Charlotte BrontëFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charlotte Brontë

1854 photograph

Born 21 April 1816

Thornton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England

Died 31 March 1855 (aged 38)

Haworth, Yorkshire, England

Pen name Lord Charles Albert

Florian Wellesley

Currer Bell

Occupation Novelist, poet

Nationality English

Genres Fiction, poetry

Notable work(s) Jane Eyre

Villette

Spouse(s) Arthur Bell Nichols (1854–1855 (her death))

Signature

Charlotte Brontë (/ ̍ b r ɒ n t i / ; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of

the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels are English literature standards.

She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Early life and education

2 Brussels

3 First publication

4 Jane Eyre

5 Shirley and family bereavements

6 In society

7 Villette

8 Marriage

9 Death

10 The Life of Charlotte Brontë

11 Heger letters

12 Publications

o 12.1 Juvenilia

o 12.2 Novels

o 12.3 Poetry

13 Gallery

14 Notes

15 References

16 Further reading

17 External links

Early life and education[edit]

Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816, the third of six children, to Maria (née Branwell)

and Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty or Prunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820

her family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where her father had been appointed Perpetual

curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Her mother died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five

daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte,Emily, Anne and a son Branwell to be taken care of by her sister,

Elizabeth Branwell.

In August 1824, Patrick Brontë sent Charlotte, Emily, Maria and Elizabeth to the Clergy Daughters' School

at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire. Charlotte maintained the school's poor conditions permanently affected her

health and physical development and hastened the deaths of Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815),

who died of tuberculosis in June 1825. After the deaths of her older sisters, her father removed Charlotte

and Emily from the school.[1] Charlotte used the school as the basis for Lowood School in Jane Eyre.

At home in Haworth Parsonage Charlotte acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger

sisters".[2] She and her surviving siblings — Branwell, Emily, and Anne – created their own literary fictional

worlds and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms.

Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their imagined country, "Angria", and Emily and Anne

wrote articles and poems about "Gondal". The sagas they created were elaborate and convoluted (and

exist in partial manuscripts) and provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early

adolescence which prepared them for literary vocations in adulthood.[3]

Roe Head School

Between 1831 and 1832 Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head in Mirfield, where she met her

lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nusseyand Mary Taylor.[1] In 1833 she wrote a novella, The

Green Dwarf, using the name Wellesley. She returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In

1839 she took up the first of many positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued

until 1841. In particular, from May to July 1839 she was employed by the Sidgwick family at their summer

residence, Stone Gappe, in Lothersdale, where one of her charges was John Benson Sidgwick (1835–

1927), an unruly child who on one occasion threw a Bible at Charlotte, an incident which may have been

the inspiration for that part of the opening chapter of Jane Eyre in which John Reed throws a book at the

young Jane.[4]

Brussels[edit]

Plaque in Brussels

In 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to enrol at the boarding school run by Constantin

Heger(1809–96) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1804–87). In return for board and tuition, Charlotte

taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the school was cut short when Elizabeth Branwell,

their aunt who joined the family to look after the children after the death of their mother, died of internal

obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching

post at the school. Her second stay was not happy; she was homesick and deeply attached to Constantin

Heger. She returned to Haworth in January 1844 and used the time spent in Brussels as the inspiration for

some experiences in The Professor and Villette.

First publication[edit]

In May 1846 Charlotte, Emily and Anne self-financed the publication of a joint collection of poetry under

their assumed names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The pseudonyms veiled the sisters' gender whilst

preserving their initials, thus Charlotte was "Currer Bell". "Bell" was the middle name of Haworth's curate,

Arthur Bell Nicholls, whom Charlotte married. Of the decision to use noms de plume, Charlotte wrote:

Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the

ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively

masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because — without at that time suspecting

that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' – we had a vague impression that

authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their

chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.[5]

Although only two copies of the collection of poetry were sold, the sisters continued writing for publication

and began their first novels, continuing to use their noms de plume when sending manuscripts to potential

publishers.

