Charmonia above open charm threshold
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Charmonia above open Charmonia above open charm thresholdcharm threshold
Yu.S.KalashnikovaYu.S.Kalashnikova
ITEPITEP
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2
Charmonium Charmonium
4
3S
SS SO TV r V V Vr
2
2 cc
pH m V
m
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP
mmcc = 1.5 GeV = 1.5 GeV
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3
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
0-+ 1-- 0++ 1++ 2++ 1+- 2-- 3-- 2-+
M, MeV
Theory: Godfrey-IsgurTheory: Godfrey-Isgur
DD
? ?
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP
Expected Expected
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 4
All eight cAll eight ccc states below D states below DDD threshold are threshold arewell-established, and properties are compatiblewell-established, and properties are compatiblewith quark modelwith quark model
New states above DNew states above DDD threshold do not fit threshold do not fit quark-antiquark assignementquark-antiquark assignement
New degress of freedom enter the gameNew degress of freedom enter the game
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New charmoniaNew charmonia
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 5
ExperimentExperiment StateState Production Production mechanismmechanism
Belle, BaBar, CDF, D0Belle, BaBar, CDF, D0 X(3872)X(3872) B -> K decay, pB -> K decay, ppp
BelleBelle Z(3930)Z(3930)
Belle, BaBarBelle, BaBar Y(3940)Y(3940) B -> K decayB -> K decay
BelleBelle X(3940)X(3940) double charmoniumdouble charmonium
BelleBelle Y(4008)Y(4008) B -> K decayB -> K decay
BelleBelle Y(4160)Y(4160) double charmoniumdouble charmonium
BaBar, BESBaBar, BES Y(4175)Y(4175) ISRISR
BaBar, CLEO, BelleBaBar, CLEO, Belle Y(4260)Y(4260) ISRISR
BaBar, BelleBaBar, Belle Y(4350)Y(4350) ISRISR
BelleBelle Y(4620)Y(4620) ISRISR
BelleBelle Z(4430)Z(4430) B -> K decayB -> K decay
BelleBelle Z(4050)Z(4050) B -> K decayB -> K decay
BelleBelle Z(4250)Z(4250) B -> K decayB -> K decay
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Warning:Warning:
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 6
Most of the new states are found only at Most of the new states are found only at B-factoriesB-factories
The number of events is tinyThe number of events is tiny
Not all the states seen at Belle are confirmedNot all the states seen at Belle are confirmed by BaBar, and by BaBar, and vise versavise versa
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 7
Hybrid excitationsHybrid excitations
DDDD loops and threshold loops and threshold effectseffects
PionsPions
Degrees of frreedom which are frozen in Degrees of frreedom which are frozen in quark models start to reveal themselvesquark models start to reveal themselves
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I. HYBRIDSI. HYBRIDS
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 8
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Hybrid excitations:Hybrid excitations:gluon with two “minimal” gluon with two “minimal” strings attachedstrings attached q
qg
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 9
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Y(4260): hybrid Y(4260): hybrid charmonium?charmonium?
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 10
BaBarBaBarBelleBelle
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 11
Y(4320): Y(4320): hybridhybrid charmonium? charmonium?
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Charmonium hybridsCharmonium hybrids(mass, MeV)(mass, MeV)
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 12
JJPCPC QCD QCD string string
LatticeLattice
00-+-+ 42504250 11-+-+ 43204320 43004300 11---- 44004400 44004400 22-+-+ 44504450
QCD string: Yu.S.K., A.NefedievQCD string: Yu.S.K., A.NefedievLattice: J.Dudek Lattice: J.Dudek et alet al
Exotics!Exotics!
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Selection rule:Selection rule:
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 13
hhmagnetimagneti
cc
DD(*)(*)DD(*)(*)
DD(*)(*)DDJJ(*)(*)
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Y(4260) and Y(4320) as Y(4260) and Y(4320) as hybrids:hybrids:
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 14
Observed in ISR, so they are vectorsObserved in ISR, so they are vectors
ee++ee-- width is small width is small
reside in a dip in Rreside in a dip in R
do not couple to Ddo not couple to D(*)(*)DD(*)(*)
hybrids?hybrids?
