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Characteristics ofUrban TransportationSystemsRevised EditionSeptember 1992

Prepared byCambridge Systematics, Inc.withThe Urban InstituteSydec, Inc.Herbert S. LevinsonAbrams-Cherwony and AssociatesLea and Elliott

Prepared forFederal Transit AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWashington, D.C: 20590

Distributed in Cooperation withTechnology Sharing ProgramU.S. Department of TransportationWashington, D.C. 20590

DOT-T-93-07

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis revision and updating of Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems (CUTS), theseventh since the report first produced in 1974, was prepared by Harry Cohen and Arlee Reno(originally with the Urban Institute and now with Cambridge Systematics), with assistance romWilliam A. Hyman and Ted Miller (The Urban Institute), Joseph R. Stowers (Sydec), HerbertS. Levinson, Edward Abrams (Abrams-Cherwony and Associates), and Hyun-Young Park (Leaand Elliott).The authors would like to thank Ross Adams (FTA), Sam Zimmerman (FTA), Ron Jenson-Fisher (FTA), Joe Ossi (FTA), and Dane Ismart (FHWA) for providing source data and adviceon the contents of this document. The authors would also like to thank Walt Kulyk (FTA) forproviding policy direction. The contents of this document reflect the authors own views,however, and they alone are responsible for the accuracy of the material presented

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION2 RAIL TRANSIT3 BUS TRANSIT4 AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS, AND THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM5 AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT6 HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES

APPENDICESA CONSUMER PRICE AND COST INDICESB BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON RAIL TRANSITC BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON BUS TRANSITD BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSITSYSTEMSE METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

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LIST OF TABLES

2-l2-22-32-42-52-62-7

2-82-92-102-11

2-122-132-14

2-15

2-162-172-18

AVERAGE RAIL TRANSIT SPEEDSRAIL TRANSIT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION PASSENGER MILESRAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTSDISTRIBUTION OF RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS BY OBJECT CLASSRAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILESRAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURSRAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER VEHICLE OPERATED IN MAXIMUMSERVICERAIL RAPID TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTIONLIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTIONCOMMUTER RAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONCAPITAL COSTS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED RAIL RAPID TRANSITSYSTEMSDISTRIBUTION OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT CAPITAL COSTS BY SUBSYSTEMCAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMSPERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT RAIL CAPITAL COSTS BY COSTCATEGORYCAPITAL COST PER ROUTE MILE FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHTRAIL SYSTEMSCAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL GUIDEWAYSCAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL STATIONSCAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL TRANSITYARDS AND SHOPS

2-19 COSTS OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK

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LIST OF TABLES(continued)

2-202-212-222-232-24

2-253-l3-23-3

3-4

3-5 BUS LABOR INPUTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE3-6 BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES BY TYPEOF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZE3-7

3-83-93-103-11 COSTS OF HEAVY DUTY BUSES

COSTS OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ROLLING STOCKCOSTS OF COMMUTER RAIL ROLLING STOCKCOSTS OF VEHICLE REHABILITATIONLIGHT RAIL VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICSTYPICAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEATED AND STANDINGPASSENGERSRAIL TRANSIT STATION DWELL TIMESTYPICAL PEAK HOUR BUS TRAVEL TIMES BY COMPONENTEFFECTS OF STOPS AND TRAFFIC DELAY ON BUS SPEEDSBUS OPERATING COSTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE ANDPEAK TO BASE RATIOBUS OPERATING COSTS AND EMPLOYEES PER PLACE MILE BY SYSTEMSIZE

BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS BY TYPEOF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZEBUS FACILITY CONSTRUCTION COSTSREHABILITATION COSTS FOR 35 FOOT BUSESTYPICAL COST AND MILEAGE FOR TRANSIT BUS ENGINE ANDTRANSMISSION REBUILDS

3-12 COST RANGE FOR SMALL BUSES

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3-133-143-153-163-173-183-193-204-l

4-24-34-4

4-5

4-64-74-84-94-104-11

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL TRANSIT BUSESDIMENSIONS OF SMALL BUSESTYPICAL TRANSIT BUS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICSTYPICAL BUS CAPACITIESMINIMUM DESIRABLE LENGTHS FOR CURB BUS LOADING ZONESBOARDING AND ALIGHTING TIMESBUS ACCIDENT RATES PER REVENUE VEHICLE MILE BY SYSTEM SIZEBUS ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SYSTEM SIZEEFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAYCAPACITIESEFFECT OF TRAFFIC VOLUME ON FREEWAY SPEEDSPASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITYAVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED PASSENGERCAR (CURRENT DOLLARS)AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED PASSENGERCAR (CONSTANT DOLLARS)AVERAGE PRICE OF A NEW CAR, 1970-89MILES PER GALLON OF HIGHWAY VEHICLESRETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINEEFFECT OF PAVEMENT CONDITION ON OPERATING COSTSEFFECT OF SPEED ON AUTOMOBILE OPERATING COSTSVALUE OF VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME BY VEHICLE CLASS

