CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN COLUMBUS-PUERTO PALOMAS · 2016-07-14 · CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN...

CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN COLUMBUS-PUERTO PALOMAS PROJECT NUMBER: A-05-11 LARRY K. OLSEN, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY

NARRATIVE SUMMARY With increasing population comes increased air pollution. This problem is particularly acute in areas where automotive vehicles have to wait to cross the international border between the United States and Mexico. Compounding this issue of vehicular emissions is dust from unpaved roads, particularly in Puerto Palomas, Mexico. It is estimated that less than five percent of the roads in this Mexican border community are paved. On the U.S. side of the border in the Columbus, NM region, there is agriculture. There is also open burning of trash on both sides of the border. The pollutants that result from these emission sources give rise to health damaging pollutants including SO2, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), NO, CO, and ground level O3. Each of these can create major human health problems. The greater the concentration of these pollutants, the greater the potential burden on human health. This pilot study represented the seminal effort to gather data related to air quality (assessed using PM10 data) in this region of the US-Mexico Border. The pilot project was designed to address Goal 2, Interim Objectives 1 and 2 as presented in Border 2012: US-Mexico Environmental Program (EPA/SEMARNAT, 2003). Data were collected from two sites (Puerto Palomas, Mexico, and Columbus, New Mexico) using an approved PM10 monitor. The data were collected for a 24 hour period of time, every six days over a one-year time frame (August 31, 2005 – September 1, 2006. In addition, data from an existing PM2.5 monitor located at the US-Mexico border crossing station was also included in the database that was developed. All filters from the PM10 monitor were sent to the Scientific Laboratory Division of the New Mexico environment Department, where they were weighed. In addition, absenteeism data were collected from Jardin de Niños Francisco Villa in Puerto Palomas, and from the Columbus Public Schools. All data were entered into a database and graphs were constructed for comparison against EPA standards for air quality. Absenteeism data were also plotted. In general, the air quality in Columbus met or exceeded EPA standards throughout the study period. The air quality in Puerto Palomas, in general, did not meet EPA standards of good air quality. Continued monitoring of air quality in this region, including monitoring the levels of ambient pollutants (as identified by the establishment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), and their potential effects on human is warranted.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN COLUMBUS-PUERTO PALOMAS PROJECT NUMBER: A-05-11 LARRY K. OLSEN, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION Air quality monitoring is important if strategies designed to improve air quality are to be developed. Poor ambient air quality can produce a multiplicity of human health problems. However, unless the types of pollutants are known, it is possible that some of the health problems may not be attributed to the quality of the air in the region. This problem is acute in proximal areas across a border particularly in areas where automotive vehicles have to wait to cross international borders. Such is the case in the US/Mexico border region of Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua and Columbus, New Mexico. Unfortunately, prior to the present pilot project, there was no system of monitoring of air quality in this region on either side of the border. Thus, the purpose of this study was to begin to develop a more complete picture of the relationship between air quality and the health of the environment in this rural region of the US-Mexico border. This pilot project represented the seminal effort to gather data related to air quality (assessed using PM10

and PM2.5 data) in this region of the US/Mexico Border. The pilot project was designed to address Goal 2, Interim Objectives 1 and 2 as presented in Border 2012: U.S.-Mexico Environmental Program (EPA/SEMARNAT, 2003). RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The project was designed to address the following objectives:

Collect air quality data in Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua and Columbus, New Mexico.

Obtain quantifiable information over a 12-month period on PM10 and PM2.5 air pollution in rural communities along the US/Mexico border.

Identify air pollutants in the rural communities of Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua and Columbus, New Mexico.

Create a database of the pollutants in this area. List possible interventions and remediations. Link air quality data with respiratory illness in the area

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/APPROACHES In order to accomplish the purposes for the study, two PM10 air quality monitors were placed in strategic locations in the areas of interest. Prior to the placement of the monitors, permission was gained from appropriate administrators who indicated support for the project, and provided electrical access for the monitors. One monitor was placed in the school yard of a preschool in Puerto Palomas. The second monitor was placed in the yard of the Middle School in Columbus, New Mexico. In addition, data were collected from an existing PM2.5 air quality monitor located at the border crossing station between these two rural communities. All monitors were calibrated as per industry standards to ensure comparability of data that would be collected.

