occurrence in rice production zones

Improved livelihood for poor farmers as increased knowledge permits measures against drought to be implemented

Output 2 Improved drought tolerant lines and cultivars with higher and stable yield

Output Target 2007 - Morphological and physiological characters associated with drought tolerance confirmed and utilized in selection - New sources of drought tolerance identified amongst O. glaberrima accessions and O. sativa landraces from WARDA’s GRU - First 2nd backcross inter- and intraspecific drought-tolerant progenies developed

Output Target 2008 - Inter- and intraspecific F1 seed produced from crosses using newly identified sources of drought tolerance - Nursery of drought-tolerant interspecific lines (O. sativa x O. glaberrima) distributed to selected West and Central Africa NARS - Mapping populations genotyped with molecular markers - QTL associated to drought tolerance identified

Output Target 2009 - First backcrosses made in new inter- and intraspecific populations - Elite drought-tolerant lines distributed widely - Fine mapping and MAS applied in breeding program to select drought-tolerant progenies - CSSL lines available for regional evaluation

CGIAR / NARS breeders, gene bank managers and extension services

- Drought-resistant sources and markers deployed in breeding programs - Drought-tolerant varieties with acceptable quality and good yield potential developed and distributed

Incomes and livelihoods of poor rice farmers rise due to increased productivity from drought-tolerant varieties

Output 3 Integrated management options to mitigate drought

Output Target 2007 Impact of agronomic practices on drought stress assessed in multi-site trials in sub-Saharan Africa

Output Target 2008 Information on ‘best-bet’ agronomic practices to mitigate drought stress disseminated in SSA

Output Target 2009 Superior integrated drought management options, combining variety and cultural practices for rainfed rice ecosystems, identified for SSA

CGIAR / NARS breeders, Soil Scientists, researchers and extension services

Proven integrated drought management options that mitigate drought stress developed and publicized widely

Improved livelihoods for poor farmers from adoption of improved agronomic practices that stabilize and increase yields under drought


Project 5: Rice Policy and Technology Impact on Food Security and Poverty Reduction Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Database and tools for impact

assessment and priority setting NARS, University and CGIAR researchers and policy analysts at Government Ministries

Tools are used to analyze rice policies and assess and monitor impacts and set agricultural research and investment priorities

Output Targets 2007 - Econometric tools for impact assessment developed and made available to partners - Framework for rice research database developed and made widely available

Econometric tools are used to assess impact and information on effects policies on rice demand and supply are used to formulate rice policy changes

Output Targets 2008

- At least 10 NARS scientists trained and using the Rice Research database system.

Enhance institutional impact culture and capacity to analyze policies and assess and monitor impact of agricultural research and development in SSA

Output Target 2009 Socio-economic and gender disaggregated baseline data on NERICA production in East Africa available

NARS and CGIAR Researchers and Policy Analysts at Government Ministries

The Rice Research database system is and econometric tools are used to assess impact and set research priorities

Improved and targeted investments in NERICA production leading to improved incomes, poverty reduction and food security.

Output 2 Rice policy options for promoting competitive rice production systems

Enhanced policy environments for the rice sector development

Output Targets 2007 - Strategy for improving agricultural input market for small-scale farmers developed - Rice policy briefs published and made widely available to stakeholders - Impact of technical change in irrigated rice production assessed and reported

Rice policy information and options are debated and evaluated

Output Targets 2008

- Effects of rice commercialization on rural livelihood, gender and poverty documented - Assessment of the rice chain and strategies for small-scale commercialization developed - Rice policy briefs containing policy highlights and tools regularly sent to stakeholders

NARS researchers and policy analysts at Government Ministries, policymakers, rice stakeholders

Information debated and rice policy and institutional changes adopted

Increase income for local rice producers, processors, and traders; increased rice sector employment, reduced rice imports; reduced national poverty

Output Target for 2009 Socioeconomic and gender disaggregated baseline data on NERICA production in East Africa available - Effects of agricultural and trade policies on institutions and structural

Researchers and students from international, NARES, Universities and advanced universities

Knowledge on factors, gender issues and perceptions influencing NERICA adoption, spread and impact on food security and poverty reduction enhanced

Improved understanding of NERICA dissemination and increased private sector investment in NERICA production


arrangements for rice production and marketing in West Africa assessed and documented

Output 3 Improved post-harvest technologies and competitive rice market

Improved post-harvest practices and technologies adopted by rice producers, processors and traders; policy and institutional changes implemented

Output Targets 2007 - Impact of poor grain quality on the competitiveness of domestic rice assessed and reported - Impact of ASI Thresher Cleaner under farm conditions assessed and reported

Increased awareness on the effects of poor grain quality on local rice marketability and policy and institutional changes implemented

Output Targets 2008 - Ex-post impact assessment of post-harvest technologies on the competitiveness of local rice in WCA completed and reported

Output Targets 2009 - Ex-post impact assessment of poor grain quality and post-harvest technologies on the competitiveness of local rice in WCA completed and reported - A manual on scaling-up strategies for rice post-harvest technologies developed

NARS researchers and policy analysts at Government Ministries, policymakers, rice stakeholders.