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4-12 PARKING CONSTRUCTION COSTS4-13 ILLUSTRATIVE ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS FOR PARKING GARAGES4-14 PARKING CONTROL SERVICE RATES4-15 TAXI COMPANY UNIT COSTS4-16 HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT COSTS IN URBAN AREAS4-17 ILLUSTRATIVE EMISSION FACTORS BY SPEED AND CALENDAR YEAR4-18 INCIDENTS PER MILLION VEHICLE MILES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONALCLASS4-19 COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONALCLASS5-l AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT FLEET SIZES, CAPACITIES, ANDSPEEDS5-2 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR AUTOMATED GUIDEWAYTRANSIT SYSTEMS5-3 AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT VEHICLE COSTS5-4 AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY SYSTEM CAPITAL COST SUMMARY5-5 LABOR INPUTS FOR AGT SYSTEMS SYSTEM

6-l CAPITAL COSTS FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS6-2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR CONTRAFLOW HOV

FACILITIES6-3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR BARRIER AND BUFFERSEPARATED HOV FACILITIES6-4 ENFORCEMENT-RELATED INFORMATION FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS6-5 COMPARISON OF HOV AND ADJACENT FACILITY ACCIDENT RATES

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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

Good decisions about transportation investments and policies require accurate information oncharacteristics of transportation system alternatives. The literature offers many tools forestimating these characteristics; however, the data presentedare often out-of-date, inconclusive,unspecified, or highly local in nature. The very number of sourcescan confuse rather than helpin the search or pertinent information, and measurementdifferences can result in statistics beingmisleadingly compared or grouped.The objective of this document is to provide a single source of sketch planning data on the mostimportant performance characteristics of contemporary urban transportation systems n a formatthat lends itself to easy reference. This handbook does not deal explicitly with passengerdemand, but assessesonly the supply or performance characteristic of urban transportationsystems, including the following:

a Speed0 Capacity0 Operating costs0 Labor inputs0 Capital costs0 Energy consumptionl Emission of air pollutants0 Accident rates and costs

Organization of This HandbookThe substantive material in this handbook is organized into five chapters:

0 Rail Transit (rapid, light, and commuter)0 Bus Transit0 Automobiles, Trucks, and the Highway System

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0 High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes0 Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)

Each chapter consists of a brief introduction and a series of tables providing quantitativeinformation on system characteristics. To the extent possible, tables in this handbook aredesigned to stand alone, with sourcesand definitions repeated on individual tables.

Caveats Regarding Use of This HandbookThis handbook is specifically for use by transportation planners in the preliminary evaluation ofalternative systems, and so the relationships presented are purposely simplified. In most cases,these relationships are not sufficiently refined for use in detailed studies such as transitoperations analysis, traffic engineering, or detailed design. Nothing in this handbook should beused to supersedeor confute competently developed site-specific estimates.Obviously, dollar values presented n this handbook will need to be adjusted for inflation as timepasses. Consumer, transportation, labor, and construction cost price indices are presented inAppendix A.How To Acquire Additional or Updated InformationThis section provides a brief description of key annual and monthly statistical sources that canbe used to update the information in this handbook.Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Bureau of Economic analysis of the U.S.Department of Commerce, is a comprehensive source of price and income data. It containsmany detailed cost indices, as well as other information on economic activity. Orders shouldbe sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.Recorded information on price indices and other economic indicators compiled by the Bureauof Labor Statistics (BLS) is available on the following numbers:

0 Major BLS Indicators -- (202)-523-96580 Consumer Price Index detail -- (202)-523-12390 Producer Price Index detail -- (202)-523-1765

Economic Indicators, published monthly by the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S.Congress, summarizes general price indices and other economic indicators. Orders should besent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.

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Engineering News-Record, published weekly by McGraw Hill, Inc., contains information onconstruction and construction prices. Subscription orders should be sent to Fulfillment Manager,Engineering News-Record, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, NJ 08520.National Urban Mass Transportation Statistics, published annually by the Federal TransitAdministration, contains information about each transit operation in the U.S. that receives FTAsupport. It includes data on transit revenues, expenses, services, safety, energy consumption,maintenance, mileage, employee counts, fleet s ize, and fleet age. The document is availablefrom the Office of Technical Assistance, Federal Transit Administration, 400 7th Street, S.W.,Washington, D.C. 20590. Phone: (202)-426-9157.Transit Fact Book, published annually by the American Public Transit Association (APTA),provides a statistical profile of U.S. transit and trends of transit finances and operations. Thisdocument is available from American Public Transit Association, 1201 New York Avenue,N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phone: (202)-898-4000.Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, published annually by the Motor Vehicle ManufacturersAssociation, gives price, production, operating cost, fleet composition, accidents, and fueleconomy data assembled from various primary sources. Copies can be ordered from theCommunications Department, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 300 New CenterBuilding, Detroit, Michigan 48202.Statistical Abstract of the United States, published annually by the U.S. Bureau of the Census,contains a wealth of price, income, production, and other data of interest to transportationplanners. The Statistical Abstract can be ordered from the superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.Highway Statistics, published annually by the Federal Highway Administration, contains dataon motor fuel consumption, motor vehicle registration, drivers licenses, highway finance,highway travel, fuel economy, and highway performance. Highway Statistics is available fromthe Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Phone: (202)-783-3238.CPZ Detailed Report, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, reports monthlyconsumer price movements (including gasoline prices) in urban areas. Single copies orsubscriptions can be ordered from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.Monthly Labor Review, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, provides articleson labor force, wages, prices, productivity, and economic growth. Each issue presentsan up-to-date review of the principal statistical series collected by the BLS, including data onemployment, unemployment, consumer and producer prices, wages, and productivity. Singlecopies or subscriptions can be ordered from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.