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PM10 data were collected automatically for a 24 hour period of time every six days between August 31, 2005 and September 1, 2006. All filters in these monitors were weighed prior to placing them into the monitors. These data were recorded for use when determining the increase in filter weight through the data collection protocol. All filters were collected on a monthly basis by a member of the research team and were sent to the Scientific Laboratory Division of the New Mexico Environment Department in Albuquerque, NM where they were weighed. The weights of all filters were subsequently returned to the project team, who put the data into a spreadsheet of additional analysis. Data from the PM2.5 monitor were continuously collected throughout the study period, but only those data collected on the same days as the PM10 were collected, were used for the analysis. A request was made to the Principal of the pre-school in Puerto Palomas, to secure daily deidentified absenteeism data from the school. A similar request was made to the School Nurse in the Columbus Middle School. Prior to these requests, appropriate Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. These data were subsequently provided to the research team. All data were graphed and plotted by date and location, against existing EPA standards. These graphs were placed into powerpoint presentations as well as incorporated into poster presentations for use at the meetings of professional organizations. PROBLEMS/ISSUES ENCOUNTERED As with any research project, several unexpected problems were encountered. In January, 2006, the original Principal Investigator accepted a new position, thus the Principal Investigator for this pilot project changed. At that time discussions were held with the SCERP Representative on the New Mexico State University campus who, in concert with the SCERP Advisory Board, determined that a new Principal Investigator would be named. It was determined that the air quality monitoring would continue uninterrupted and the original goals for the project would be examined closely. The concept of the effect of air quality on human health was mentioned in the original proposal, but it soon became clear that a detailed analysis of this would not be possible, given the time frame and the budget for the project. As a result, a “secondary” process was initiated in terms of looking at potential “trends” related to the link between air quality and human health. It was determined that having deidentified absenteeism records from selected schools in the area, would be appropriate. Although schools in New Mexico must report absenteeism on a daily basis to the State Department of Education (weekly reports), no such system exists in Mexico. As a result, we had to rely upon the individual reports of the preschool teachers in Jardin de Niños Francisco Villa in Puerto Palomas, Mexico. Further, the days wherein students are excused from school (e.g., spring break), vary between the two school systems. As a result, the data were not directly comparable on a day-by-day basis, but did provide some trend data that formed the basis for a more detailed proposal that was submitted to the Pan American Health Organization for funding consideration. A second problem that was encountered was the “lag time” between sending the filters to the Scientific Laboratory Division of the New Mexico Environment Department in

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Albuquerque, NM. Because the laboratory was doing this weighing as an “in kind” contribution to the project, this particular task of weighing and reporting the weights, did not always occur on a timely basis. Further, this laboratory was not able to do a chemical analysis of the filters to determine the makeup of the particulate matter that had been collected. In an effort to determine just what the filters did contain, the Physical Science Laboratory at New Mexico State University was contacted. In this laboratory, one randomly selected filter from the Palomas monitor, and one randomly selected filter from the Columbus monitor were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-gas spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses. These analyses were done at no cost to the project, but provided information only on an extremely limited basis about the types of pollutants that had been collected in the filters. Another problem that had to be “solved” was the fact that in the Columbus Middle School, the power supply to the monitor was occasionally disconnected. As a result, the monitor was relocated to the Pancho Villa State Park in Columbus. This part is located less than a mile from the original location, and was a secure location for the placement of the monitor. The data originally collected at the Columbus Middle School and the data collected from the relocated monitor in Pancho Villa State Park, were not significantly different, so the relocation of the monitor did not prove to be a confounding variable for the purpose of this study.. When the first “batch” of data was received from the Scientific Laboratory, it was noted that the PM10 Ievels were extremely high in the Palomas sample. This gave rise to the concern that the monitor may be malfunctioning. Although the monitor had been calibrated, it was “swapped out,” but the levels remained very high. A final problem that had to be addressed was that climatological data from the area were not directly available. Precipitation, wind, barometric pressure, and ambient air temperature can affect the type and amounts of pollutants that may be present. The most proximal climatological data came from the US National Weather Service and were used in the attempt to explain “spikes and dips” in the particulate matter data that were collected. RESEARCH FINDINGS Some early results of this investigation have been put into a powerpoint presentation and may be accessed at the Southwest Consortium for Environmental Research and Policy (SCERP) website. Complete tables and figures are presented in Appendix A of this report. A total of 55 measures were attempted at each of the two PM10 locations (total = 110 measures) over the study period (see Tables 1 and 2). Of these, a total of 47 valid measures were from Columbus and 50 were from Palomas. Thus a total of 97 valid measures of PM10 data were available. In addition, 55 appropriate measures from the PM2.5 monitor were also plotted as corroborative information (see Tables 3 and 4 and accompanying graphs). The PM10 data from Columbus showed that over the 47 valid measurement points, only on one occasion did the air quality exceed the EPA standard, and on one occasion it