Jane Eyre[edit]

Title page of the first edition of Jane Eyre

Main article: Jane Eyre

Charlotte's first manuscript, The Professor, did not secure a publisher, although she was heartened by an

encouraging response from Smith, Elder & Co of Cornhill, who expressed an interest in any longer works

which "Currer Bell" might wish to send.[6] Charlotte responded by finishing and sending a second

manuscript in August 1847, and six weeks later Jane Eyre: An Autobiography, was published. It tells the

story of a plain governess (Jane) who, after early life difficulties, falls in love with her employer, Mr

Rochester. They marry, but only after Rochester's insane first wife (of whom Jane initially had no

knowledge) dies in a dramatic house fire.

Charlotte believed art was most convincing when based on personal experience; in Jane Eyre she

transformed the experience into a novel with universal appeal.[7] Commercially it was an instant success,

and initially received favourable reviews. Critic G. H. Lewes wrote that it was "an utterance from the depths

of a struggling, suffering, much-enduring spirit", declaring it to be "suspiria de profundis!" (sighs from the

depths).[7] The book's style was innovative, combining naturalism with gothic melodrama, and broke new

ground in being written from an intensely first-person female perspective.[8]Speculation about the identity of

Currer Bell and whether the author was male or female heightened with the publication of

Emily's Wuthering Heights by "Ellis Bell" and Anne's Agnes Grey by "Acton Bell".[9] Accompanying the

speculation was a change in the critical reaction to Charlotte's work and accusations were made that the

writing was "coarse",[10] a judgment more readily made once it was suspected that "Currer Bell" was a

woman.[11]However sales of Jane Eyre continued to be strong, and may have increased as a result of the

novel developing a reputation as an 'improper' book.[12]

Shirley and family bereavements[edit]

Following the success of Jane Eyre, in 1848 Charlotte began work on the manuscript of her second

novel, Shirley. The manuscript was partially completed when the Brontë household suffered a tragic series

of events, the deaths of three family members within eight months. In September 1848 Branwell died

of chronic bronchitis and marasmus exacerbated by heavy drinking, although Charlotte believed his death

was due to tuberculosis. Branwell was a suspected "opium eater", a laudanum addict. Emily became

seriously ill shortly after Branwell's funeral, and died of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848. Anne

died of the same disease in May 1849. Charlotte was unable to write at this time.

After Anne's death Charlotte resumed writing as a way of dealing with her grief,[13] and Shirley which deals

with themes of industrial unrest and the role of women in society was published in October 1849.

Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written from the main character's first-person perspective, Shirley is written in

the third person and lacks the emotional immediacy of her first novel,[14]and reviewers found it less

shocking.

In society[edit]

In view of her novels' success, particularly Jane Eyre, Charlotte was persuaded by her publisher to visit

London occasionally, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in more exalted social

circles, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell, and acquainted with William

Makepeace Thackeray and G. H. Lewes. She never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as

she did not want to leave her ageing father. Thackeray’s daughter, writer Anne Isabella Thackeray

Ritchie recalled a visit to her father by Charlotte:

Portrait by George Richmond

...two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair, and steady eyes.

She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She

enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the

authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some

people even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books... The moment is so breathless that

dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his

arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions

are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter... Every one

waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study,

and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess... the conversation grew dimmer and more

dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to

be able to cope with it at all... after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front

door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly

behind him... long afterwards... Mrs. Procter asked me if I knew what had happened... It was one of the

dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life... the ladies who had all come expecting so much

delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation,

my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.[15]

Charlotte's friendship with Elizabeth Gaskell, whilst not necessarily close, was significant in that Gaskell

wrote Charlotte's biography after her death in 1855.

