Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/Engineer PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON) INWEPF 4 th...
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Transcript of Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/Engineer PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON) INWEPF 4 th...
Charin Tongkasame Charin Tongkasame
Environmental Expert/EngineerEnvironmental Expert/EngineerPAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)
INWEPF 4INWEPF 4thth Steering Meeting and Symposium Steering Meeting and Symposium
July 5, 2007 July 5, 2007
WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILANDRICE FARMING IN THAILAND
OBJECTIVES OF PAPEROBJECTIVES OF PAPER
TO PRESENT :TO PRESENT :
Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused by Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in by Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in Thailand (by DPC)Thailand (by DPC)
Results ofResults of Two Case Studies (by PALCON Two Case Studies (by PALCON for RID)for RID)
Recommended Guidelines for Management Recommended Guidelines for Management of Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSsof Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSs
1.1. OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC)OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC) Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002
So, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSo, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSources of Water Pollutants from ANPSsSources of Water Pollutants from ANPSs
47.2 x 1.047.2 x 1.066 ha ha
29.0 %29.0 %
40.1 %40.1 %
18.9 %18.9 %
12.0 %12.0 %Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields
ForestsForests
OthersOthers
Upland CropsUpland Crops
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Organic Matters (BOD)
Pesticides
MAJOR MAJOR POLLUTANTS POLLUTANTS CAUSEDCAUSEDBY ANPSs & RICE BY ANPSs & RICE FARMINGFARMING(by DPC)(by DPC)
PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM
PADDY FIELDS, 2002PADDY FIELDS, 2002 (by DPC)(by DPC)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
Cen
t of
Pol
luta
nts
Cau
sed
by
Pad
dy
Fie
lds
Per
Cen
t of
Pol
luta
nts
Cau
sed
by
Pad
dy
Fie
lds
TNTN TPTP BODBOD PesticidesPesticides
7.597.59
40.9740.97
49.1249.1253.2653.26
PollutantPollutantConcentration (mg/l)Concentration (mg/l)
ThailandThailand ForeignForeign
1. TN1. TN 4.34.3 1.2-2.31.2-2.3
2. TP2. TP 1.0-1.91.0-1.9 0.1-0.30.1-0.3
3. BOD3. BOD 3.85-5.083.85-5.08 3.8-6.03.8-6.0
4. Pesticides4. Pesticides 0.001-0.0020.001-0.002 --
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC)FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC)
Considerably High Contents of Pollutants Considerably High Contents of Pollutants From Paddy FieldFrom Paddy Fields in Thailands in Thailand
2.2. RESULTS OF CASE STUDIESRESULTS OF CASE STUDIES
1)1) PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN
PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN, PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN,
SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE
OF CENTRAL THAILAND OF CENTRAL THAILAND (2005)(2005)
- Paddy Fields = 18.8% - Paddy Fields = 18.8%
2)2) MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M
PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS, PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS,
A SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OFA SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF
THAILAND (1998) THAILAND (1998)
-- Sharing Same Main CanalSharing Same Main Canal
-- Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields == 51.0%51.0%
Water Quality and Aquatic Biology Water Quality and Aquatic Biology
Studies Studies
Sampling in Rainy and Dry SeasonsSampling in Rainy and Dry Seasons
in Irrigation and Drainage Canals in Irrigation and Drainage Canals
Locations of Locations of Case – Study Projects Case – Study Projects
MPOMPMPOMPNarathiwasNarathiwas
PrachuabPrachuabKhiri KhanKhiri Khan
POMPPOMP
BangkokBangkok
DO (mg/l)DO (mg/l)
373373
7.357.35
PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)
954954
5.245.24
1.801.802.602.60
