Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) – Better than a Bunnings Brochure?...
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Transcript of Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) – Better than a Bunnings Brochure?...
Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) – Better than a Bunnings Brochure?
John TobinMelbourne Law [email protected] 7679
The Advertising Pitch
Hulls Second Reading Speech Today the Govt fulfils its commitment to
provide better protection for HR for all people in Vic
The Bill will benefit all Victorians by recording in one place the basic … rights we all hold and expect govt to observe
But wait there’s more…
The Bill will promote better Govt … [and] … will make sure there is proper debate about whether the proposed measures strike the right balance between rights…
…this bill brings human rights to the Victorian community in a relevant and practical way
Is this a case of false and misleading advertising? Let’s take it for a road test: When can we buy it?
(commencement date) What features does it have?
which rights are included? who must comply?
How does it operate? what are the mechanisms for implementation?
Is it expensive to run?
1. Commencement
Section 2 (1) 1 Jan 2007 except Div 3 and 4 of Part 3 (2) Div 3 and 4 of Part 3 on 1 Jan 2008
Be aware of transitional provisions (s.49) (1) applies all Act b/4 or after commencement Part
2 (means all Acts) (2) does not apply proceedings b/4
commencement Part 2
2. Special features I: The Rights protected Part 2 – c and p rights only [FRED]
Based ICCPR but differences eg: s 10 treatment w/out consent; s 17 best
interests of child; s 20 property rights
Are esc rights irrelevant? Consider section 5 and 4 year review
But make sure you read the fine print Section 7(2) Rights may be subject to limitations that are:
Under law Reasonable as demonstrably justified in a free and
democratic society; and Take into account all relevant factors
Nature of right (status under int’l law) Purpose of limitation (legitimate aim) Nature and extent of limitation (proportionality) Relationship between limitation and purpose (rational
connection) Any less restrictive means reasonably available (minimal
impairment)
And the performance to date… Consider:
Graffiti legislation
Superannuation and same sex entitlements
2. Who must comply?
Public Authorities
What is a ‘public authority’? (s 4) ‘Core’ public authorities (s 4(1))
Consider courts and tribunals 4(1)(j)
‘Functional’ public authorities (s 4(2)): see YL v Birmingham City Council & Ors [2007] UKHL 27 Function conferred by statutory provision Function connected to or identified with functions of Govt etc
Obligations of public authorities Obligations of public authorities (s 38)
Must give ‘proper consideration’ to human rights in decision-making processes
Real, genuine and proportionate consideration
Must act compatibly with human rights
act includes failure to act
So what about the private sector? Consider:
Direct may be functional public authorities public authorities may impose HR conditions in contracts
Indirect legislation regulating private sector subject to section 32
interpretative obligation
3. Implementation Mechanisms No direct cause of action and no right to
damages: s 39(3)
Cf: Bongiorno J in Gray v DPP [2008] VSC 4 ‘The only remedy the Court can provide … is to release
him on bail…’
So….unless he’s right we need to think laterally
Consider the opportunities for litigation Exercise of administrative capacity by court
or tribunal: s 4(1)(j) and s 38 Element of a right to a fair hearing re criminal
or civil matter under s 24 and s 6(2)(b) Interpretation of legislative provision: s 32 Declaration of inconsistent interpretation: s36 Violation HR provides additional ground of
unlawfulness to pre-existing remedy: s 39
Consider the opportunities for advocacy Statement of Compatibility: s 28 and 29 SARC: s 30 (compatibility assessment)
s.t override declarations: s 31 Obligations of public service: s 38
Also: s 7(1)(f) Public Admin Act (active implementation) VEOHRC: s 40 (intervention) and s 41 (monitoring) Ombudsman:
consequential amendments: investigate compatibility of admin action with HR
Special focus: The Interpretative Obligation
All legislation, so far as possible consistent with statutory purpose, must be interpreted compatibly with human rights (s 32(1))
New, overarching principle of statutory interpretation: see, Ghaidan v Goden-Mendoza [2004] AC 557
May displace previous case law and interpretations No requirement of ambiguity or presumptive incompatibility Ordinary meaning of words may be displaced May permit ‘reading in’ or ‘reading down’ provision
Does not affect validity of legislation (s 32(3)(a)) but may affect validity of subordinate legislation where incompatibility is not ‘empowered’ by principal Act (s 32(3)(b))
Consider examples:
Vic Charter s. 24 right to a fair hearing in criminal and civil matters
Vic Charter s 23(3) child convicted of offence to be treated appropriate to age
CYFAct s 360(5) and mandatory penalties under RSAct
4. Is it expensive to run?
… batteries are not included so…
Onus on claimant to est on bal of Pr that right subject to limitation/interference Requires submissions
If yes, onus shifts to respondent to est that limitation justified in accordance s 7(2)
So it is worth buying
UK experience: No discernable increase in volume, costs or
length of litigation
Considered in 35% of House of Lords Cases and ‘substantially affected result’ in about 10%
Cases reached a ‘peak’ in 2001-02 and are now about ½ that
Litigation: Lessons from the UK HRA appears to have focused and stimulated
NGO and CLC litigation activity
Reference to HRA by practitioners and judges often cursory and unsophisticated, reflecting need for more extensive and effective legal professional and judicial education
Enhanced dialogue between UK and other human rights courts
Beyond litigation: Policy and Service Delivery
Improved legislative and executive transparency and accountability
Improved framework for design and delivery of public services. Awareness-raising, education and capacity building around human rights can empower people and result in:
Better public service outcomes
Improved levels of consumer satisfaction
More flexible, individualised and responsive policies and practices
Core principles of FREDA can trigger new thinking and help decision-makers ‘see seemingly intractable problems in a new light’
Key Resources
www.hrlrc.org.au Guide to the Charter Searchable Database of Charter Case Law Articles, Materials and Commentary Monthly E-Bulletin
www.justice.vic.gov.au
Evans & Evans, Australian Bills of Rights: The Law of the Victorian Charter and the ACT HRA (LexisNexis, 2008)
Pound & Evans, An Annotated Guide to the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (Thomson, 2008)