Villette[edit]

Charlotte's third novel, the last published in her lifetime, was Villette in 1853. Its main themes include

isolation, how such a condition can be borne,[16] and the internal conflict brought about by societal

repression of individual desire.[17] Its main character, Lucy Snowe, travels abroad to teach in a boarding

school in the fictional town of Villette, where she encounters a culture and religion different from her own,

and where she falls in love with a man ('Paul Emanuel') whom she cannot marry. Her experiences result in

a breakdown, but eventually she achieves independence and fulfillment running her own

school. Villette marked Charlotte's return to writing from a first-person perspective (that of Lucy Snowe), the

technique she had used in Jane Eyre. Another similarity toJane Eyre was the use of aspects from her own

life as inspiration for fictional events,[17] in particular reworking the time she spent at the pensionnat in

Brussels into Lucy teaching at the boarding school, and falling in love with Constantin Heger into Lucy

falling in love with 'Paul Emanuel'. Villette was acknowledged by critics of the day as a potent and

sophisticated piece of writing, although it was criticised for 'coarseness' and not being suitably 'feminine' in

its portrayal of Lucy's desires.[18]

Marriage[edit]

Before the publication of Villette, Charlotte received a proposal of marriage from Arthur Bell Nicholls, her

father's curate who had long been in love with her. She initially turned down his proposal, and her father

objected to the union at least partly because of Nicholls' poor financial status.[19] Elizabeth Gaskell, who

believed marriage provided 'clear and defined duties' that were beneficial for a woman,[19] encouraged

Charlotte to consider the positive aspects of such a union, and tried to use her contacts to engineer an

improvement in Nicholls' financial situation.[19] Charlotte meanwhile was increasingly attracted to the intense

attachment displayed by Nicholls, and by January 1854 had accepted his proposal. They gained the

approval of her father by April, and married in June.[20] They took their honeymoon in Ireland.

Death[edit]

Charlotte became pregnant soon after the marriage but her health declined rapidly and according to

Gaskell, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness."[21]Charlotte

died with her unborn child on 31 March 1855, aged 38. Her death certificate gives the cause of death

as phthisis, but many biographers[who?] suggest she may have died from dehydration and malnourishment,

caused by excessive vomiting from severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is

evidence to suggest that Charlotte died from typhus which she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the

Brontë household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her.[citation needed] Charlotte was interred in the

family vault in the Church of St Michael and All Angels at Haworth.

Charlotte's first-written novel, The Professor, was published posthumously in 1857. The fragment of a new

novel she had been working on in her last years has been twice completed by recent authors, the more

famous version being Emma Brown: A Novel from the Unfinished Manuscript by Charlotte Brontë by Clare

Boylan in 2003. Much Angria material has appeared in published form since the author's death.

The Life of Charlotte Brontë[edit]

Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857. It was an important step

for a leading female novelist to write a biography of another,[22] and Gaskell's approach was unusual in that,

rather than analysing her subject's achievements, she concentrated on private details of Charlotte's life,

emphasising aspects which countered the accusations of 'coarseness' which had been levelled at her

writing.[22] Though frank in places, Gaskell was selective about which details she revealed; she suppressed

details of Charlotte's love for Heger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary

morals and source of distress to Charlotte's father, husband and friends.[23] Gaskell provided doubtful and

inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is

refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes preparing meat and potatoes for

dinner at the parsonage, as Juliet Barker points out in her biography, The Brontës. It has been argued that

Gaskell's approach transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels, not just Charlotte's, but

all the sisters', and began a process of sanctification of their private lives.[24]

Heger letters[edit]

On 29 July 1913 The Times printed four letters Charlotte had written to Constantin Heger after leaving

Brussels in 1844.[25] Written in French except for one postscript in English, the letters broke Charlotte's

image as an angelic martyr to Christian and female duties that had been constructed by many biographers,

beginning with Gaskell.[25] The letters, part of a larger and somewhat one-sided correspondence in which

Heger frequently appears not to have replied, reveal she had been in love with a married man, although

they are complex and have been interpreted in numerous ways, including as an example of literary self-

dramatisation and an expression of gratitude from a former pupil.[25]