4.74.7
2222
EC (EC (µµs/cm)s/cm) BOD (mg/l)BOD (mg/l) FCBFCB(MPN/100 ml)(MPN/100 ml)
Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal
Drainage CanalDrainage Canal
2.052.05
861861
0.470.47
6.206.20
3.543.54
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton(10(1066 cell/m cell/m33))
Rainy SeasonRainy Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal
Drainage CanalDrainage Canal
Benthic FaunasBenthic Faunas(org./m(org./m33))
Fish Standing CropFish Standing Crop(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT
533533
DO (mg/l)DO (mg/l)
3333
6.66.6
-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)
164164
0.70.7
2.32.3
4.04.0
6.76.7
4.04.0
EC (EC (µµs/cm)s/cm) BOD (mg/l)BOD (mg/l)pHpH
Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal
Drainage CanalDrainage Canal
MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTSMUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
1.861.86
132132
4.274.27
176176 17.317.3
7.27.2
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton(10(1066 cell/m cell/m33))
Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal
Drainage CanalDrainage Canal
Benthic FaunasBenthic Faunas(org./m(org./m33))
Fish Standing CropFish Standing Crop(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTSMUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
CONCLUSIONS :CONCLUSIONS :
1)1) Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Significant, and Will Become More Significant, and Will Become More Serious in FutureSerious in Future
2) Paddy Fields Contribute 2) Paddy Fields Contribute Significant Significant Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, TDS, EC, Coliform TDS, EC, Coliform Bacteria; with Bacteria; with Pesticides to a Lesser Degree Pesticides to a Lesser Degree
3)3) Good Pollution Control Is Needed for Good Pollution Control Is Needed for ANPSs and Paddy FieldsANPSs and Paddy Fields
3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF 3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSsWATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSs
COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES :COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES :
- Agricultural Development Plan for - Agricultural Development Plan for 2002-2006 2002-2006
- Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides- Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive
and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues)and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues) Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic
Agrichemicals Agrichemicals Definite Management Programs/Projects/Definite Management Programs/Projects/
Measures Need to Be Planned & ImplementedMeasures Need to Be Planned & Implemented
RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &PADDY FIELDSPADDY FIELDS
(1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND(1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND
GUIDELINES GUIDELINES
GAPsGAPs GPMPs GPMPs
Databases PreparationDatabases Preparation
Plan for Implementation of Definite WPMPlan for Implementation of Definite WPM
Programs/Projects/MeasuresPrograms/Projects/Measures
For Major River Basins, Sub-basins, For Major River Basins, Sub-basins,
Large Project AreasLarge Project Areas
(2)(2) PREPARATION OF GOODPREPARATION OF GOOD
DATABASES : INCLUDINGDATABASES : INCLUDING
WQ, Aquatic BiologyWQ, Aquatic Biology
Agri Practices (Use of Agri Practices (Use of
Agrichemicals)Agrichemicals)
Pollution from Other SourcesPollution from Other Sources
Effects of Pollution on AB, Effects of Pollution on AB,
Fisheries, etc.Fisheries, etc.
Regular UpdatesRegular Updates
(3)(3) IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES BY USING LOCALBY USING LOCAL
PARTICIPATORY METHOD : PARTICIPATORY METHOD : INVOLVINGINVOLVING
-- Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks -- Local Agricultural Officials Local Agricultural Officials -- Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)-- Educational Institutes ConcernedEducational Institutes Concerned
(4)MONITORING AND EVALUATION
OF WPM PROGRAMS
- Performance of Participants
- Performance of the Program
