CHARLES BABBAGE INSTITUTE CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

NEWSLETTER

CBI Vol. 36 No. 1 Spring 2014

In This Issue:

Director’s Desk

Sloan Grant to CBI for “Tripling Women in Computing (1965-85)”

CBI-Los Alamos HPC History Project

Gaboury 2014-15 Tomash Fellow

2014 Norberg Travel Grants

News from the Archives

Interviewing Control Data Australia

BHC and WBHC Meetings

Recent Publications

Featured Photo

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CHARLES BABBAGE INSTITUTE CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

NEWSLETTER Spring 2014 Vol. 36 No. 1

In This Issue: Director’s Desk 3

Sloan Grant to CBI for “Tripling Women in Computing (1965-85)” 4

CBI-Los Alamos HPC History Project 5

Gaboury 2014-15 Tomash Fellow 7

2014 Norberg Travel Grants 8

News from the Archives 9

Interviewing Control Data Australia 10

BHC and WBHC Meetings 11

Recent Publications 13

Featured Photo 16

CBI Newsletter Editor: Jeffrey R. Yost

Charles Babbage Institute Email: cbi@umn.edu 211 Andersen Library Ph. (612) 624-5050 University of Minnesota Fax: (612) 625-8054 222 21st Avenue South www.cbi.umn.edu Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

The Charles Babbage Institute for the History of Information Technology is sponsored by the University of Minnesota and the information technology community. Charles Babbage Institute Newsletter is a publication of the University of Minnesota. The CBI Newsletter reports on Institute activities and other developments in the history of information technology. Permission to copy all or part of this material is granted provided that the source is cited and a copy of the publication containing the copied material is sent to CBI.

© Charles Babbage Institute

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Director’s Desk At the Charles Babbage Institute we have enjoyed long and productive relationships with the computing profession. CBI was organized originally in California by Erwin Tomash before moving to the University of Minnesota in 1980. During these months of early organizational effort CBI concluded an agreement with Al Hoagland, then president of AFIPS, to financially support CBI and to assist with its governance.1 AFIPS, the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (a consortium of 13 computing organizations), was simultaneously launching publication of Annals of the History of Computing. (Some years later the journal came under the wing of the IEEE.) History of computing was clearly in the air! The IEEE and ACM, constituting the founding societies for AFIPS in 1961, have been much on our minds at CBI. In recent years our most prominent activity in the IEEE has been CBI associate director Jeffrey Yost’s editorship of IEEE Annals of the History of Computing from 2008 to 2011. Yost continues on the Annals board as well as serving as the new chair of the IEEE Computer Society’s History Committee. For this committee Jeff organized an oral history initiative to capture the perspectives and insights of IEEE Computer Society presidents and longtime executive staff leaders. Among those he has interviewed in the past year was none other than Al Hoagland, who served as Computer Society president before taking the leadership position at AFIPS. This autumn I concluded a four-year term on the IEEE History Committee, which assists with the governance of the IEEE’s History Center. My professional activity is now concentrated in the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). I have been on the ACM’s History Committee since 2008 and will be chairing it next year, following the leadership of University of Utah’s Mary Hall. For ACM I am also editing the history of computing series within the newly launched ACM Book Series. This spring and summer CBI will host two professionally oriented history workshops. In May with the sponsorship of the ACM History Committee, CBI’s archivist R. Arvid Nelsen is leading a hands-on workshop which aims at disseminating professional archiving practices to the ACM membership. Archivists, librarians, historians, computer scientists, and museum professionals from five countries will participate in a two-day workshop here at CBI during 21-22 May. Arvid himself is the newly installed chair of the ALA-affiliated Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries. He also brings to this archiving workshop his University of Minnesota Libraries experiences in digital archiving and data curation. For many ACM members this will be the first opportunity to see their organization’s headquarters records, professionally organized and safely stored in the caverns below CBI. Later this summer in July, with support from the National Science Foundation, we are organizing a unique meeting between computer-security professionals and academic historians. This workshop is an activity of our NSF-funded project on “Building an

1 See “AFIPS and CBI Sign Agreement” CBI Newsletter volume 1 no. 2 (September 31 [sic] 1979) <www.cbi.umn.edu/about/nsl/v1n2.pdf> as well as our AFIPS records <purl.umn.edu/41419>.