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just met the EPA standard. For Puerto Palomas, of 50 valid measurement points, only on six occasions did the air quality meet the EPA standards (see Figures 1 and 2). The PM2.5 data showed that only on seven days did the PM2.5 levels exceed the EPA standards (see Figures 3 and 4). Interestingly, these exceedences were not the same days as the PM10 exceedences noted in either Puerto Palomas or in Columbus. In reviewing available US Weather Services data for the days on which the pollutant levels were deemed to be within EPA standards for Palomas, we learned that there had been precipitation in the area. This would tend to keep the dust levels down thus helping explain why these “dips” in pollutant levels occurred. Analysis of two, randomly selected PM10 filters showed that they contained sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, cadmium and iron, elements commonly found in soil. Small amounts of lead were also detected. This confirms the speculation that the major source of pollutants in the area is from the dust, primarily from the unpaved roads. Although the attendance data were “sketchy,” the absenteeism trends seemed to indicate an inverse relationship between absenteeism and air quality. That is, as the air quality deteriorated, the absenteeism rate increased, and vice versa. These trends appeared to “hold” in both school locations. Although the air quality in Columbus was nearly always below the EPA threshold, when the air quality began to “deteriorate” although it still met EPA standards, absenteeism tended to increase. More detailed study is needed to corroborate these initial trend data. Examination of the available US National Weather Service data, for the days in which there was a considerable decrease in airborne particulate matter, showed that there was considerable precipitation in the area on those days. This precipitation would tend to decrease dust levels, thus account for the lowered PM10 levels in the region. Unfortunately, wind data were not available, so it is only speculation that on “high” PM10 level days, the wind may have also been “high.” Additional research is needed to substantiate this speculation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the air quality in Columbus, New Mexico, tends to meet EPA standards for PM10. However, this is not the same for Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua, Mexico. The PM10 levels in Puerto Palomas are such that they could pose major problems to human health. There appear to be inverse relationships between absenteeism and air quality in both Puerto Palomas and Columbus, even though the air quality in Columbus generally meets EPA standards. The air quality, as assessed using PM2.5 data, tends to show that these small particulates do not, in general, exceed EPA limits. Visual inspection of the two communities shows that the roads in Columbus are all paved; quite the opposite from Puerto Palomas, where there is less than 5 miles total of paved roads. The trends in absenteeism and associated air quality gives rise to speculation as to whether air quality may be affecting the potential benefits students receive while they are attending class. It was unknown whether or not there were students who did, in fact

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suffer from some respiratory exacerbation, but these problems were not of sufficient magnitude to keep them from school. Regardless, whenever a student has a health-related problem, he or she most likely would not function at an optimal level. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The present pilot study gave rise to several areas that need additional research.

Air quality monitoring should continue in this section of the US-Mexico border region.

Chemical analysis of the particulates that are collected should be done to help

better determine possible point sources of these particulates.

A detailed system of collection of deidentified absenteeism data should be developed and initiated to better indicate possible links between air quality and school absenteeism.

