Charles Darwin and His Origin of Species. Darwin’s Background Born in England, 1809 Studied...
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![Page 1: Charles Darwin and His Origin of Species. Darwin’s Background Born in England, 1809 Studied Medicine at Edinburgh University Transferred to Cambridge.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c805503460f9493833e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Charles Darwin and His
Origin of Species
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Darwin’s Background
• Born in England, 1809 • Studied Medicine at
Edinburgh University• Transferred to
Cambridge University• Studied to be a Minister
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ61-104].
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Darwin’s Expedition - 1831
• Hired as Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle
• Sailed on Five Year Scientific Expedition– Down East Coast of South America– Up Pacific Coast to Galapagos
Islands– Made Stops on Mainland and Islands– Observed Variety of Life and
Habitats
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Darwin’s Work
• Outlined Theory in his Book in 1859:– On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection
• Published Other Works on Biology • Died in 1882
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Summary of Origin of Species
• Proposed Evolution Resulting from Natural Selection:– Organisms Produce Many Offspring– Competition for Food, Territory, Mates, etc.– Those With Best Traits Survive – Organisms Change Over Many Generations
• Time Frame: Millions of Years
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Darwin’s Support for His Theory
• Characteristics of Organisms Coincide With Habitats
• Changes Produced by Breeding of Organisms
• Geologic Ages Suggested by Charles Lyell
• Similarities of Various Organisms
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Limitations of Darwin’s Theory
• Apparent Limits to Variation • No Mechanism For Sufficiently New
Characteristics• Transitional Forms Would Require
Special Environments• Oversimplified View of Living Cells• The Origin of Life Unexplained• Limitations of Fossil Record
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• Sudden Appearance of Complex Life
• Lack of Clear Transitional Forms• Gives More Evidence For Species
Disappearance
Limitations of the Fossil Record
Chicago Daily News negatives collection, DN-0006585. Courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society. American Memory Collection
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• Sudden Appearance of Complex Life
• Lack of Clear Transitional Forms• Gives More Evidence For Species
Disappearance • Explanation of Strata Insufficient
Limitations of the Fossil Record
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Limitations of the Fossil Record
Bryce Canyon, Utah Fossils on Display Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, American Memory Collection
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
• Magnitude of Fossil Graveyards
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
Petrified forestAmerican Environmental Photographs Collection, [AEP Image Number, e.g., AEP-AZS8], Department of Special Collections, University of Chicago Library, American Memory Collection.
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
• Magnitude of Fossil Graveyards• Polystrate Fossils
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
American Environmental Photographs Collection, [AEP Image Number, e.g., AEP-WYS32], Department of Special Collections, University of Chicago Library, American Memory Collection.
VerticalFossilTrees
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
• Magnitude of Fossil Graveyards• Polystrate Fossils• Inconsistent Fossil Distribution
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
• Magnitude of Fossil Graveyards• Polystrate Fossils• Inconsistent Fossil Distribution• Fossils Found Together From
Separate Ages
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Strata Better Explained by Hydrologic Catastrophe
• Magnitude of Fossil Graveyards• Polystrate Fossils• Inconsistent Fossil Distribution• Fossils Found Together From
Separate Ages• Simple (“Older”) Organisms Above
Complex (“Younger”)
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Scientists’ Initial Reactions to Darwin’s Work
• A Compilation of Assertions and Hypotheses
• Unsupported by Scientific Testing• Contains Assumptions that Cannot
Be Supported• Violates the Principles of Cause
and Effect• Illogical Conclusions
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So Why Was It Eventually Accepted?
• It Passed Rigorous Scientific Testing?– No, His Hypotheses Are Not Testable
• Were Transitional Fossils Found?– No Clearly Substantiated Links Found Yet
• A Mechanism to Produce New Traits Discovered?– Mutations Result in Lost Genetic Information
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The Acceptance of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Natural Selection of Genetic Variations is Observable– Limited to Genes Already Present– New Traits Produced Only By
Mutations– Overwhelming Odds Against Good
Mutations
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Ultimately, Acceptance Depended On One Factor:
Willingness to Accept a Naturalistic Explanation
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Credits• All clip art is from ClickArt by Broderbund• All photographs were accessed through the
Library of Congress American Memory Collection.
• The Darwin photograph is from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
• The dinosaur fossil photo is from the Chicago Daily News negatives collection, Courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society.
• The Bryce Canyon and fossil display photos are from the Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library.
• The fossil trees and Petrified Forest photos are from the American Environmental Photographs Collection, Department of Special Collections, University of Chicago Library.