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Infrastructure for Computer Security History.” The workshop will have the goal of presenting new knowledge about the history of computer security, based on professionals’ assessments as well as historians’ research. Among those presenting papers will be such computer-security luminaries as Steve Lipner and Bob Johnston; internet governance expert Laura Denardis; several former CBI-Tomash fellows including Bill Aspray, Nathan Ensmenger, and Andrew McGee; and CBI’s own Jim Cortada and Jeffrey Yost. Michael Warner, as command historian of U.S. Cyber Command, neatly spans all sides. Papers will be revised for a special issue of IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. So if you’d like to join the professionals, the historians, or even the professional historians, please drop us a line at the Charles Babbage Institute. For more than three decades, we have been cultivating—with the active assistance of many valued institutional partners—new approaches to computing history. Your support of the CBI Friends helps us to keep these professional relationships active, strong, and vital.

Thomas J. Misa

Sloan Grant to CBI for “Tripling Women in Computing (1965-85)” In March the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded the Charles Babbage Institute a $115,000 grant to support “Tripling Women’s Participation in Computing (1965-1985).” This 18-month research effort will examine and help document a critical but little studied period in computing, the years when women flooded into the computing professions. In the mid-1960s women collected around 12 percent of computer science bachelor’s degrees in the U.S., while at the peak in the mid-1980s women collected 37 percent of computer science bachelor’s degrees. Since then, women’s participation rate in computing has dramatically fallen off, and women’s share of computer science bachelor’s degrees is hovering around 15 percent. Women’s participation in the workforce roughly parallels these educational figures, both on the upswing and the downside. Program officers at the Sloan Foundation have been considering what types of foundation activities might complement the existing efforts to boost women’s participation in the STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Persisting concerns about gender imbalances in computing have attracted the attention of the National Science Foundation, the Ada Initiative, the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, and the Association for Computing Machinery’s Committee on Women, among other policy and advocacy groups. “We need a moon shot to propel women into computer science careers,” suggested a recent article in the San Jose Mercury News.2

2Mike Cassidy, “We need a moon shot to propel women into computer science careers,” San Jose Mercury News (1 March 2014); at <www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_25248069/we-need-moon-shot-propel-women-into-computer>.

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While the decline in women’s participation in computing has deservedly attracted attention, the earlier period in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s is “white space” where little research has been conducted. We know virtually nothing about the middle-level professional women in computing who were the ones that tripled women’s participation in the dynamic field. During these years — for reasons that need to be better understood — women found computing to be an attractive and hospitable field. In surveying the scholarly field, the Sloan Foundation located our CBI volume Gender Codes: Why Women Are Leaving Computing (Wiley / IEEE Computer Society 2010). With this contact as a catalyst, we at CBI activated our own professional networks. Our research project will do 30 oral history interviews with women who worked at AT&T/Bell Laboratories, Lockheed-Martin, and IBM. It is a focused sample that might permit comparative analysis and preliminary understanding of women’s experiences in computing. In addition we will assess corporate and institutional responses through archival research in CBI materials including recruiting materials from Burroughs and Control Data as well as the institutional records of the Association for Women in Computing and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