Publications[edit]

Library resources

About Charlotte Brontë

Online books

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

By Charlotte Brontë

Online books

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

Novels portal

Poetry portal

Juvenilia[edit]

The Young Men's Magazine, Number 1 – 3  (August 1830)

The Spell

The Secret

Lily Hart

The Foundling

The Green Dwarf

My Angria and the Angrians

Albion and Marina

Tales of the Islanders

Tales of Angria (written 1838–1839 – a collection of childhood and

young adult writings including five short novels)

Mina Laury

Stancliffe's Hotel

The Duke of Zamorna

Henry Hastings

Caroline Vernon

The Roe Head Journal Fragments

The Green Dwarf, A Tale of the Perfect Tense was written in 1833 under the pseudonym Lord Charles

Albert Florian Wellesley. It shows the influence of Walter Scott, and Brontë's modifications to her earlier

gothic style have led Christine Alexander to comment that, in the work, "it is clear that Brontë was

becoming tired of the gothic mode per se".[26]

Novels[edit]

Jane Eyre , published 1847

Shirley , published in 1849

Villette , published in 1853

The Professor , written before Jane Eyre, submitted at first along

with Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, then separately, and rejected

in either form by many publishing houses, published posthumously in

1857

Emma, unfinished; Charlotte Brontë wrote only 20 pages of the

manuscript, published posthumously in 1860. In recent decades, at

least two continuations of this fragment have appeared:

Emma, by "Charlotte Brontë and Another Lady", published 1980;

although this has been attributed to Elizabeth Goudge,[27] the

actual author was Constance Savery.[28]

Emma Brown , by Clare Boylan, published 2003

Poetry[edit]

Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell  (1846)

Selected Poems of The Brontës, Everyman Poetry (1997)

Gallery[edit]

Portrait by J. H. Thompson at the Bronte Parsonage Museum.

 

Branwell Brontë, Painting of the 3 Brontë Sisters, l to r Anne, Emily and

Charlotte Brontë. Branwell painted himself out of this portrait of his three

sisters.

 

An idealised posthumous portrait  by Duyckinick, 1873, based on a drawing

by George Richmond

Notes[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b Fraser 2008, p. 261.

2. Jump up^ Cousin, John (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of

English Literature. E.P. Dutton & Co.

3. Jump up^ Miller 2005, p. 5.

4. Jump up^ Phillips-Evans 2012, pp. 260–261.

5. Jump up^ "Biographical Notice of Ellis And Acton Bell", from the

preface to the 1910 edition of Wuthering Heights.

6. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 14.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b Miller 2002, p. 13.

8. Jump up^ Miller 2002, pp. 12–13.

9. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 15.

10. Jump up^ Fraser 2008, p. 24.

11. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 17.

12. Jump up^ North American Review. October 1848., cited in Allott, M,

ed. (1974). The Brontës: The Critical Heritage. Routledge and Kegan

Paul. cited in Miller 2002, p. 18.

13. Jump up^ Letter from Charlotte to her publisher, 25th June 1849,

from Smith, M, ed. (1995). The Letters of Charlotte Brontë: Volume

Two, 1848 – 1851. Clarendon Press. cited in Miller 2002, p. 19

14. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 19.

15. Jump up^ Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie. Chapters from Some

Memoirs. cited in Sutherland, James (ed.) The Oxford Book of Literary

Anecdotes. OUP, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812139-3.

16. Jump up^ Reid Banks, L., Path to the Silent Country, Penguin, 1977,

p113

17. ^ Jump up to:a b Miller 2002, p. 47.

18. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 52.

19. ^ Jump up to:a b c Miller 2002, p. 54.

20. Jump up^ Miller 2002, p. 55.

21. Jump up^ "Real life plot twists of famous authors". CNN. 25

September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2013.

22. ^ Jump up to:a b Miller 2002, p. 57.

