CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple...
Transcript of CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple...
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CHARACTER
POLARITY
CHARACTER STATE EVOLUTION
---
CHARACTER STATE DIRECTION
---
DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
CHARACTER
POLARITY
+
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CHARACTER
POLARITY
DETERMINED VIA
FOSSIL RECORD
EG
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CHARACTER
POLARITY
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
EG
+
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CHARACTER
POLARITY
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
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ZYGOMORPHIC ACTINOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
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ZYGOMORPHIC ACTINOMORPHIC
^
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
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ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
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ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
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FLOWER SYMMETRY
CHARACTER POLARITY
DETERMINED VIA
FOSSIL RECORD
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ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
M
FLOWER SYMMETRY
CHARACTER POLARITY
DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
+
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PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
^
MUST DETERMINE CHARACTER POLARITY OF ALL CHARACTERS
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CLASSICAL
PHYLOGENTIC
DENDROGRAM
P
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PHYLOGRAM
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PHYLOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
GENERATED FREE-STYLE VIA:
DATA MATRIX
&
CHARACTER POLARITIES
PHYLOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
>
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PHYLOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
GENERATED FREE-STYLE VIA:
DATA MATRIX
&
CHARACTER POLARITIES
PHYLOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
>
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PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
GENERATED
FREE-STYLEDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
+
A
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PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
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PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
B
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
C
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-C
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-C
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
D
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-C
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-D
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-4
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-C
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-D
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-4
E
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
^
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
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CLASSICAL
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
DISADVANTAGES
P
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
PHYLOGRAM
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
PHYLOGRAM
GENERATED FROM FEW
SUBJECTIVE SALIENT
CHARACTERS
P
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
N
PHYLOGRAM
HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE
PHYLOGRAM
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
M
PHYLOGRAMDATA MATRIX
NOT PUBLISHED
+
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PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
N
+
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PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
C
DATA MATRIX
NOT PUBLISHED
WITH PHYLOGRAM
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PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
PHYLOGRAMCHARACTER
POLARITIES
NOT PUBLISHED
+
M
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WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT
N
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
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WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT
P
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIESCHARACTER
POLARITIES
NOT PUBLISHED
WITH PHYLOGRAM
![Page 35: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PLT-TAXON-B
PLT-TAXON-DPLT-TAXON-E
PLT-TAXON-A
TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+++++
++++
+++
++
+
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
PLT-TAXON-C
DATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
EVOLVED CH-2
EVOLVED CH-3
EVOLVED CH-1
EVOLVED CH-4EVOLVED CH-5
>PHYLOGRAMPHYLOGRAM
NOT
DEBATE CONDUSIVE
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CLASSICAL
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
NOT DEBATE
CONDUSIVE
!
?
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PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
DATA MATRIX
NOT PUBLISHED
WITH PHYLOGRAM
!
+
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WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE PLT ADVANCED PLT
>DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIESCHARACTER
POLARITIES
NOT PUBLISHED
WITH PHYLOGRAM
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THE PHYLOGRAM
IS CORRECT
BECAUSE
“I SAY IT IS”
^
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CLADISTIC
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
C
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CLADISTIC
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
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CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
+
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CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD
---
PRACTISED SINCE COMPUTERS
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
+
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CONTEMPORARY PHYLOGENETIC METHOD
---
PRACTISED SINCE COMPUTERS
---
MORE OBJECTIVE THAN CLASSICAL
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
^
![Page 45: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CLADISTIC
TERMS
C
![Page 46: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CLADE
![Page 47: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
PHYLOGENETICALLY RELATED TAXA
CLADE
CLADE
P
![Page 48: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
![Page 49: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NON-DERIVED CHARACTER STATE
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
+
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NON-DERIVED CHARACTER STATE
---
PRIMITIVE CHARACTER STATE
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
A
![Page 51: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
![Page 52: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
DERIVED CHARACTER STATE
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
+
![Page 53: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
DERIVED CHARACTER STATE
---
ADVANCED CHARACTER STATE