Thomas J. Misa

CBI Begins Los Alamos HPC History Project We are pleased to announce the start of a multi-year research collaboration between the Charles Babbage Institute and the high-performance computing division of Los Alamos National Laboratories (LANL). The collaboration is now formalized through a subcontract between the University of Minnesota and LANL. The first phase of this project commenced in March and covers the next 18 months of collaborative research. Already this spring Nicholas Lewis, a second-year Ph.D. student in the HSTM program, has been compiling publicly accessible materials on the history of high-performance computing (HPC) at Los Alamos. He will be supported by LANL during the academic year, taking classes and working here in Minneapolis, with an internship this summer at Los Alamos itself. Anyone who has followed the history of high-performance computing needs no introduction to Los Alamos. It was the notably famous research site for the wartime Manhattan Project, founded as Project Y in 1943 in a remote part of New Mexico, and has been a notable spur to American computing ever since. Its design calculations for the plutonium-based atomic bomb taxed the nation’s most powerful computers during the war. The ENIAC computer in Philadelphia was already at work on calculations for Los Alamos researchers two months prior to its public announcement in February 1946. Notable figures in physics and computing directly associated with the work of Los Alamos include John von Neumann, Richard Feynman, Nicholas Metropolis, Stanislaw Ulam, and many others. Beginning with the MANIAC in 1952, Los Alamos installed such notable high-performance computers as the IBM Stretch (1961), at least four Control Data 6600s (1966-68), the iconic Cray-1 (1976) and other Cray machines, a cluster of high-performance parallel computers with the Accelerated Strategic Computing

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Initiative in the 1990s, and the IBM Roadrunner (2008), the first computer to break the “petaflop” mark of one quadrillion floating point operations per second. The celebration of the seventieth anniversary of Los Alamos in 2013 prompted the high-performance computing division to inquire more deeply into its storied history. In 2013 Los Alamos created a timeline application initially focusing on computer hardware but it quickly realized that a larger historical research effort was necessary to document, understand, and disseminate its notable achievements in software, computer security, database management, and other areas.

Computer operator inspects ‘MANIAC’ (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator,

and Computer), built at Los Alamos in 1952 and in operation through 1958. Photo courtesy of LANL

For this collaborative research project, we plan to make a thorough survey of archival materials at LANL, to conduct a set of oral history interviews, and develop a research plan to document the history of HPC at LANL. Scholarly publications in the open literature will augment existing sources such as Nicholas Metropolis, et al., A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: A Collection of Papers (New York: Academic Press, 1980) and Donald MacKenzie’s “The Influence of the Los Alamos and Livermore National Laboratories on the Development of Supercomputing” in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (April-June 1991).

Thomas J. Misa

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Gaboury Awarded Tomash Fellowship

We are delighted to announce that Jacob Gaboury, a Ph.D. candidate at New York University’s Department of Media, Culture, and Communication, is the recipient of the 2014-2015 Adelle and Erwin Tomash Fellowship. His dissertation — “Image Objects: Computer Graphics at the University of Utah, 1965-1979” — focuses on the research and development of 3D computer graphics at this pioneering department, and on the influence that technical paradigms, resulting from this early graphics R&D, had on the field of computer science. Specifically, Gaboury argues that it is “through graphics that computing transforms from a technical object for mathematical calculation into an interactive

medium.” His dissertation benefits from recently available archival material at the University of Utah — most significantly the David C. Evans Papers that detail the founding of the Utah Computer Science Department as well as Evan’s later work at Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation. In addition to his extensive research on site at University of Utah, he has also conducted research at Stanford University, the National Museum of American History, the National Air and Space Museum, and the Computer History Museum. In December he plans to make a research trip to CBI to examine the Carl Machover Papers, a vast and important collection on the history of computer graphics, where he is particularly interested in materials documenting the development of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Gaboury completed a B.A. at the University of Puget Sound in Spanish Language and Literature, and a M.A. in Cinematic Studies at NYU, before beginning his doctoral work within the university’s Media, Culture, and Communication Department. In 2013-2014 he was the recipient of the IEEE Life Members Doctoral Fellowship in the history of electricity and electronics as well as a Lemelson Fellowship to do research within the archives of the museums of the Smithsonian. He has also received support for his research from the Association for Computing Machinery and the Social Science Research Council. Gaboury has presented his work widely at prestigious annual scholarly conferences, universities, and museums including the Society for the History of Technology, American Studies Association, the Society for Cinema and Media Studies, Smithsonian, MIT Media Lab, and Duke University.