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CHAPTER 2RAIL TFUNSIT

This chapter provides quantitative information on the following characteristics of rapid rail, lightrail, and commuter rail systems:0 speeds0 Accident ratesl Operating costs0 Labor requirements0 Energy consumption0 Capital costs0 Capacities

Information on speeds, accident rates, operating costs, labor requirements, and energyconsumption in this chapter are summarized (in the form of average, high, and low values) from1989 UMTA Section 15 reports. Data on the characteristics of individual rail systems arepresented n Appendix B.

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TABLE 2-1AVERAGE RAIL TRANSIT SPEEDS

Rapid Rail (12)4Light Rail (12)Commuter Rail (9)

Systemwide Speed (MPH)'Low2 Average3 High215.8 22.5 29,08.9 12.0 23.3

27.6 30.1 36.5

SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Systemwide speed is actual vehicle revenue miles per vehiclerevenue hour of operation. Revenue miles exclude all vehicle milestraveled when not in regular passenger service (i.e., deadheading).The ratio of total vehicle miles to revenue miles is shown inTables B-l, B-2, and B-3 in Appendix B for each rail rapid transitsystem, light rail system, and commuter rail system, respectively.The ratios average 1.04, 1.02, and 1.08 for the three rail modes.

2Low and high values omit two small systems that may beunrepresentative: Seattle's two car streetcar operation (5.0 mph)and Staten Island Rapid Transit, a 36 car system which isclassified as commuter rail (21.2 mph).3Average speeds are harmonic means, unweighted by system size.Harmonic means are calculated by (1) inverting speeds for each

system to get hours per mile, (2) taking the arithmetic mean ofhours per mile, and (3) inverting the result. For example, theharmonic mean of 50 mph and 25 mph is calculated by (1) invertingthe two speeds to get 0.02 and 0.04 hours per mile respectively,(2) taking the arithmetic mean to get 0.03 hours per mile, and (3)inverting the result to get 33.3 mph.4Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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TABLE 2-2RAIL TRANSIT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION PASSENGER MILES

Rapid RailAverage (12)'LowHigh

Light RailAverage (13)LowHigh

Commuter RailAverage (10)LowHigh

Accidents Injuries Deaths

0.98 0.91 0.0030.21 0.21 0.0002.91 2.21 0.0176.43 3.93 0.0200.08 0.00 0.000

15.37 7.91 0. 1


'Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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Rapid RailAverage (12)2LowHigh

Light RailAverage (13)LowHigh

Commuter RailAverage (10)LowHiah

TABLE 2-3RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS

Cost Per Cost Per Cost Per Cost PerRevenue Vehicle Revenue Vehicle Place PassengerMile Hour Mile' Mile

$6.53 $152 $0.04923.31 56 0.0163

10.33 272 0.0876

9.31 125 0.0960 0.5783.33 30 0.0180 0.201

18.61 . 262 0.1578 1.5049.96 307 0.0687 0.2615.93 178 0.0469 0.12723.39 724 0.1519 0.438


$0.2820.1350.419

'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles timesthe average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.2Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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TABLE 2-5RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES

Transportation Maintenance Administration All EmployeesRapid Rail

Average (12)' 32.4 49.6 21.2 103.1Low 14.6 25.4 5.7 80.7High 53.5 89.2 35.4 178.0

Light RailAverage (12) 70.5 98.8 23.5 192.8Low 26.8 28.5 4.2 62.5High 107.2 142.8 41.2 278.4

Commuter RailAverage (10) 48.8 57.4 15.3 121.6Low 27;O 24.5 1.3 74.0High 72.8 77.9 33.8 175.2



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TABLE 2-6RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS

Transportation Maintenance Administration All EmployeesRapid Rail

Average (12)' 734 1,141 492 2,366Low 372 605 135 1,583High 1,412 2,353 932 4,697

Light RailAverage (12) 887 1,222 312 2,421Low 499 538 38 1,179High 1,392 2,17.- 885 4,450

Commuter RailAverage (10) 1,480 1,748 465 3,694Low 806 755 21 2,276High 2,362 2,636 1,234 5,428


"Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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TABLE 2-7RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER VEHICLE OPERATED IN MAXIMUM SERVICE

Transportation Maintenance Administration All EmployeesRapid RailAverage (12)' 1.98 2.95 1.27 6.20

Low 0.85 1.74 0.34 3.67High 3.76 4.97 1.97 9.93

Light RailAverage (12) 2.36 3.10 0.75 6.21Low 1.14 1.30 0.10 2.68High 3.58 4.46 1.38 9.30

Commuter RailAverage (10) 2.12 2.52 0.69 5.33Low 0.96 1.17 0.04 2.42High 3.47 4.28 1.78 9.11



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TABLE 2-8RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Kilowatt HoursPer Revenue Per Revenue Per Thousand Per ThousandVehicle Mile Vehicle Hour Place Miles' Passenger Miles

Average (12)* 7.63 179 60.6 323Low 5.04 110 24.8 205High 14.35 378 116 482


'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles timesthe average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.*Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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TABLE 2-9LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Kilowatt HoursPer Revenue Per Revenue Per Thousand Per ThousandVehicle Mile Vehicle Hour Place Miles' Passenger Miles

Average (13)2 11.09 161 99.6 542Low 3.89 35 22.3 149High 41.85 626 377 1,723


'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles timesthe average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.2Number of systems used in calculating averages.

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TABLE 2-10COMMUTERRAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Kilowatt Hours'Per Revenue Per RevenueVehicle Mile Vehicle Hour Per Thousand Per ThousandPlace Miles Passenger Miles

Average 12.68 321 76.6 480Low 9.00 191 51.4 438High 16.37 451 101.7 522

(continued)*SOURCE: TJMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Averages, lows, and highs are for the two systems that consume only electric power --Staten Island and SEPTA. Four systems consume both electric and diesel power -- New York-LIRR, Newark-NJT, Chicago-Commuter Rail Board, and New York-MTNR.2Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles timesthe average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.

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TABLE 2-10 (continued)

Diesel and Other Liquid Petroleum Fuel (Gallons)3Per Revenue Per RevenueVehicle Mile Vehicle Hour Per Thousand Per ThousandPlace Miles Passenger Miles

Average 0.808 26.5 5.68 18.0Low 0.57 17.4 4.80 13.7High 0.99 32.1 6.80 22.6

3Averages, lows, and highs are for the four systems that consume only diesel power --Boston, SF Caltrans, Chicago & NW, and Chicago-Burlington Northern.

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TABLE 2-11CAPITAL COSTS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDRAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS(1988 DOLLARS)

LocationAtlantaBaltimoreMiamiWashincton

Cost PerPercent Capital Cost Line-MileLine-Miles Underground Stations (millions) (millions)

26.8 42% 26 $2,720 $101.497.6 56 9 1,289 169.61

21.0 0 20 1,341 63.8660.5 57 57 7.968 131.70

Source: Don Pickrell; Urban Rail Transit Projects: Forecast Versus Actual Ridership andcosts; prepared for Office of Grants Management, Urban Mass TransportationAdministration; October, 1989.

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TABLE 2-12DISTRIBUTION OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT CAPITAL COSTS BY SUBSYSTEM(PERCENT)

San Francisco Atlanta Baltimore Chicago BostonBART MARTA MTA CTA MBTASubsystem All Phase A Phase I O'Hare Red Line SouthLand 7 % 9% 2% 0% 11%Guideway 37 33 25 20 15Stations 19 20 30 28 33Trackwork 3 2 2 7 7Power 2 1 2 5 6Control 4 2 4 8 7Facilities 2 3 2 4 0Eng./Mgt./Test 14 23 24 8 6Vehicles 12 7 9 20 15Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Source: Thomas Dooley; Transportation Systems Center, U.S. DOT; 1982.

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TABLE 2-13CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS(MILLIONS OF 1990 NATIONAL' DOLLARS)

Cost Category Portland Sacramento San Jose Pittsburgh Los AngelesGuideway $106.6 $47.9 $56.1 $124.0 $135.1ElementsYards and 13.4 4.1 18.9 42.8 40.2ShopsSystems 23.8 20.0 26.5 66.1 104.7Stations 16.9 10.5 4.0 38.5 59.9Vehicles 33.2 34.9 51.7 64.4 72.6Special 6.5 12.5 7.5 11.3 150.7Conditions2Right of Way 17 n. ." 17.9 49.4 24.8 54.6Soft Costs3 65.1 40.2 120.8 252.2 208.4Total 282.5 188.1 334.8 624.1 826.2

'Actual construction costs were converted to 1990 National Dollars using MeansConstruction Cost Indices by city and year. National costs represent the average for 30major cities.2Most of the costs in the tlSpecial Conditions" category are for utility relocations.Other costs in this category include demolitions, roadway changes, and environmentaltreatments.3Soft Costs include feasibility studies, engineering and design studies, projectmanagement, project initiation (insurance, mobilization, maintenance of traffic), financecharges, training, and testing.