Increased awareness on the effects of poor grain quality on local rice marketability and policy and institutional changes implemented

Increased income for local rice producers, processors, and traders; increased rice sector employment, reduced rice imports; reduced national poverty

Output 4 Enhanced NARES capacity in policy analysis and impact assessment

Output Targets 2007 - At least 10 NARS scientists trained in the application of policy analysis tools. - Training organized for NARES on policy analysis and impact assessment tools

Output Targets 2008 - Training on impact assessment methodologies and tools organized for NARES economists

Output Targets 2009 Training on impact assessment methodologies and tools organized for NARES economists

NARS researchers, economists and policy analysts at Government Ministries.

Increased in the number and quality of policy and impact assessment studies conducted and published by NARS.

Enhanced Institutional impact culture and capacity to analyze policies and assess and impact of Agricultural Research and development in SSA


Project 6: Mitigating Human and Environmental Effects on Rice-based Livelihoods Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Sustainable agro-ecological

intensified rainfed rice-based production systems in SSA developed.

Output Targets 2007 - Tools to evaluate changing trends in degraded thresholds of rice-based systems to environmental change developed and made available to partners - Integrated soil fertility management practices for improved sativas and NERICAs in rainfed rice-based systems developed and available to farmers

Output Targets 2008 - Conditions for reversal of over-exploited environments and strategies to improve livelihoods of communities with degraded environments assessed and reported - Integrated soil fertility management practices for lowland NERICAs and other improved varieties in rainfed lowlands developed and available to farmers - Evaluation of constraints and opportunities for the optimisation of productivity based on high input use completed and documented

Output targets 2009 - One decision support tool (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer [DSSAT] model) validated and used by partners for up-scaling of integrated soil fertility management practices across agro-ecological gradients

Governments, policymakers and development agencies, Governments, Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, NARS researchers, NGOs, and farmers in SSA

Appropriate technologies to enable intensification and enhance productivity in rice-based systems Improved knowledge on productivity of rice-based systems Tools to intensify and maintain the productivity of rice-based systems

Improved livelihood of poor farmers and increased sustainability of rice-based systems

Output 2 Strategies for mitigating impact of climate change on rice-based livelihoods in SSA

Output Targets 2007 Output Targets 2008 - Manual on GIS-related decision-

support tools to provide early warning system on use of land and water resources made available to partners

Governments, policymakers, development agencies in Africa, Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, NARS researchers, NGOs, Extension workers and farmers in SSA

Better knowledge on climate change to assist in forward planning Improved technologies to mitigate degradation or losses in production in rice-based systems

Livelihoods of rice stakeholders in farming communities safeguarded


Output targets 2009 - Manual on strategies that mitigate the impacts of climatic change on the livelihoods of rural population made available to partners - Drought/flooding incidence in at least two countries in West Africa using historic and current satellite data completed and reported - Rice sector vulnerability to climatic change spatial information system mapped - Impact of climatic change on rice-based systems in at least two countries in SSA assessed

Output 3 Enabling socio-economic, policy and institutional options for sustainable land management in rice-based systems

Output Targets 2007 - Socio-economic, policy and institutional drivers sustainable land management in rice-based systems identified

Output Targets 2008 - Evaluation of forms of farmers’ organization for sustainable land management in rice-based systems completed and documented

Output targets 2009 - Evaluation of forms of farmers’ organization for sustainable land management in rice-based systems completed and documented

-

NARS, Ministries of agriculture, NGOs, policymakers, research institutions, relief agencies in SSA

Enhanced institutional and policy environment for sustainable land management in rice-based livelihoods

Vulnerability of populations living in areas prone to variable climate and land degradation reduced Conflicts emanating from poor and marginal lands minimized.