Jeffrey R. Yost

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Norberg Travel Grants Recipients We are pleased to announce that Michael Castelle, John Day, Raiford Guins, and Andrew Russell have been awarded 2014 Norberg Travel Grants. This program, named in honor of CBI’s founding director Arthur L. Norberg, provides funds to assist recipients travel to Minneapolis to conduct research using the CBI archival collections. Michael Castelle, who holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Brown University, is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the University of Chicago. He has presented his research at a number of important conferences and institutions, including the American Sociological Association annual meeting and at the Institut des Sciences de la Communication du CNRS (Paris). He will be visiting CBI to conduct research on his project, “Concurrency and Durability: Transaction Processing in the 1970s and 1980s,” in which he is analyzing the technological formalization of computer facilitated transactions as a “fundamental prerequisite and facilitator” of observed transformations in commerce and finance. He plans to draw on resources from the Curt A. Monash Papers, James W. Cortada Papers, Burroughs Corporation Records, and Control Data Corporation Records among others. Raiford Guins is Associate Professor of Culture and Technology in the Department of Cultural Analysis and Theory at Stony Brook University. He is a leading scholar on the cultural study and history of video games and is author of Edited Clean Version: Technology and the Culture of Control (University of Minnesota, 2009) and Game After: A Cultural Study of Video Game Afterlife (MIT Press, 2014). With his current research project, “Tennis for Two, or the Love of Analog Technology,” he will be examining CBI’s William A. Higinbotham Papers (who designed the pioneering video tennis game at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the late 1950s) and other collections to provide a “prehistory” of the network of actors and setting that “gave shape to this pioneering analog computer game.” Andrew Russell and John Day have designed an innovative project for a simultaneous visit to CBI to conduct archival research and produce a major oral history on site. Andrew Russell, the interviewer, is Assistant Professor of History in the College of Arts and Letters, and Director of the Program in Science and Technology Studies at Stevens Institute of Technology. He is a past CBI-Tomash fellow and author of the just published book Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks (Cambridge University Press, 2014). John Day, the interviewee, is an ARPANET/internet pioneer who is currently an adjunct professor at Boston University where he teaches graduate level advanced and introductory courses on networking and operating systems. In the late 1960s and 1970s Day was on the research staff at University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana developing operating systems for the path breaking ILLIAC IV, including early operating systems for use with the ARPANET.3 He was also a member of the ARPANET Networking Group in the mid-1970s and created upper layer ARPANET protocols. He later went on to hold senior research positions at Cullinane Database Systems, Codex Corporation, BBN, Arthur D. Little, and Netnostics.

3 Documented in Misa’s oral history interview with John Day.

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Russell and Day will benefit from having key documents in front of them for the interview, including materials from the John Day Papers, the Charles Bachman Papers, and the Alex McKenzie Collection. Beyond this oral history, Day’s research will advance an article manuscript he is writing for submission to IEEE Annals of the History of Computing examining how the internet missed some fundamental insights of 1970s networking research. Russell’s archival research and the John Day oral history will further his research and publication on various aspects of history of computer networking.