LGT: (1LGT: (1----))hh @ 4400 MeV @ 4400 MeV
SScccc = 0 for (1 = 0 for (1----))hh -> spin flip is needed -> spin flip is needed for J/for J/ mode mode
Problems:Problems:
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II. LOOPSII. LOOPS
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 15
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16
DD loops:DD loops:(unquenching quark model)(unquenching quark model)
D
D
D
D
cc
=
+cc
D
D
D
D
DD
D
DD
D
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP
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17
Coupled channels
0
2 3
2
( ) ( )( , , )
( )
( )( ) ( ), ( )
/ 2 0
i i k kik i k
ii i
i i i
f p f pt p p M
M M g M
f p d pg M g M g M
p E i
1 2( ) ( )ii
c M i M i
cc DD
Interaction: f(p)= p
One bare cc statewith the mass M0
Hadronic Hadronic shiftshift
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 18
Quark models provide a good fit toQuark models provide a good fit tolowest charmonia levels and 1D, 3S, 4Slowest charmonia levels and 1D, 3S, 4Sexcitationsexcitations
With loops included, in explicit calculations With loops included, in explicit calculations one finds large hadronic shiftsone finds large hadronic shifts(about 200 MeV from the lowest set of (about 200 MeV from the lowest set of thresholds only)thresholds only)
Does unquenching destroy Does unquenching destroy naïve quark model?naïve quark model?
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 19
Sum rules:Sum rules:(exact in nonrelativistic limit)(exact in nonrelativistic limit)
Hadronic shifts are the same Hadronic shifts are the same for a given multipletfor a given multiplet
There is no JLS There is no JLS JL’S’ mixing JL’S’ mixing via loopsvia loops
Loop effects are hidden?Loop effects are hidden?
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 20
Sum rules are severely violatedSum rules are severely violatedby S-wave thresholds strongly by S-wave thresholds strongly coupled to the initial qcoupled to the initial qqq state: state:
Nonanalyticity of the DD scattering amplitude,Nonanalyticity of the DD scattering amplitude, and cusps in crossectionand cusps in crossection
Extra singularities (Extra singularities (CC polesCC poles))
genuine quarkonium survuves, but CC state disappearsgenuine quarkonium survuves, but CC state disappearsIn the NIn the Nc c limit limit
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Weird charmoniaWeird charmoniaand relevant thresholdsand relevant thresholds
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 21
X(3872) D0D0* 3872 MeVD+D-* 3879 MeV
Y(4260) DD1 4285 MeV
Y(4325) D*D0 4360 MeV
(4430) D*D1 4430 MeV
Threshold affinity means that the admixture of D-meson pairs in the wavefunction could be large
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X(3872) X(3872)
X(3872) 25 evt 3.5 σ
659 evt 11.6σ522 evt 5.2σ
MX = 3871.3 ±0.7 ± 0.4 MeV MJ/ψππ–MJ/ψ = 774.9 ±
MX = 3872.0 ±0.6 ± 0.5 MeV 3873.4 ±0.14 MeV
Br(B- → XK-)×Br(X→J/ψππ) = (1.3 ± 0.3) 10–5 (1.28± 0.41) 10–5
3871.77
MJ/ψππ– MJ/ψ
37 evt 10
22
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 23
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M(D0D*0)=3871.81 M(D0D*0)=3871.81 0.36 MeV 0.36 MeVM(X)=3871.46 M(X)=3871.46 0.09 MeV 0.09 MeV
JJPCPC = 1 = 1++++
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 24
X(3872) as a X(3872) as a CCCC state: state:
bare bare c1c1(2(233PP11) charmonium state) charmonium stateattracted to D0D*0 S-wave thresholdattracted to D0D*0 S-wave threshold
Bugg, YuSK, Danilkin&SimonovBugg, YuSK, Danilkin&Simonov
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Spectral density of the 2Spectral density of the 233PP11 charmoniumcharmonium
level in the clevel in the ccc-D-D(*)(*)DD(*)(*) coupling scheme coupling scheme
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 25
YuSKYuSK Danilkin&SimonovDanilkin&Simonov
Quark model for bare state + Quark model for bare state + 33PP00-type pair creation vertex-type pair creation vertex
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 26
Flattè analysis of Belle data on XFlattè analysis of Belle data on X