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TABLE 2-14PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT RAIL CAPITAL COSTS BY COST CATEGORY

costCategoryGuidewayElements

LosPortland Sacramento San Jose Pittsburgh Angeles Average37.7% 25.5% 16.8% 19.9% 16.4% 23.2%

Yards andShopsSystemsStationsVehiclesSpecialConditions'Right of WaySoft costs2Total

4.7 2.2 5.6 6.9 4.9 4.98.4 10.7 7.9 10.6 12.7 10.16.0 5.6 1.2 6.2 7.2 5.2

11.8 18.5 15.4 10.3 8.8 13.02.3 6.7 2 .2 1.8 18.2 6.36.0 9.5 14.7 4.0 6.6 8.2

23.0 21.4 36.1 40.4 25.2 29.2100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Light Rail Transit Capital Cost Study; prepared forFederal Transit Administration, Office of Technical Assistance and Safety; April5, 1991.

'Most of the costs in the "Special Conditionsl' category are for utility relocations.Other costs in this category include demolitions, roadway changes, and environmentaltreatments.2Soft Costs include feasibility studies, engineering and design studies, projectmanagement, project initiation (insurance, mobilization, maintenance of traffic), financecharges, training, and testing.

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TABLE 2-16CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL GUIDEWAYS'(1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS2 PER LINEAR FOOT)

Type of LosConstruction Portland Sacramento San Jose Pittsburgh Angeles AverageAt-Grade $1,205 $413 $609 $460 $636 $665Elevated 3,041 410 636 2,986 1,768StructureElevatedRetained Fill 1,077 961 943 999Elevated FillSubway 7,001Retained Cut 4,973 265 4,904 3,133 3,319

Source: Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Light Rail Transit Capital Cost Study* prepared forUrban Mass Transportation Administration, Office of Technical Assistance andSafety; April 5, 1991.

'Guideway costs account for 16 to 38 percent of all capital costs for recentlyconstructed light rail systems. Design, engineering, and other "soft" costs are not includedin the guideway costs presented in this table. Right-of-way costs are also not included.'Actual construction costs were converted to 1990 National Dollars using MeansConstruction Cost Indices by city and year. National costs represent the average for 30major cities.

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TABLE 2-17CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL STATIONS'(1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS2 IN THOUSANDS)

Type of j LosConstruction Portland Sacramento San Jose Pittsburgh Angeles3 Average

I/t-Grade Center $492 $156 $981 $543Platform/I At-Grade Side 539 185 830 771Platform $377 $1,924il Elevated 2,661 2,66111Subway 6,806 25,157 15,982

Source: Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Lisht Rail Transit Capital Cost Study* prepared forUrban Mass Transportation Administration, Office o f Technical Assistance andSafety; April 5, 1991.

'Station costs do not include design, engineering, and other "soft" costs. Right-of-waycosts are also not included.2Actual construction costs were converted to 1990 National Dollars using MeansConstruction Cost Indices by city and year. National costs represent the average for 30major cities,3Costs include provision for connections into other portions of the regional railnetwork.

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TABLE 2-18CAPITAL COSTS FOR REC%NTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT YARDS AND SHOPS'(1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS21

LocationPortlandSacramentoSan JosePittsburghLos AngelesAveracre

Yard and Shop Yard and Shop Cost Per Unit ofCapital Costs Capacity Capacity(thousands) (Vehicles) (thousands)$13,356 100 $133.6

4,087 50 81.718,863 50 377.342,838 97 441.640,169 54 743.9

355.6

Source: Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Light Rail Transit Capital Cost Study; prepared forUrban Mass Transportation Administration, Office of Technical Assistance andSafety; April 5, 1991.

'Design, engineering, and other rtsofts' costs are not included in the guideway costspresented in this table. Right-of-way costs are also not included.*Actual construction costs were converted to 1990 National Dollars using MeansConstruction Cost Indices by city and year. National costs represent the average for 30major cities.

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TABLE 2-19COSTS OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK'(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)

City YearChicago 1991Los Angeles 1989New York 1990San Francisco 1989Washington, DC 1989

Quantity Price forOrdered Total Order Price Per Car

256 $207.6 $0.8154 63.2 1.1719 39.3 2.07

150 228.3 1.5268 83.3 1.23

SOURCE: Passenger Transport; published by American Public Transit Association, January 2,1989 to September 30, 1991 issues.

'Costs are actual dollars as of order date.of vehicle, size of order, and options. Variations in unit costs are due to type

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TABLE 2-20COSTS OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK'(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)

City YearBoston 1991San Diego 1991St. Louis 1990

QuantityOrdered867531

Price forTotal Order Price Per Car$132.0 $1.53122.0 1.63

45.4 1.46

SOURCE: Passenger Transport; published by American Public Transit Association, January 15,1990 to September 30, 1991 issues.

'Costs are actual dollars as of order date. Variations in unit costs are due to typeof vehicle, size of order, and options.