23. Jump up^ Lane 1953, pp. 178–83.

24. Jump up^ Miller 2002, pp. 57–58.

25. ^ Jump up to:a b c Miller 2002, p. 109.

26. Jump up^ Alexander 1993, pp. 430–432.

27. Jump up^ "Review of Emma Brown by Charlotte Cory". The

Independent. 13 September 2003. Archived from the original on 19

September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2013.

28. Jump up^ "Constance Savery, Life and Works".

www.constancesavery.com. Retrieved 12 June 2013.; see for

example Publishers of Savery's Adult Novels.[self-published source?]

[better source needed]

References[edit]

Alexander, Christine (March 1993). "'That Kingdom of Gloo': Charlotte

Brontë, the Annuals and the Gothic". Nineteenth-Century

Literature 47 (4): 409–436.

Fraser, Rebecca (2008). Charlotte Brontë: A Writer's Life (2 ed.). New

York: Pegasus Books LLC. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-933648-88-0.

Lane, Margaret (1953). The Brontë Story: a reconsideration of Mrs.

Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë.

Miller, Lucasta (2002). The Brontë Myth. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-

928714-5.

Miller, Lucasta (2005). The Brontë Myth. New York: Anchor. ISBN 978-

1400078356.

Phillips-Evans, J. (2012). The Longcrofts: 500 Years of a British

Family. Amazon. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-1481020886.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public

domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary

of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.Wikisource

Further reading[edit]

The Letters of Charlotte Brontë, 3 volumes edited by Margaret Smith

The Life of Charlotte Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell

Charlotte Brontë, Winifred Gérin

Charlotte Brontë: a passionate life, Lyndal Gordon

The Literary Protégées of the Lake Poets, Dennis Low (Chapter 1

contains a revisionist contextualisation of Robert Southey's infamous

letter to Charlotte Brontë)

Charlotte Brontë: Unquiet Soul, Margot Peters

In the Footsteps of the Brontës, Ellis Chadwick

The Brontës, Juliet Barker

Charlotte Brontë and her Dearest Nell, Barbara Whitehead

The Brontë Myth, Lucasta Miller

A Life in Letters, selected by Juliet Barker

Charlotte Brontë and Defensive Conduct: The Author and the Body at

Risk, Janet Gezari, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992

Charlotte Brontë and her Family, Rebecca Fraser

The Oxford Reader's Companion to the Brontës, Christine Alexander &

Margaret Smith

A Brontë Family Chronology, Edward Chitham

The Crimes of Charlotte Bronte, James Tilly, 1999

I Love Charlotte Bronte, Michelle Daly 2009

External links[edit]

Library resources

About Charlotte Brontë

Online books

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

By Charlotte Brontë

Online books

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

Wikiquote has a collection of

quotations related

to: Charlotte Brontë

Wikisource has original

works written by or about:

Charlotte Brontë

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Charlotte

Brontë.

Website of the Brontë Society and Parsonage Museum in Haworth,

Yorkshire

Jane Eyre  overview

Online editions of Charlotte Brontë's works  at eBooks@Adelaide

Works by Charlotte Brontë  at Project Gutenberg

 Charlotte Brontë public domain audiobooks from LibriVox

Charlotte Brontë   – Drawing by George Richmond (National Portrait

Gallery)

Modern Day Images of Charlotte Bronte Residences

Charlotte Brontë and Her Circle , by Clement K. Shorter, from Project

Gutenberg

Charlotte Brontë  at the Internet Book List

More Information about Charlotte Bronte

Charlotte's Web : A Hypertext on Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre

Memorial Page for Charlotte Bronte on FindaGrave

Various images depicting residences of Charlotte Bronte

'Napoleon and the Spectre', taken from the manuscript of the  Green

Dwarf

List of the 100 greatest novels of all time

'The Secret' and 'Lily Hart': An Early Manuscript by Charlotte Bronte

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