The air quality particulate matter monitoring should be supplemented with

simultaneous monitoring of such gasses as NOx, O3, NO, NO2, and SO2

A system of collecting respiratory and cardiovascular incidences for school age youth, and those over age 65 should be initiated to determine if air quality may be an exacerbating factor in the incidence of these human health issues.

A system to collect climatological data should be put into place to help explain

variances in air quality in the region as a function of climatological variances. RESEARCH BENEFITS This particular research, through the many presentations that have been made at the local, national, and international levels (see reference section), has served to raise awareness about the issue of air quality in this region of the US-Mexico border. The trends associated with air quality and school absenteeism, have given rise to concerns related to how poor air quality may be affecting students. Secondly, this pilot project has provided us with a more complete picture of the air quality in this US/Mexico border region. It has also provided us with a very preliminary knowledge of the types of air pollutants in the region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was sponsored by the Southwest Consortium for Research and Policy (SCERP), through a cooperative agreement with the US Environmental Protection Agency. SCERP can be contacted for further information through www.scerp.org and [email protected]. We appreciate the support provided for this pilot project. We would also like to thank the New Mexico Environment Department who provided technical assistance for the project as well as the two PM10 monitors and the DataRam PM2.5 monitor that was used in the project. We appreciate the cooperation of the personnel at Jardin de Niños Francisco Villa in Puerto Palomas, Mexico for allowing us to place an air quality monitor in their school yard. We also express our appreciation to

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them as well as to Harvielee Moore, Mary Lou Cameron, and Dana Irby of the Columbus Middle School for providing data related to the absenteeism of students during the project period. We express our thanks to Dr. Ramona R. Parra, who assisted in the ICP-MS analysis of the two PM10 filters.

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REFERENCES Olsen, Larry .K., Mohammed Y. Hussain, Thomas Ruiz, Sonya Andron, Daniel Galindo, & Hugo Vilchis-Licon. 2007. “Air quality monitoring and school absenteeism in the Columbus, NM, Palomas, Mexico Region of the US/Mexico Border.” Poster presentation at the US/Mexico Border 2010 New Mexico-Chihuahua Rural Task Force Meeting. 20 September, Palomas, Mexico. Olsen, L.K., Hussain, M.Y., & Ruiz, T. 2007. “ Analysis of air quality and its relation to school absenteeism in the Palomas, Mexico/Columbus, New Mexico Border Region. Presented at World Congress of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education, June, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Olsen, Larry .K., Mohammed Y. Hussain, Thomas Ruiz, Sonya Andron, Daniel Galindo, & Hugo Vilchis-Licon. “Air quality monitoring in the Palomas, Mexico/Columbus, NM Region.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest District of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. January, Las Vegas, Nevada. Olsen, Larry .K., Mohammed Y. Hussain, Thomas Ruiz, Sonya Andron, Daniel Galindo, & Hugo Vilchis-Licon. 2006. “Air quality monitoring and school absenteeism in the Columbus-Palomas, Mexico Region of the US/Mexico Border.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Novembers, Boston, Massachusetts. Olsen, Larry K., Mohammed Y. Hussain, & Thomas Ruiz. 2006. “Air quality monitoring in Columbus, NM, and Puerto Palomas, Mexico.” Paper presented at the U.S.-Mexico Border 2010 New Mexico-Chihuahua Rural Task Force Meeting, 9 May, Puerto Palomas, Mexico.

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Appendix A

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Table 1. 10PM Columbus, NM and Palomas, Mexico: 2005

Date

Columbus, NM

10PM

Palomas, Mexico

10PM

EPA National Standard

8/27/2005 . 249.36 150

9/1/2005 . 311.97 150

9/7/2005 28.95 54.25 150

9/13/2005 28.28 305.06 150

9/19/2005 71.38 257.30 150

9/25/2005 24.10 378.15 150

10/1/2005 48.16 276.23 150

10/7/2005 20.28 202.25 150

10/13/2005 10 42.81 150

10/20/2005 . 122.68 150

10/26/2005 42.98 . 150

10/31/2005 . 296.01 150

11/6/2005 54.39 648.94 150

11/12/2005 23.96 246.97 150

11/24/2005 56.29 441.71 150

11/30/2005 . 680.62 150

12/6/2005 52.43 457.60 150

12/12/2005 78.81 828.06 150

12/18/2005 42.56 485.81 150

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Figure 1. 10PM Columbus, NM and Palomas and EPA Standard 2005