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TABLE 2-22COSTS OF VEHICLE REHABILITATION'(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)

LocationRAPIDTRANSIT

New YorkNew YorkNew YorkCOMMUTERRAILMaryland

New Jersey

Price for PriceCar Quantity Total PerYear Type Rehabilitated Order Car

1991 R33 Subway 494 $201.0 $0.411991 R44 Subway 280 148.4 0.531990 R44 Subway 64 36.0 0.56

1990 35 7.0 0.201991 230 223.1 0.97

SOURCE: Passenqer Transport; published by American Public Transit Association, January 15,1990 to September 30, 1991 issues.

'Costs are actual dollars as of order date. Variations in unit costs are due to typeof rehabilitation work specified.

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TABLE 2-23LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS

VehicleCharacteristicsLength (m)Width (m)No. of DoorsSize of Doors (m)Seated CapacityStanding CapacityAcceleration Rate(m/s/s)Braking Rate(m/s/s)Jerk Rate(m/s/s/s)MinimumHorizontal CurveRadius (m)

Single Unit ArticulatedPCC Car Canadian Light San Diego,Edmon- San FranciscoRail Vehicle ton, Calgary Boston

14.2 15.4 23 .1 21.62.5 2.6 2 .7 2.7

2 4 per side 4 per side 3 per side1.68 1.52 1 .30 1.40

46 46 64 52-6856 55 97 167

1.92 1.47 1.32 1.251.61 1.56 Not Available 1.57

1.34-2.68 1.12-1.78 Not Available Not Available9.8 11.0 35.0 32.0

SOURCE: Canadian Transit Manual, 2nd Edition

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TABLE 2-24TYPICAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEATED AND STANDING PASSENGERS

Square Feet Per Passenger (net)'

Commuter Rail 4 to 6STANDING PASSENGERS

Maximum scheduled load capacityrecommended by the 1985 HighwayCapacity Manual2.4 to 2.8

Maximum practical capacity (crush loads) I.8

SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity Manual

'Excludes nonusable space. For seated passengers, includes space consumed by seat plusspace between seats for legs. For standing passengers, based on clear floor area perstandee.

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TABLE 2-25RAIL TRANSIT STATION DWELL TIMES(SECONDS)

StandardLine Time of Day Mean Dwell Time DeviationLexington Ave. Express PM Peak 53 17New York City

Evanston Express PM Peak 42 14ChicagoGreen Line (LRV) PM Peak 58 24Boston

Milwaukee Line Post PM Peak 19 6


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TABLE 3-lTYPICAL PEAK HOUR BUS TRAVEL TIMES BY COMPONENT(MINUTES PER MILE)

ComponentTraffic Delay'Passenger StopsMovingTotal

CBD3.003.005.50

11.50

City Suburbs0.90 0.701.20 0.503.90 3.006.00 4.20

Weed in miles ner hour 5.2 10.0 14.3SOURCE: Herbert S. Levinson; "Analyzing Transit Time Performance"; Transportation ResearchRecord 915; 1983.

Traffic delay is the added travel time due to other vehicles and traffic control devices.

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TABLE 3-2EFFECTS OF STOPS AND TRAFFIC DELAY ON BUS SPEEDS(MILES PER HOUR)Speed (mph) by Traffic Delay'Time Per Stop Stops Per Mile(seconds) 0.0 min./mile 0.7 min./mile 3.0 min./mile(No Traffic (Typical Suburban (Typical CBD PeakDelay) Peak Period) Period)

10 2 25.0 19.4 11.14 18.3 15.1 9.66 14.0 12.0 8.28 11.3 10.0 7.2

10 8.6 7.8 6.020 2 22.0 17.5 10.5

4 15.3 13.0 8.86 11.3 10.0 7.28 9.0 8.1 6.0

10 6.9 6.4 5.130 2 19.5 15.9 9.9

4 13.0 11.3 7.96 9.5 8.6 6.58 7.5 6.9 5.5

10 5.8 5.4 4.5XJRCE: Herbert S. Levinson; "Analyzing Transit Time Performance"; Transportation Research Record 9151983.

'Traffic delay is the added travel time due to other vehicles and traffic controldevices. Speeds are calculated assuming a free-flow speed of 35 miles per hour with no stopsor traffic delay.