Jeffrey R. Yost

News from the Archives Electronic Records and Digital Archives Special collections libraries and archives have been wrestling with the prospect of how to manage born-digital collections of personal papers and organizational records for more than a decade now. Much of that time was spent in identifying and discussing all of the potential difficulties in collecting, preserving, and promoting such materials. In recent years, “memory institutions” like these have come some ways toward making this a reality … and just in time! Increasingly, the donors — whose generosity in sharing their ideas and activities allows scholars and students to conduct historical research — have conceived, developed, and shared their work in entirely electronic formats rather than on paper and in other physical formats. The University of Minnesota Libraries Department of Archives and Special Collections (ASC) – home of CBI’s collections of library and archival materials – has been active in meeting the growing demand for digital asset management, and CBI has been at the center of this work. When I returned to CBI in 2012, in addition to my duties as Archivist I was also assigned the responsibility for developing the capacity of ASC to collect born-digital records and to make them accessible (as ASC Electronic Records Strategist). Last June I wrote a brief article for the ASC blog, “Primary Sourcery,” about our efforts to date. I am delighted to say that just since July 2013 we have made considerable progress. The task force I assembled last year to develop workflows identified the need to acquire a powerful new workstation with specialized hardware and software that would allow us to extract data from a wide variety of storage devices (including legacy media like floppy and zip disks), to copy data and move data in ways that prevent data and metadata from being altered (using digital forensic techniques first developed by law enforcement), and to ensure the authenticity and integrity of data. The proposal that we submitted to the Libraries succeeded in getting us this new workstation as well as a new status as an official, Libraries-wide task force. The new workstation is being installed in a space within CBI’s office suite, and I will continue to lead the new Electronic Records Task Force. It will include members from across the Libraries so that the workflows we develop will be available to librarians across the campus who are facing new challenges from digital publications and records. Our initial efforts will be on formalizing a variety of workflows for the safe ingest and processing of electronic records. Further work will involve developing access platforms

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and policies in collaboration with other initiatives across the Libraries, such as the Data Curation and Management Initiative (DMCI), on which I also serve. Some materials will require the development of new platforms, but we will use existing access repositories such as the University Digital Conservancy (UDC) and the U Media Archive when appropriate. Look for more exciting developments!

R. Arvid Nelsen

Misa Interviews Control Data Australia In November 2013, I found myself far from home and trying to fathom a bizarre lunchtime conversation. I’d just arrived in Melbourne, Australia, after a 24 hour Minneapolis–Los Angeles–Sydney routing. Never had the phrase “two nations divided by a common language,” typically invoked for Britain and the United States, seemed more pertinent. The lunchtime topic was professional liars. “You see, it’s so difficult to find a good liar,” said one of the lunch party. Murmurs of assent. It seemed Australia had established official lists of these sought-after ‘liars.’ Some of them specialized in real estate (this resonated with my experience buying a house in Chicago some years back!). Other ‘liars’ worked their magic with commercial services and bankruptcy. For ten minutes or so I was flummoxed. But of course the problem at hand was not ‘liars’ but ‘lawyers.’ The next day I took the train across Melbourne and met three dozen former Control Data Australia (CDA) employees over pizza. They helped me through the intricacies of our “common language” and we set up a week-long marathon of oral history interviewing. A bit of history: Control Data moved overseas rather quickly after its founding in 1957, and for years Australia was its star overseas performer. I first became aware of CDA while preparing Building the Control Data Legacy: The Career of Robert M. Price (Charles Babbage Institute, 2012). Bob Price was centrally involved with Control Data’s international business, and he and I have shared stories about Australia. In Melbourne for the week, I did interviews with 13 Control Data Australia managers, engineers, programmers, and HR staff. We covered everything from selling computer hardware to mining companies or the Australian government to creating software for the Australian and New Zealand horse-racing industry. Among the many other topics covered in these interviews are networking, international business, database management, computer maintenance and trouble-shooting, developing and marketing computer services, and the intricacies of programming in COBOL. These Australians developed distinctive views of the Midwest-centered Control Data headquarters staff.

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A few interviewees at a 2007 lunch. Clockwise: Bob Price, Alan Bell, Graham

Knox, Gary Pearce, George Karoly, John O’Neil. Photo taken by Ron Bird. Although Control Data Australia was dissolved in the mid-1990s, the “ex-CDA” group has been meeting each month ever since. Every two years they hold a reunion. And they maintain an active website, with many first-person historical accounts, at <excda.site44.com>. My special thanks to John O’Neil and Ron Bird, for helping set up interviews; Mike Spark, for a lovely day trout fishing and picnicking; and Peter Jones in Sydney, whose lunchtime conversation at the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron took us back to the legendary days of Seymour Cray. The almost 600 pages of interviews are making their way through editing and transcription, and will be appearing soon on the CBI oral history database <www.cbi.umn.edu/oh>.