0100200300400500600700800900

PM

10 M

ass

8/27/05

9/7/05

9/19/05

10/1/05

10/13/0510/26/0511/6/05

11/24/0512/6/05

12/18/05

Aug -Dec 2005

Columbus Palomas EPA std

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Table 2. 10PM Columbus, NM and Palomas, Mexico: 2006

Dates

Columbus, NM

10PM

Palomas, Mexico

10PM

EPA National Standard

1/1/2006 59.27 . 150

1/11/2006 140.68 857.07 150

1/17/2006 34.4 576.97 150

1/23/2006 27.14 227.54 150

1/29/2006 11.3 198.98 150

2/4/2006 51.18 1224.46 150

2/10/2006 15.81 167.9 150

2/16/2006 33.6 372.32 150

2/22/2006 26.36 158.29 150

2/28/2006 15.03 . 150

3/6/2006 291.08 23.49 150

3/12/2006 20.17 127.26 150

3/18/2006 4.01 541.28 150

3/24/2006 62.09 527.42 150

3/31/2006 25.24 358.98 150

4/5/2006 68.36 406.96 150

4/12/2006 10.8 438.42 150

4/18/2006 34.21 210.55 150

4/23/2006 33.13 417.29 150

4/29/2006 10.35 . 150

5/6/2006 27.02 . 150

5/11/2006 59.47 293.29 150

5/17/2006 15.53 704.35 150

5/23/2006 . 123.97 150

5/28/2006 21.74 210.07 150

6/4/2006 17.6 474.21 150

6/13/2006 10.71 403.13 150

6/16/2006 . 305.42 150

6/27/2006 33.14 177.06 150

7/4/2006 35.4 177.27 150

7/11/2006 29.72 263.06 150

7/16/2006 19.46 182.44 150

7/22/2006 30.14 276.49 150

7/28/2006 14.32 27.61 150

8/4/2006 17.3 18.36 150

8/8/2006 . 205.59 150

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Figure 2. 10PM Columbus, NM and Palomas and EPA Standard 2006

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

PM10 Mass

1/1/2006 2/10/2006 3/18/2006 4/23/2006 5/28/2006 7/11/2006

Jan-Jul 2006

Columbus Palomas EPA std

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Table 3. Average daily 2.5PM at the border check point the Puerto de Palomas

November-December 2005

Date Mass EPA STD

11/23/2005 129.7 65

11/24/2005 61.1 65

11/25/2005 14.3 65

11/26/2005 78.5 65

11/27/2005 97.3 65

11/28/2005 2.9 65

11/29/2005 45.5 65

11/30/2005 19.3 65

12/1/2005 21.0 65

12/2/2005 35.2 65

12/3/2005 54.6 65

12/4/2005 4.0 65

12/5/2005 23.9 65

12/7/2005 24.2 65

12/6/2005 24.2 65

12/7/2005 19.8 65

12/8/2005 20.1 65

12/8/2005 48.2 65

12/9/2005 44.49 65

12/10/2005 24.99 65

12/11/2005 45.62 65

12/12/2005 21.66 65

12/13/2005 4.24 65

12/14/2005 8.80 65

12/15/2005 0.67 65

12/16/2005 3.70 65

12/16/2005 27.95 65

12/17/2005 0.97 65

12/18/2005 1.40 65

12/19/2005 0.53 65

12/20/2005 11.48 65

12/21/2005 1.00 65

12/21/2005 70.92 65

12/22/2005 2.59 65

12/23/2005 3.51 65

12/24/2005 3.4 65

12/25/2005 0.7 65

12/26/2005 0.36 65

12/27/2005 9.57 65

12/28/2005 0.09 65

12/29/2005 0.06 65

12/30/2005 7.1 65

12/31/2005 1.95 65

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Figure 3. Average daily 2.5PM at the border check point the Puerto de Palomas