- Recommending Program
Improvements
FORMULATION OFPOLICIES & GUIDELINES
WPM FOR ANPSs
DATABASE PROGRESSUPDATE OF PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
DATABASE MONITORINGUPDATE AND
EVALATION
LOCAL PARTICIPATION
RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS
DATABASES
IMPROVEMENTS
GAPs, GPMPsWPM Programs
Thank Thank YouYou
GENERATION RATES AND PRECENTAGES OFGENERATION RATES AND PRECENTAGES OF
POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002
Total LoadTotal Load Gen. Rate byGen. Rate by % Caused% Caused
PollutantPollutant from All ANPSsfrom All ANPSs Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields by Paddyby Paddy
(tons/yr)(tons/yr) (kg/ha/yr)(kg/ha/yr) FieldsFields
1. 1. TNTN 886,218 886,218 26.5026.50 40.9740.97
2. TP2. TP 223,719223,719 8.028.02 49.1249.12
3. BOD3. BOD 624,113624,113 24.2624.26 53.2653.26
4. Pesticides4. Pesticides 1,1631,163 0.00650.0065 7.597.59
High Contributions of Pollutants by Paddy FieldsHigh Contributions of Pollutants by Paddy Fields
PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT
-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)
ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season
ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC
1. 1. EC (EC (s/cm)s/cm) 373.4373.4 954.0954.0 668.0668.0 1,737.01,737.0
2. pH2. pH 7.637.63 7.637.63 7.877.87 7.657.65
3. DO (mg/l)3. DO (mg/l) 7.357.35 5.245.24 9.009.00 7.907.90
4. BOD (mg/l)4. BOD (mg/l) 1.801.80 2.602.60 1.201.20 1.601.60
5. Nitrate-N (mg/l)5. Nitrate-N (mg/l) NDND 0.030.03 2.282.28 0.090.09
6. Phosphate (mg/l)6. Phosphate (mg/l) NDND NDND NDND 0.030.03
7. Pesticides (ppb)7. Pesticides (ppb) NDND NDND NDND NDND
8. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100 ml)8. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100 ml)
- Total Coliform- Total Coliform 4949 350350 9,0009,000 3,0003,000
- Faecal Coliform- Faecal Coliform 4.74.7 2222 500500 3,0003,000
-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)
ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season
ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC
1. Plankton1. Plankton
1) Phytoplankton (101) Phytoplankton (1066 cells/m cells/m33)) 0.2510.251 0.2280.228 2.0522.052 0.4670.467
2) Zooplankton (102) Zooplankton (1066 org./m org./m33)) 0.0790.079 0.1170.117 0.2120.212 0.1850.185
2. Benthic Faunas2. Benthic Faunas
1) Density (org./m1) Density (org./m33)) 1,6611,661 924924 861861 533533
3. Fish3. Fish
1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)1) Standing Crop (kg/ha) -- -- 6.206.20 3.543.54
There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution
in Return Flows on WQ & ABin Return Flows on WQ & AB
MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS -- Water QualityWater Quality
ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season
ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC
1. EC (1. EC (s/cm)s/cm) 32.632.6 164.4164.4 456.0456.0 801.0801.0
2. pH2. pH 6.76.7 4.04.0 6.56.5 3.63.6
3. TDS (mg/l)3. TDS (mg/l) 35.635.6 82.082.0 291.2291.2 451.0451.0
4. DO (mg/l)4. DO (mg/l) 6.66.6 0.70.7 7.77.7 7.17.1
5. BOD (mg/l)5. BOD (mg/l) 2.32.3 4.04.0 0.80.8 1.01.0
6. Nitrate-N (mg/l)6. Nitrate-N (mg/l) 0.070.07 0.040.04 0.040.04 0.010.01
7. Phosphate (mg/l)7. Phosphate (mg/l) 0.120.12 0.090.09 0.050.05 0.010.01
8. Pesticides (8. Pesticides (g/l)g/l)
- DDT- DDT 0.010.01 0.050.05 NDND 0.100.10
- Heptachlor- Heptachlor 0.010.01 NDND 0.0050.005 0.010.01
-- Aquatic BiologyAquatic Biology
ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season
ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC
1. Plankton1. Plankton
1) Phytoplankton (101) Phytoplankton (1066 cells/m cells/m33)) 1.8561.856 4.2694.269 1.6641.664 2.1202.120
2) Zooplankton (102) Zooplankton (1066 org./m org./m33)) 0.0260.026 0.0220.022 0.0780.078 0.0010.001
2. Benthic Faunas2. Benthic Faunas
1) Density (org./m1) Density (org./m33)) 132132 176176 4444 154154
3. Fish3. Fish
1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)1) Standing Crop (kg/ha) 17.317.3 7.27.2 11.611.6 2.02.0
There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution in Return Flows on WQ and ABin Return Flows on WQ and AB