Thomas J. Misa

BHC and WBHC Meetings in Frankfurt The Business History Conference (BHC)—with this year’s theme the “virtues and vices of business”—met from March 13th to 15th at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt, Germany. The First World Business History Conference immediately followed on March 16th and 17th. Both meetings were held at the IG Hochhaus, a striking building that prior to World War II was the headquarters of IG-Farben Industries, then the second largest chemical company worldwide. Soon after World War II ended, the building—surprisingly not destroyed by allied bombing—became the European headquarters of the American Army, until it was transferred to the Goethe University at the end of the Cold War.

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IG Hochhaus at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt

CBI associate director Jeffrey Yost attended both meetings and presented a paper, “Access Control Software, Corporate Responsibility, and the Origin and Early History of the Computer Security Industry,” at BHC. Yost’s paper was part of a session on “Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Antecedents” and drew from archival research and oral histories he has conducted as part of CBI’s NSF-sponsored project “Building an Infrastructure for Computer Security History.” It detailed the emergence of security software products and how corporate users—in seeking to balance goals regarding efficiency and security—shaped the first commercial access control products, IBM’s RACF and SKK, Inc.’s ACF2. A record number of computer history papers were on this year’s BHC program, a testament to IT business history’s vitality as a scholarly focus. Computer history within BHC 2014 included: Ross Bassett (North Carolina State University) “Foreign Computers in 1960s India: Job Eaters, Consumers of Foreign Exchange, or Export Creators?” Thomas Haigh (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) “IBM as the Very Model of a Modern Major Corporation,” Lars Heide (Copenhagen Business School) “Virtues and Vices of IBM’s Subsidiary in Nazi Germany,” Andrew Meade McGee (Washington and Lee University) “Combating the Urban Crisis, One Computer Technician at a Time: IBM, the Urban League, and the Business of Social Responsibility Through Job Training,” Pierre Mounier-Kuhn (Université Paris-Sorbonne) “Staying with IBM, Shunning National Champions: Users’ Choice in Major French Organizations,” Petri Paju (University of Turku) “The Virtue of Flexibility: IBM World Trade’s Multifaceted Identity,” Andrew Russell (Stevens Institute of Technology) “Accreditation and the Boundaries of Computer Science, 1984-1999,” Corinna Schlombs (Rochester Institute of Technology) “World Peace through World Trade: IBM’s Corporate Diplomacy Before and After World War II,” Steven Usselman (Georgia Institute of Technology) “In Good Times and Bad: IBM and the Federal Government,” JoAnne Yates (MIT Sloan School of Management) and Craig Murphy

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(Wellesley College) “The Role of Firms in Industrial Standards Setting: Virtue and Vice.” Like BHC, the WBHC was a highly engaging event and was particularly rich in geographic diversity of topics and attendees’ countries of origin. Scholars from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas, presented on and discussed a range of business history topics ranging from capitalism, imperialism, family businesses, finance, and marketing to transportation, trade, international taxation, entrepreneurship, and historiography.

Recent Publications Alberts, Gerard and Ruth Oldenziel, eds. Hacking Europe: From Computer Cultures to Demoscenes (Springer, 2014). Ahmed, Haroon. Cambridge Computing: The First 75 Years (Third Millennium Publishing, 2013). Aspray, William. “Computers, Information, and Everyday Life” [Think Piece]. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 94-96. Bartik, Jean, Jon T. Rickman, and Kim D. Todd. Pioneer Programmer: Jean Jennings Bartik and the Computer that Changed the World (Truman State University Press, 2013). Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. “Direct Line Insurance: A case study on telephone banking and its impact on the competitive performance of the Royal Bank of Scotland, 1985-1995.” Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte/The Journal of Business History 18 (2013): 54-72. Bátiz -Lazo, Bernardo, Thomas Haigh, and David L. Stearns. “How the Future Shaped the Past: The Case of the Cashless Society.” Enterprise & Society 15:1 (March 2014): 103-131. Bauer, Craig P. Secret History: The Story of Cryptography (CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2013). Brunton, Finn. Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet (MIT Press, 2013). Cortada, James W. “‘Carrying a Bag’: Memoirs of an IBM Salesman, 1974-1981.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 32-47. Cortada, James W. “How New Technologies Spread: Lessons from Computing Technologies.” Technology and Culture 54:2 (April 2013): 229-261.