J/J/D0D0D0D000
Assumptions: Assumptions: Coupled-channel model for the XCoupled-channel model for the XConclusions: Conclusions: Belle data are compatible with thisBelle data are compatible with this assumptionassumption
YuSK&NefedievYuSK&Nefediev
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III.OPE –BOUNDIII.OPE –BOUNDMOLECULESMOLECULES
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 27
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 28
Mesonic molecules bound by Mesonic molecules bound by one pion exchangeone pion exchange
One pion t-channel exchange in theOne pion t-channel exchange in theI=0 1I=0 1++++ D DDD* channel is attractive, so* channel is attractive, soa molecule can be formed, in perfect analogya molecule can be formed, in perfect analogywith deuteronwith deuteron
Voloshin@Okun, deRujula, Georgi&Glashow (circa 1976)Voloshin@Okun, deRujula, Georgi&Glashow (circa 1976)
Tornqvist, Swanson,…Tornqvist, Swanson,…
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Star flipping:Star flipping:OPE in the 1OPE in the 1++++ DD* DD*
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 29
DD
D*D* DD
D*D*
X(3872) asX(3872) asDD* bound-DD* bound-statestate
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Deeply bound molecular statesDeeply bound molecular states
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 30
DD* : generic vertex is D* -> DDD* : generic vertex is D* -> D in P-wave, in P-wave, molecule is loosely boundmolecule is loosely bound
DD(*)(*)DDJJ: generic vertex is D: generic vertex is DJJ -> D -> D(*)(*) in S-wave, in S-wave, molecule is deeply boundmolecule is deeply bound
Close Close et alet al
Y(4260) and Y(4320) Y(4260) and Y(4320) as 1S and 2S molecular states in the D*Das 1S and 2S molecular states in the D*D11
system bound by one pion exchangesystem bound by one pion exchange
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However…However…
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 31
In existing molecular models pions are not treatedIn existing molecular models pions are not treateddynamically, but enter dynamically, but enter static static potentialpotential
Three-body cutsThree-body cuts are ignored are ignored
Inclusion of dynamical pions leads to imaginaryInclusion of dynamical pions leads to imaginarypart of the potential, and bound states cease to exist part of the potential, and bound states cease to exist
Baru Baru et alet al
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IV. ZIV. Z++ss
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 32
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 33
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 34
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Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 35
Z-states are Z-states are chargedcharged, and, as such, are, and, as such, arenecessarily exoticnecessarily exotic
Z-states are seen Z-states are seen only only @ Belle@ Belle
If exist, could beIf exist, could be
compact tetraquarkscompact tetraquarks
moleculesmolecules
hadrocharmonia hadrocharmonia (whatever it means)(whatever it means)
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ConclusionsConclusions
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 36
There is no theoretical concensus on the There is no theoretical concensus on the nature of new statesnature of new states
More high statistics and high resolution More high statistics and high resolution data is needed to confirm/rule outdata is needed to confirm/rule out different assignementsdifferent assignements
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PANDA on the horizon:PANDA on the horizon:
Yu.S.Kalashnikova, ITEP 37
High luminosity High luminosity O(10 O(1033) c) ccc pairs per day pairs per day
High beam momentum resolution High beam momentum resolution precise precise measurements of mass and widthmeasurements of mass and width
Detector Detector hadronic modes accessible hadronic modes accessible (DD(DD, DD, DD etc) etc)
pppp -> c -> cccpppp -> c -> ccc + light hadrons + light hadrons