Project 7: Partnership through Networks

Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1

Networks of partnerships and stakeholders’ platforms established to promote national rice sector

Output Targets 2007 - New forms of partnerships identified and knowledge and tools for improving effectiveness and efficiency to enhance the conduct of participatory research developed

Output Targets 2008 Options and implementation strategies for effective rice seed systems through networks and platforms

Output targets 2009

NARES, farmers’ groups, CGIAR, policymakers, consumer groups

Priority setting effective and users’ needs properly identified. Information shared among partners

Communication and collaboration between multiple rice stakeholders improved

Output 2 Rice technologies developed, validated and disseminated by national partners

Output Targets 2007 - New NERICA and other improved varieties tested through PVS approaches in at least 12 countries – Breeder’s seed of adopted NERICAs and other improved rice varieties produced and distributed to NARS across sub-Saharan Africa - Testing of complementary technologies including post-harvest and processing continued - Videos on post-harvest practices developed

Output Target 2008 - Improved complementary technologies promoted and used by farmers and other end-users - New NERICA lines and other improved varieties tested through PVS approaches in at least 20 countries – Breeder’s seed of adopted NERICAs and other improved rice varieties produced and distributed to NARS across sub-Saharan Africa

NARES and farmers NERICA and other improved varieties adopted by farmers. Sustainable rice cropping and post-harvest technologies tested, adapted and adopted by farmers.

Livelihood of rice-producing farmers improved in SSA


Output targets 2009 - Foundation seed of released NERICAs produced and distributed - Testing and varietal maintenance of NERICAs and other improved varieties continued

Output 3 Enhanced capacity building for NARES and other stakeholders

Output Target 2007 - Training modules on PLAR for ICM and INRM tested and adapted to national conditions

Output Target 2008 - Rice knowledge and information kits developed to trigger location-specific innovations

Output targets 2009 - Publications on NERICA passport data, complementary technologies and rice seed systems in Africa published - Capacity of 10 NARS on technology testing and on impact/adoption and policy research enhanced

NARES, farmers’ groups, CGIAR Sustainable rice cropping practices adopted in pilot countries. Seed production capabilities achieved in selected region of SSA

Rice seed systems strengthened in SSA Farmers’ livelihoods improved through better access to improved germplasm and better knowledge of sustainable management practices.

Output targets are given for the year of the Work Plan and for the subsequent years when appropriate

134

Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Inland Valley Agro-ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa (IVC) Output target Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Productivity of inland valley agro-

ecosystems Increased Output targets 2007 Water productivity of the Niger in

Mali assessed and documented Output targets 2008 Weed competitiveness study of

lowland NERICA published Output targets 2009 Validation report for community-

based fish culture in shared water bodies published

Poor rural inland valley populations

Adoption of more profitable technologies

Improved livelihoods of rural populations

Output 2 Negative impacts affecting ecosystem services mitigated

Output targets 2007 Stakeholder perception study on inland valley biodiversity published

Output targets 2008 Dynamics of inland valley land use and vegetation cover mapped

Output targets 2009 Effective no-herbicide weed control strategies developed

Inland valley users; scientists and decision makers

Adoption of recommendations for environmentally-sound inland valley management

Negative impacts of human activities on ecosystem services mitigated

Output 3 Past achievements and local innovations transferred

Output targets 2007 Local innovations on weed management documented

Output targets 2008 Video and PLAR modules on weed management developed

Output targets 2009 Two new PLAR modules on tree crop management developed and validated

NARS scientists; policymakers; inland valley users; extension agents

More appropriate land use technologies and inland valley development options available

Increased food security in inland valleys

Output 4 Capacity of inland valley stakeholders enhanced

More inland valleys managed and developed in a sustainable way

Output targets 2007 International symposium on inland valley knowledge organized

Output targets 2008 Capacity-enhancing training workshops organized

Output targets 2009 Symposium proceedings published

Inland valley users; extension agents; NARS scientists

Expertise on inland valley development increased

135

Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA)

Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Output 1: Efficient and better coordinated response of

research and development institutions to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on agriculture

Project partners and other stakeholders including rural development agencies in Africa

Appropriate and efficient institutional arrangements and partnerships for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in agricultural research institutions and development organizations

Output Targets 2007

- Regional coordination nodes and platforms for effective to enhance the conduct of research and communication - Priority research and development interventions for rural communities dependent on cash crop and vegetable farming, fish, livestock or forest resources identified - Impact of HIV/AIDS on livelihoods in rural communities in West African countries assessed

Scientists, NGOs, health workers, development agencies, policymakers utilizing the information

Communications between agricultural researchers, health and development agencies and health institutions improved

Output Targets 2008

Output Targets 2009

- Multi-country project proposals developed in collaboration with partners submitted to donors

Scientists, NGOs, health workers, development agencies, policymakers

Reduced vulnerability and improved livelihood of poor farmers and reduced vulnerability in two countries in Africa