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Cortada, James W. “When Knowledge Transfer Goes Global: How People and Organizations Learned About Information Technology.” Enterprise & Society 15:1 (March 2014): 68-102. Dasgupta, Subrata. It Began with Babbage: The Genesis of Computer Science (Oxford University Press, 2014). Downey, Rod, ed. Turing’s Legacy: Developments from Turing’s Ideas in Logic (Cambridge University Press, 2014). Endres, Albert. “Early Language and Compiler Developments at IBM Europe: A Personal Retrospection.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 18-31. Fornés, Jordi, and Néstor Herran. “Computing in Transition: The Origins of Barcelona’s School of Informatics, 1976-1984.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 18-29. Franklin, M. I. Digital Dilemmas: Power, Resistance, and the Internet (Oxford University Press, 2013). Gehl, Robert. Reverse Engineering Social Media: Software, Culture, and Political Economy in New Media Capitalism (Temple University Press, 2014). Haigh, Thomas, Mark Priestley, and Crispin Rope. “Reconsidering the Stored-Program Concept.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 4-17. Hepler-Smith, Evan. “Simple Problems” [Think Piece]. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 85-88. Hemmendinger, David. “Messaging in the Early SDC Time-Sharing System.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 52-57. Hoeppe, Gotz. “Working Data Together: The Accountability and Reflexivity of Digital Astronomical Practice.” Social Studies of Science 44:2 (April 2014): 243-270. Jensen, Mark et al. HR Pioneers: A History of Human Resource Innovations at Control Data Corporation (North Star Press of St. Cloud, Inc., 2013). Jones, Capers. The Technical and Social History of Software Engineering (Addison-Wesley, 2014). Nelsen, R. Arvid. “The Future of the History of Computing.” Journal of Opinions, Ideas, and Essays (JOIE) (December 2013). <http://purl.umn.edu/161215> Nofre, David, Mark Priestley, and Gerard Alberts. “When Technology Became Language: The Origin of the Linguistic Conception of Computer Programming, 1950-1960.” Technology and Culture 55:1 (January 2014): 40-75.

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Rawlings, Nicholas. “The History of NOMAD: A Fourth Generation Language.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 30-38. Roulstone, Ian and John Norbury. Invisible in the Storm: The Role of Mathematics in Understanding the Weather (Princeton University Press, 2013). Russell, Andrew L. Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks (Cambridge University Press, 2014). St. Amant, Robert. Computing for Ordinary Mortals (Oxford University Press, 2013). Stachniak, Zbigniew. “Early Commercial Electronic Distribution of Software.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 36:1 (January-March 2014): 39-51. Stachniak, Zbigniew. “This Not a Computer: Negotiating the Microprocessor.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 48-55. Taylor, Grant D. When the Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art (Bloomsbury Academic, 2014). Thadeusz, Frank. “Early Calculator: The Sad Story of an Inventor at Buchenwald.” Translated by Christopher Sultan. Spiegel Online (July 2013). Wadden, Mary. Silicon Valley: The History in Pictures (Silicon Valley Historical Association, 2013). Wasiak, Patryk. “Computer Dealer Demos: Selling Home Computers with Bouncing Balls and Animated Logos.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 56-68. Williams, Chris A. Police Control Systems in Britain, 1775-1975: From Parish Constable to National Computer (Manchester University Press, 2014). Yost, Jeffrey R. “Appropriation and Independence: BTM, Burroughs, and IBM at the Advent of the Computer Industry.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35:4 (October-December 2013): 5-17.

Compiled by Jeffrey R. Yost

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Featured Photo

Stan Kwasny, keynoter Raymond Kurzweil, and John Buck at 1993 ACM Annual Meeting.

Photo taken from the Association for Computing Machinery Records (CBI 205), Box 4, Folder 8.