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TABLE 3-3BUS OPERATING COSTS PER UNIT OF SERVICEBY SYSTEM SIZE AND PEAK TO BASE RATIO

Operatins CostSystem Size' andPeak to Base Ratio2250 or More BusesRatio 2 2.00 (16)3Ratio < 2.00 (18)loo-249 BusesRatio 12.00 (20)Ratio < 2.00 (30)50-99 BusesRatio 2 1.75 (18)Ratio c 1.75 (15)25-49 BusesRatio 2 1.50 (28)Ratio < 1.50 (45)Fewer Than 25 BusesRatio 2 1.50 (30)Ratio < 1.50 (56)

Per PerRevenue Revenue Per PeakVehicle Vehicle VehicleMile Hour (thousands)$4.614.82

3.803.753.793.542.852.882.592.56

$64.24 $14859.77 18457.81 12047.62 13852.53 10355.28 13638.35 9638.10 11636.00 8334.94 101

All Motor Buses (363)4 $3.09 $42.70 $112Trolley Buses (5)5 $5.77 $60.97 $169SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Vehicles operated in maximum service.2Vehicles operated in average PM peak divided by vehiclesoperated in average base period.3Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for whichdata are available.4The complete motor bus data base includes several transitsystems for which peak to base ratios are not available. Data aremissing for some of the above variables for a few transit systems.5Four of the five trolley bus systems are part of systems inthe largest size class above. Dayton is in the second size class.

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TABLE 3-4BUS OPERATING COSTS AND EMPLOYEES PER PLACE MILE' BY SYSTEM SIZE

Size of Svstem2250 or More Buses (34)3AverageLowHigh

Operating Cost EmployeesPer 1,000 Per 1,000Place Miles Place Miles$ 70 1.3645 0.90137 2.24

loo-249 Buses (53)AverageLow4High58 1.1826 0.56115 2.30

50-99 Buses (38)Average 59 1.25Low 30 0.64High 114 2.09

25-49 Buses (82)Average 52 1.30Loti 25 0.66High4 95 2>i)5Fewer Than 25 Buses (156)AverageLow4High4

64 1.9119 0.63182 4.20All Motor Buses (363) $ 60 1.54Trolley Buses (5) $ 83 2.28SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated asrevenue vehicle miles times the average passenger capacity (seatedplus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.

2Vehicles operated in maximum service.3Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for whichdata are available.4Lows and highs in these size classes exclude a few systemswith extreme values.

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TABLE 3-5BUS LABOR INPUTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZEEmplovees (Full Time Equivalents)Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 PerRev. Veh. Rev. Veh. PeakSize of System' PassengerMiles Hours Miles Vehicle

250 or More Buses (34)2Average 0.091 1.19 7.75 3.19Low 0.058 0.89 3.01 2.29High 0.157 1.77 13.64 4.78loo-249 Buses (53)AverageLowHigh

0.077 1.05 7.72 2.700.037 0.62 1.45 0.600.162 1.48 14.87 7.0850-99 Buses (38)Average 0.075 1.13 9.57 2.39Low 0.045 0.69 1.76 0.88High 0.138 2.38 36.54 3.7125-49 Buses (82)Average 0.067 0.90 11.42 2.51Low 0.047 0.61 3.46 1.54High 0.099 1.23 22.04 3.73Fewer Than 25 Buses (156)Average 0.070 0.98 24.46 2.57Low3 0.043 0.06 0.89 1.00

High3 0.219 1.76 96.45 5.77All Motor Buses (363) 0.073 1.01 15.82 2.61Trolley Buses (5)4 0.160 1.57 12.55 4.50SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Vehicles operated in maximum service.2Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for whichdata are available.3Lows and highs for the smallest size category exclude a fewsystems with extreme values.4Four of the five trolley bus systems are part of systems inthe largest size class above. Dayton is in the second size class.

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TABLE 3-6BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILESBY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZEVehicle Vehicle Other TotalOperators Mechanics3 Employees EmployeesPer 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh.Size of System' Miles Miles Miles Miles

250 or More Buses (34)2Average 0.051 0.012 0.028 0.091Low 0.033 0.007 0.015 0.058High 0.085 0.022 0.050 0.157loo-249 Buses (53)AverageLow4High4

0.048 0.009 0.020 0.0770.020 0.003 0.006 0.0370.082 0.027 0.031 0.12650-99 Buses (38)Average 0.047 0.008 0.020 0.075Low 0.028 0.002 0.010 0.045High 0.089 0.019 0.031 0.13825-49 Buses (82)Average 0.044 0.007 0.016 0.068Low 0.030 0.002 0.008 0.047High 0.072 0.015 0.034 0.099Fewer Than 25 Buses (156)Average 0.044 0.007 0.019 0.070Low4 0.023 0.000 0.003 0.043High 0.118 0.029 0.088 0.219All Motor Buses (363) 0.045 0.008 0.019 0.073Trolley Buses (5)5 0.078 0.021 0.061 0.160SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Vehicles operated in maximum service.2Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for which jdata are available.

311Mechanics11 are "revenue vehicle inspection and maintenance"employees.4Lows and highs in these size classes exclude a few systemswith extreme values.'Four of the five trolley bus systems are part of systems inthe largest size class above. Dayton is in the second size class.