Output 2 Livelihoods of agricultural communities and vulnerable people diversified and improved

Policymakers, especially government ministries health, social agriculture, rural development. NGOs, donor agencies and researchers

Output Targets 2007

- The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural communities assessed and published

Governments, policymakers, Development agencies, NARS researchers

Enhanced targeting of agricultural and rural development strategies

Output Targets 2008

- Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about HIV/AIDS in rural communities assessed and information published - Tool kit of participatory methodologies for assessing linkages between HIV/AIDS and agriculture developed

Development agencies, NARS researchers, extension workers in Africa

Improved knowledge of stakeholders about HIV/AIDS Scientists and development partners using the tool kit

Output targets 2009

Strategy for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS issues in agricultural and rural development developed

Policymakers, NGOs, scientists, development agencies, health workers, UNAIDS

HIV/AIDS programs in rural communities better targeted and leading to reduction of infection, improved livelihoods of PLWAs.

Output 3 Nutrition and diets of HIV/AIDS vulnerable rural communities improved

Policymakers, NGOs, NARS, Ministry of Agriculture and Health, research institutions, development agencies

Policy options for improved nutrition in rural communities in at least 2 countries in West Africa formulated

Enhanced awareness and sensitization of policymakers on HIV/AIDS, and nutrition in West and Central Africa

Output Targets 2007

Perceptions about nutrition and control of HIV/AIDS in rural areas identified

Rural development agencies, researchers, health and nutrition workers

Better understanding of the linkages between diets, nutrition and health in rural areas

Better targeted nutrition training in rural areas, leading to healthy rural population

Output Targets 2008

Study on mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and nutrition-related diseases on agriculture in at least two countries in WA completed

Governments, policymakers Development agencies, NARS researchers

Output Targets - Nutrition strategy for improving the health of vulnerable Policymakers, NGOs, NARS, Ministries PLWAs or vulnerable groups having Improved health status of populations with

136

2009 groups to HIV/AIDS developed - Mechanisms for scaling-out and -up of proven technologies and suitable nutrition for HIV/AIDS vulnerable communities and PLWAs developed

of Agriculture and Health, research institutions, development agencies HIV/AIDS research programs

knowledge about good quality foods available in local communities

HIV/AIDS in West Africa

Output 4 Information and communication models for effective interventions in agriculture and nutrition management developed and promoted

Policymakers, research institutions, relief agencies, NARS

Output Targets 2007

- Guidelines and training manuals on Positive Living for PLWAs and trainers developed - Community training sessions on Positive Living held in at least three countries in West and Central Africa

NARES and development partners Trainers of Trainers training others in the community

Output Targets 2008

Guidelines and training manuals on Positive Living for PLWAs and trainers developed and published

Output Targets 2009

- Collaborators from NARES trained on participatory methodologies for studying the effects of HIV/AIDS on agriculture - An effective communication strategy for rural communities for mitigating HIV/AIDS and mitigating effect on agricultural households developed

NARES trained NARES and other stakeholders having/or exposed to effective communication approaches

Critical mass of trained professionals regularly carrying out research and highlighting HIV/AIDs issues

Vulnerability to infection and effect of HIV/AIDS on populations living in rural areas in Africa reduced

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development AfDB African Development Bank AfRGM African rice gall midge AGRHYMET Agriculture Hydrology Meteorology Regional Center, Niger ANADER Agence nationale d’appui au développement rural APO Associate Professional Officer ARI African Rice Initiative ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and

Central Africa ASI ADRAO/SAED/ISRA thresher-cleaner AU African Union AVRDC The World Vegetable Center BLB bacterial leaf blight BMZ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (of NEPAD) CBSS Community-based Seed Systems CCER Center-Commissioned External Report CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIMC Community-based Integrated Crop Management CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche

agronomique pour le développement CIRES Centre Ivorien de recherche économique et sociale CMC Consortium Management Committee CNRS Centre National de Recherche Scientifique CNRA Centre National de Recherche Agronomique CSC Consortium Steering Committee DFID Department for International Development DGIS Directorate General for International Cooperation DGRST Direction générale de la recherche scientifique et technique DONATA Dissemination of New Agricultural Technologies in Africa DRC domestic resource cost ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSA Eastern, Central & Southern Africa ECA East and Central Africa ECARRN East and Central Africa Rice Research Network EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa FEWS Famine Early Warning System GIS geographical information systems GSS General Support Service Staff GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Development in the Dry Areas