November December 2005

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Table 4. Average daily 2.5PM at the border check point the Puerto de Palomas

January 2006

Date Mass EPA STD

1/1/2006 18.47 65

1/2/2006 0.74 65

1/3/2006 0.23 65

1/4/2006 0.98 65

1/4/2006 112.35 65

1/5/2006 35.31 65

1/6/2006 82.24 65

1/7/2006 104.8 65

1/8/2006 32.23 65

1/9/2006 17.6 65

1/10/2006 21.19 65

1/10/2006 28.21 65

1/11/2006 18.25 65

1/12/2006 3.56 65

1/13/2006 3.03 65

1/14/2006 7.26 65

1/15/2006 52.81 65

1/16/2006 9.01 65

1/17/2006 5.71 65

1/18/2006 4.83 65

1/19/2006 31.59 65

1/20/2006 7.21 65

1/21/2006 9.49 65

1/22/2006 9.29 65

1/23/2006 3.82 65

1/24/2006 3.29 65

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Figure 4. Average daily 2.5PM at the border check point the Puerto de Palomas

January 2006

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1/1/

2006

1/2/

2006

1/3/

2006

1/4/

2006

1/5/

2006

1/6/

2006

1/7/

2006

1/8/

2006

1/9/

2006

1/10

/200

6

1/11

/200

6

1/12

/200

6

1/13

/200

6

1/14

/200

6

1/15

/200

6

1/16

/200

6

1/17

/200

6

1/18

/200

6

1/19

/200

6

1/20

/200

6

1/21

/200

6

1/22

/200

6

1/23

/200

6

1/24

/200

6

January 2006

Co

ncen

trati

on

(u

g/m

^3)

Mass EPA_STD

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Table 5. School Absenteeism for Columbus Elementary School year 2005/2006 (total registered students=464)

Jul-05 Aug-

05 #

absent Sep-05

# absent

Oct-05

# absent

Nov-05

# absent

Dec-05

# absent

26th 2 1st 6 1st 15 1th 54 1st 27 1st 32

27th 1 2nd 1 2nd 18 18th 25 2nd 43 2nd 39

28th 2 3rd 9 5th 19th 20 3rd 24 5th 58

29th 2 4th 5 6th 20th 10 4th 27 6th 56

5th 5 7th 28 21st 32 7th 34 7th 55

8th 13 8th 18 24th 33 8th 37 8th 56

9th 11 9th 19 25th 30 9th 27 9th 21

10th 12th 42 26th 18 10th 42

11th 7 13th 26 27th 21 11th

12th 8 14th 27 28th 34 14th 31

15th 24 15th 23 31st 60 15th 26

16th 9 16th 77 16th 16

17th 24 19th 26 17th 24

18th 26 20th 21 18th 43

19th 19 21st 21 21st 51

22nd 32 22nd 18 22nd 58

23rd 13 23rd 25 23rd

24th 10 24th

25th 11 25th

26th 27 28th 53

29th 21 29th 33

30th 20 30th 19

31st 14

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Table 5 (continued) Jan-06

# absent

Feb-06

# absent

Mar-06

# absent

Apr-06

# absent

May-06

# absent

Jun-06

# absent

9th 60 1st 40 1st 6 17th 1 1st 304 1st 41

10th 30 2nd 25 2nd 12 18th 79 2nd 40 2nd 42

11th 36 3rd 38 3rd 32 19th 17 3rd 27 5th 45

12th 21 6th 60 6th 27 20th 37 4th 26 6th 53

13th 38 7th 28 7th 18 21st 43 5th 64 7th 62

16th 1 8th 41 8th 10 24th 44 8th 48 8th 52

17th 32 9th 30 9th 14 25th 36 9th 43

18th 36 10th 43 10th 0 26th 32 10th 106

19th 35 13th 52 13th 61 27th 30 11th 52

20th 38 14th 36 14th 38 28th 43 12th 71

23rd 44 15th 34 15th 36 15th 61

24th 49 16th 34 16th 27 16th 42

25th 44 17th 53 17th 30 17th 44

26th 50 20th 20th 61 18th 32

27th 56 21st 21st 30 19th 39

30th 47 22nd 34 22nd 31 22nd 48

31st 44 23rd 23 23rd 27 23rd 39

24th 38 24th 32 24th 44

27th 35 27th 35 25th 33

28th 18 28th 26 26th 69

29th 30 29th

30th 30 30th 55

31st 43

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Table 6. Jardin de Niños at Palomas, Mexico school absenteeism data

