Characteristics of Life Physical and chemical changes - metabolism. To be defined as living,...
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Transcript of Characteristics of Life Physical and chemical changes - metabolism. To be defined as living,...
Characteristics of Life
• Physical and chemical changes - metabolism.
• To be defined as living, organism must possess all characteristics of life.
•1Movement – self-initiated change in position; can also include internal movement as well.
• Plants - directed movement towards sunlight; also have movement at cellular level.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg
This plant is exhibiting phototropism, a movement towards the sunlight.
•2Responsiveness –ability of organism to respond to changes in environment.
• Jellyfish can feel touch and respond appropriately to it even with no real “brain”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jelly_Monterey.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction
Asexual reproduction in a liverwort.
•5Respiration – process of exchanging gasses with environment.
• Animals - obtaining oxygen and using it to release energy from food.
•6Digestion – chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and more usable substances.
• Cells use smaller bits for energy.
•7Absorption – digested materials pass through membranes - allows materials to be taken back up into system.
•8Circulation –movement of substances through body in fluid form.
• Humans use circulatory system to accomplish this.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html
Various circulatory systems – A. HumanB. Grasshopper C. Mollusk
A.
B.
C.
•Homeostasis - ability of organism to maintain a stable environment.
• Internal temperature of human must remain relatively stable in order to survive.
• To achieve homeostasis, negative and positive feedback loops used.
•Negative feedback - change in homeostasis triggers response in opposite direction.
• Human temperature rises - body will trigger sweating response to cool body off.
•Positive feedback – change in homeostasis triggers response in same direction - labor.
• Uterine contractions in labor stimulate release of oxytocin - causes uterus to contract even more.
Levels of Organization•Cell - smallest unit of body.
• Cells form tissues.
• Specialized tissue form organs.
• Organs work together in organ systems.
• Organ systems make up organism.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html
www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/myopath/heart.htm
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
Systems of the Body
•1Integumentary system – primary organ - skin (integument).
• 2 layers – epidermis, dermis.• Also contains blood vessels,
receptors, glands.• Functions in temperature
regulation, protection, removal of wastes.
•2Digestive system – breaks down foods into nutrients that cell membranes can absorb.
• Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, appendix, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anal canal.
•3Respiratory system - exchange of gases between atmosphere and body cells.
• Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs.
•4Reproductive system - produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization; also functions in secretion of hormones.
• Testes and their accessory organs (male) ovaries, uterus and accessory organs (female)
•5Cardiovascular system – brings oxygen and nutrients to all body cells; remove wastes from cells.
• Heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
•6Muscular system - support and movement, propels body fluids and food, provides heartbeat, provides heat.
• Composed of all muscles, voluntary and involuntary.
•7Nervous system - detects changes outside and within body, stimulate responses to muscles or glands, monitors body’s internal environment.
• Consists of neurons, spinal cord, brain, nerves.
•8Endocrine system - secretes hormones into body fluids.
• Includes all glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidney, ovaries and testes.
•9Lymphatic system - transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to bloodstream; produces lymphocytes to help fight infections.
• Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix.
•10Skeletal system - movement, protection of internal organs, production blood marrow, attachment for the muscles.
• All bones in body.
•11Urinary system - removes wastes from blood and disposes of them.; functions in balance of electrolytes and regulation of pH and body fluids.
• Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.
Body Cavities
• Human body divided into 2 portions.
•1Axial - head, neck, trunk.
•2Appendicular - upper and lower limbs.
• Within axial portion - 2 cavities.
•1Dorsal cavity - cranial (skull) and vertebral (spinal cord and portions of backbone) cavities.
•2Ventral cavity - thoracic cavity (chest area) and abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal area).
• Thoracic and abdominopelvic separated by diaphragm.
•Mediastinum separates left and right lung.
• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
• Walls of thoracic cavity lined with pleura (parietal pleura).
•Visceral pleura lines lungs.• Parietal always attached to
cavity; visceral always attached to organ.
• Potential space between 2 - pleural cavity.
• Not an actual space - area where there is fluid between visceral and parietal membranes.
• Heart surrounded by pericardial membrane.
• Visceral membrane surrounds heart; separated from parietal membrane by pericardial cavity.
• Abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneal membranes.
• Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall.
• Visceral peritoneum lines each organ.
• Separated by peritoneal cavity.
Terminology
• Anatomical position - body standing erect, face forward, with upper limbs at side with palms upward.
Relative Terms•1Superior – above (head
superior to neck)
•2Inferior – below (neck inferior to head)
•3Anterior – toward the front (nose is anterior to brain)
•4Posterior – toward the back (brain is posterior to nose)
•5Medial – toward middle of body (nose is medial to eyes)
•6Lateral – toward side of body (eyes are lateral to nose)
•7Proximal – near point of attachment (elbow is proximal to wrist)
•8Distal – away from point of attachment (fingers are distal to wrist)
•9Superficial – toward surface (skin is superficial to blood)
•10Deep – more internal (blood is deep to skin)
Body Sections
•1Sagittal – lengthwise cut dividing body into left and right side.
• Divided evenly - midsagittal.
Regions
• Abdominal area divided into 9 regions.
•1Epigastric – Upper middle portion.
•2Left/Right Hypochondriac – Either side of epigastric.
•3Umbilical – Middle portion.
•4Left/Right Lumbar – Either side of umbilical.
•5Hypogastric – Lower middle portion.
•6Left/Right iliac – Either side of hypogastric.
Other terms
•1Acromial – point of shoulder.
•2Antecubital – area in front of elbow.
•3Axillary – armpit.
•4Patellar – front of knee.
•5Popliteal – back of knee.