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ICLARM International Center for Living Aquatic Resources ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICM integrated crop management ICT-KM Information and Communications Technology-Knowledge Management IER Institut d’économie rurale IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IHP Interspecific Hybridization Project IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ILRI International Livestock Research Institute INERA Institut de l’environnement et des recherches agricoles INGER International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa de Agraria (Guinea-Bissau) INRAB Institut national de la recherche agronomique du Bénin INRAN Institut national de recherche agronomique du Niger INRM Integrated Natural Resources Management INSAH Institut du Sahel IPM Integrated Pest Management IRAD Institut de recherche pour le développement IRAG Institut de recherche agronomique de Guinée IRD Integrated Resources Development IRRI International Rice Research Institute ISRA Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles ISFM integrated soil fertility management ITC International Institute for Geo-Information Sciences and Earth

Observation (Enschede, Holland) IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources IVC Inland Valley Consortium IWMI International Water Management Institute LADEP Lowland Agricultural Development Programme M&E monitoring and evaluation MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Ghana) MTP Medium Term Plan NARES National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems NARI National Agricultural Research Institute NARCC National Agricultural Research Co-ordination Council NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NERICA New Rice for Africa NCRI National Cereals Research Institute NGOs non-Governmental organizations NILO near-isogenic line NRI Natural Resources Institute NRM Natural Resources Management ORM Office riz Mopti OVDL Organisation volontaire du développement local PADS Participatory Adaptive Research and Dissemination of Rice

Technologies in West Africa PLAR participatory learning and action research

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PAM policy analysis matrix PATD participatory approaches to technology development PRIGA participatory rice improvement and gender/user analysis PRIMO participatory adaptation and transfer of rice integrated management

options PVRES Projet valorisation des ressources en eaux de surface PVS participatory varietal selection PVS-E Extension-led participatory variety selection QTL quantitative trait locus (loci) R & D research and development ROCARIZ Réseau ouest et centre africain du riz ROPPA Réseau des organisations paysannes et de producteurs de l'Afrique de

l'Ouest RYMV rice yellow mottle virus SAED Société d’aménagement et d’exploitation des terres du Delta du

Fleuve Sénégal et des vallées du Fleuve Sénégal et de la Falémé (Senegal)

SADC/FANR Southern Africa Development Community/ Food, Agriculture & Natural Resources

SARI Savanna Research Institute SC Science Council of the CGIAR SPFS Special Program on Food Security SNRPV Service national de la promotion rurale et de vulgarisation agricole SPIRIVWA Sustainable Productivity Improvement for Rice in Inland Valleys of

West Africa TILS Training, Information and Library Services UEMOA Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association WARF West African Rural Foundation WCA West and Central Africa WECARD/CORAF West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and

Development/Conseil ouest et centre africain pour la recherche et le développement

WAIVIS West African Inland Valley Information System WUR Wageningen University and Research Centre

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About the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was founded in 1971 as a global endeavor of cooperation and goodwill. The CGlAR’s mission is to contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research, partnership, capacity building and policy support, promoting sustainable agricultural development based on the environmentally sound management of natural resources. The CGIAR works to help ensure food security for the twenty-first century through its network of 15 international and autonomous research centers, including WARDA. Together, the centers conduct research on crops, livestock, fisheries and forests, develop policy initiatives, strengthen national agricultural organizations, and promote sustainable resource management practices that help provide people world-wide with better livelihoods. The CGIAR works in partnership with national governmental and non-governmental organizations, universities and private industry. The United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations sponsor the CGIAR. The CGlAR’s over 50 members include developing and developed countries, private foundations, and international and regional organizations. Developing world participation has doubled in recent years. All members of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Development Assistance Committee belong to the CGIAR. The CGIAR is actively planning for the world’s food needs well into the twenty-first century. It will continue to do so with its mission always in mind and with its constant allegiance to scientific excellence. CGIAR Centers CIAT Centro Internaçional de Agricultura Tropical (Cali, Colombia) CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (Bogor, Indonesia) CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (Mexico, DF, Mexico) CIP Centro Internaçional de la Papa (Lima, Peru) ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (Aleppo, Syria) ICLARM WorldFish Center (Penang, Malaysia) ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (Nairobi, Kenya) ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (Patencheru, India) IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, D.C., USA) IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Ibadan, Nigeria) ILRI International Livestock Research Institute (Nairobi, Kenya) IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Rome, Italy) IRRI International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, Philippines) IWMI International Water Management Institute (Colombo, Sri Lanka) WARDA Africa Rice Center (Cotonou, Benin)

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Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Benin

www.warda.org

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