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
S
![Page 54: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
SYMPLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
![Page 55: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
SHARED
PLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER STATE
SYMPLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
SYMPLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
S
![Page 56: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
SYNAPOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
![Page 57: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
SHARED
SYNAPOMORPHIC
CHARACTER STATE
SYMPLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
SYMPLESIOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
A
![Page 58: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
AUTAPOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
![Page 59: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
DIAGNOSTIC
APOMORPHIC
CHARACTER STATE
AUTAPOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
AUTAPOMORPHIC
CHARACTER
STATE
I
![Page 60: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
IN-GROUP
![Page 61: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
PRIMARY STUDY GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
+
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PRIMARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
+
![Page 63: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
PRIMARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
+
![Page 64: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
PRIMARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
BEARS APOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
+
![Page 65: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
PRIMARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED DESCENDANT TO OUT-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
BEARS APOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES
COMPARED WITH OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
IN-GROUP
O
![Page 66: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
OUT-GROUP
![Page 67: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
SECONDARY STUDY GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
+
![Page 68: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
SECONDARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
+
![Page 69: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
SECONDARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
+
![Page 70: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
SECONDARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
BEARS PLEISIOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
+
![Page 71: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
SECONDARY STUDY GROUP
CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO IN-GROUP
SUGGESTED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
BEARS PLEISIOMORPHIC CHARACTER STATES
COMPARED WITH IN-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
CLADISTIC
OUT-GROUP
^
![Page 72: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
DATA MATRIX
S
M
![Page 73: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
SELECT MANY SALIENT PHYLOGENTIC CHARACTERS
S
![Page 74: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
LESS SUBJECTIVE CHARACTER BIAS
M
![Page 75: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
BECAUSE MANY SALIENT CHARACTERS ARE USED
M
![Page 76: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
^
MUST DETERMINE CORRECT CHARACTER POLARITY
![Page 77: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
CHARACTER
POLARITY
C
![Page 78: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
CHARACTER
POLARITY
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
EG
+
![Page 79: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
CHARACTER
POLARITY
!!!DO NOT COPY!!!
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
![Page 80: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
FLOWER SYMMETRY
CHARACTER POLARITY
DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
![Page 81: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE
FLOWER SYMMETRY
>
FLOWER SYMMETRY
CHARACTER POLARITY
DETERMINED VIA FOSSIL RECORD
![Page 82: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
+
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 83: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
+
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 84: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
+
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 85: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
+
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 86: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
P
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 87: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
N
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 88: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
NON-DERIVED ADVANCED
P
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 89: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PLESIOMORPHIC ADVANCED
D
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 90: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PLESIOMORPHIC DERIVED
A
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
![Page 91: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
WOODY HERBACEOUS
SIMPLE LEAF COMPOUND LEAF
STIPULES PRESENT STIPULES ABSENT
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE
PHYLLOTAXY PHYLLOTAXY
ACTINOMORPHIC ZYGOMORPHIC
PLESIOMORPHIC APOMORPHIC
M
DATA MATRIX
CHARACTER
POLARITIES
+
![Page 92: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
PLT-TAXON CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
PLT-TAXON-E + + + + +
PLT-TAXON-D + + + + -
PLT-TAXON-C + + + - -
PLT-TAXON-B + + - - -
PLT-TAXON-A + - - - -
DATA MATRIX
+ = CHARACTER PRESENT
^
MUST DETERMINE CHARACTER POLARITY OF ALL CHARACTERS
![Page 93: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
CLADISTIC
PHYLOGENTIC
DENDROGRAM
C
![Page 94: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
CLADOGRAM
![Page 95: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
+
![Page 96: CHARACTER POLARITYplesiomorphic advanced data matrix d character polarities. woody herbaceous simple leaf compound leaf stipules present stipules absent alternate opposite phyllotaxy](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5bb9a063b5224ef77b86a1/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:
DATA MATRIX
&
CHARACTER POLARITIES
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
+
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CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
COMPUTER GENERATED VIA:
DATA MATRIX
&
CHARACTER POLARITIES
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
+
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CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
USING
APOMORPHIC CHARACTERS
CLADOGRAM
DENDROGRAM
>
!
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SPECIES CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A
+ + + + ++ + + ++++
++
+
COMPUTER
GENERATEDDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
O
CLADOGRAM
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SPECIES CH-1 CH-2 CH-3 CH-4 CH-5
TAXON-E
TAXON-D
TAXON-C
TAXON-B
TAXON-A OUT-GROUP
+ + + + ++ + + ++++
++
+
COMPUTER
GENERATEDDATA MATRIX & CHARACTER POLARITY
I
CLADOGRAM