AUGUST 2005

Teacher's name

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# Students enrolled in class for August 33 33

Aug. Daily attendance Date 33 33

23rd 33 33

24th 31 31

25th 32 32

26th 31 31

29th 31 31

30th 32 32

31st

SEPTEMBER 2005

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# Students enrolled in class for Sept. 30 34 25 89

Date

Sept. Daily attendance 1st no data 32 21 53

2nd no data 31 21 52

5th 27 26 21 74

6th 29 27 21 77

7th 30 32 20 82

8th 30 33 22 85

9th 30 33 24 87

12th 30 33 23 86

13th no class no class no class

14th 29 32 23 84

15th 27 32 22 81

16th no class festival no class

19th 25 30 20 75

20th 27 30 22 79

21st 25 30 22 77

22nd 25 27 22 74

23rd 26 26 18 70

26th 28 28 16 72

27th 28 25 16 69

28th 29 32 61



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Table 6 (continued)

OCTOBER 2005

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# of students for October 29 33 25 87

Date

October Daily attendance 3rd 26 30 23 79

4th 24 30 19 73

5th 23 30 25 78

6th no data 29 22 51

7th no data 23 25 48

10th 25 31 21 77

11th 27 29 17 73

10th 25 30 22 77

13th 25 29 20 74

14th 26 29 16 71

17th 26 30 21 77

18th 27 30 25 82

19th 27 29 23 79

20th 24 30 18 72

21st 27 29 20 76

24th 22 31 13 66

25th 24 30 20 74

26th 24 30 20 74

27th 28 no data 28

28th 27 no data 27

31st 29 30 23 72

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Table 6 (continued)

NOVEMBER 2005

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# of students for November 28 33 30 91

Date

November Daily attendance

1st

26

28

26

80

2nd 24 no data no data 24

3rd 21 31 24 76

4th 22 30 22 74

7th 25 30 26 81

8th 22 29 24 75

9th 21 30 25 76

10th 24 31 22 77

11th 23 31 22 76

14th 19 31 26 76

15th 24 32 25 81

16th 25 30 25 76

17th 22 32 23 77

18th 23 31 26 80

21st 24 30 26 80

22nd 25 30 25 80

23rd 22 31 25 78

28th 24 17 26 67

29th 24 27 25 76

30th 24 29 26 79

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Table 6 (continued)

FEBRUARY 2006

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# of students for February 26 no data 25 51

Date

February Daily attendance 1st 24 no data 23 47

2nd 21 no data 22 43

3rd 24 no data 22 46

7th 21 no data 22 43



10th no data no data 23 23

13th 20 no data 21 21

14th 19 no data 20 20

15th 14 no data 21 35




21st no data no data 21 21



MARCH 2006

Veronica Ophelia Yvette

# of students for March no data no data 28 28

Date

March Daily attendance 1st no data no data 21 21

2nd no data no data 22 22

3rd no data no data 21 21
















24

Table 6 (continued)

APRIL 2006


# of students for April no data no data 30 30

Date

April Daily attendance 3rd no data no data 22 22










MAY 2006


# of students for May no data no data 30 30

May Daily attendance Date
















31st no data no data 23 23

25

Table 6 (continued)

JUNE 2006

Veronica

Ophelia

Yvette

Total Students

# of students for June no data no data 26 26

Date

June Daily attendance 1st no data no data 25 25












CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN COLUMBUS-PUERTO PALOMAS · 2016-07-14 · CHARACTERIZATION OF PM IN...

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