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TABLE 3-7BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURSBY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZEVehicle Vehicle Other TotalOperators Mechanics3 Employees Employees

Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh.Size of Svstem' Hours Hours Hours Hours250 or More Buses (34)'Average 0.67 0.15 0.37 1.19Low 0.54 0.10 0.22 0.89High 0.98 0.23 0.66 1.77loo-249 Buses (53)AverageLowHigh

0.66 0.12 0.27 1.050.48 0.05 0.10 0.620.99 0.29 0.58 1.4850-99 Buses (38)Average 0.72 0.12 0.30 1.13Low 0.44 0.04 0.13 0.69High 1.61 0.32 0.73 2.3825-49 Buses (82)Average 0.59 0.10 0.22 0.91Loti 0.43 0.03 0.11 0.61High 0.88 0.19 0.50 1.23Fewer Than 25 Buses (156)Average 0.61 0.10 0.27 0.98

Low4 0.35 0.02 0.04 0.53High4 1.44 0.32 1.06 1.76All Motor Buses (363) 0.63 0.11 0.27 1.01Trolley Buses (5)5 0.76 0.20 0.61 1.57SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

'Vehicles operated in maximum service.*Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for whichdata are available.

3W'Mechanics11 are "revenue vehicle inspection and maintenance"employees.4Lows and highs in these size classes exclude a few systemswith extreme values.'Four of the five trolley bus systems are part of systems inthe largest size class above. Dayton is in the second size class.

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TABLE 3-8BUS FACILITY CONSTRUCTION COSTS(1990 DOLLARS)

Facility Number ofType ProjectsCost Per Assigned Vehicle($1

Average RangeCost Per Square Foot ($)

Average RangeWithIndoorVehicleStorage

7 $142,300 $62,700 to $89 $71 to 112240,000

7 91,700 44,000 to 141 70 to 207140,000WithoutIndoorVehicleStorage

SOURCE: Passenser Transport; published by American Public Transit Association; January 2,1989 to September 30, 1991 issues

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TABLE 3-9REHABILITATION COSTS FOR 35 FOOT BUSES

Location YearDubuque 1990Monterey 1990Westchester County 1991

QuantityRehabilitated101520

Price Per Bus$80,000140,000'

50,000

SOURCE: Passenqer Transport; published by American Public Transit Association; January 15,1990 to September 30, 1991 issues

'Includes addition of wheelchair lift which added about $20,000 per bus to therehabilitation cost.

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TABLE 3-10TYPICAL COST AND MILEAGE FOR TRANSIT BUS ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION REBUILDS

EngineTransmission

cost Mileage$4,850 225,000$2,150 120,000

SOURCE: Based on D. W. Carter, R. Drake, and J. Sims; "Vehicle Replacement Strategies:Opportun ities for Efficiencies"; Transportation Research Record 1266; 1990.

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TABLE 3-11COSTS OF HEAVY DUTY BUSES(1990 DOLLARS)Number of Total Number of Average Cost Range of Cost PerBus Type Purchases Buses Purchased Per Bus Bus

60' Articulated 2 30 $279,900 $193,000-297,00040' Suburban 1 162 228,40040' Transit 9 686 178,000 160,000-201,00035' Transit 2 45 174,700 172,000-196,00030' Transit 2 43 170,900 150,000-174,000

SOURCE: Passenger Transport; published by American Public Transit Association; January 15,1990 to September 30, 1991 issues.

NOTE: Variations in costs are due to size of order, vehicle configuration, and options.

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TABLE 3-12COST RANGE FOR SMALL BUSES(1990 DOLLARS)

Type Gross Vehicle Weight Rating(pounds) Cost Range

Light Duty(truck-type cab chassis) 9,500-12,500 $30,000-60,000

Light Duty(motorhome-type chassis) 14,500-18,500 45,000-75,000

Medium Duty(rear engine chassis) 16,500-20,500 65,000-110,000

Heavy Duty(integrated body andchassis)22,500-26,000 125,000-175,000

SOURCE: F. Johnson; "What About Small Buses"; Bus Ride; July 1991

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TABLE 3-13DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL TRANSIT BUSES

LengthWidthHeightFront OverhangRear Overhang

Inside Turning RadiusOutside Turning RadiusOutside Turning Radiuswith OverhangSteps from GroundFront Door Clear OpeningRear Door Clear OpeningEmpty WeightGross WeightWheelbase

40' (12.2 m)8'6" (2.6 m)1Or911 (3.3 m)7'41t (2.2 m)9'5" (2.9 m)30' (9.1 m)47' (14.3 m)

51'2"' (15.6 m)1'5tv (0.43 m)2'6" (0.76 m)2'2" (0.66 m)25,480 pounds (11,558 kg)36,640 pounds (16,620 kg)23'9" (7.2 m)

SOURCE: Charles A. Fuhs; Hish-Occunancv Vehicle Facilities: APlannina, Desisn, and Operation Manual; Parsons,Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

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TABLE 3-14DIMENSIONS OF SMALL BUSES

Gross Weight Length (feet Passenger Wheelbase WidthManufacturer - Model (pounds) and inches) Seats (inches) (inches)Amtran - Vanguard 10,000 16' 11" 17 125 96Bus Industries of America 18,000 25' 22 236 96- Orion IIChampion - Challenger 11,900 24' 24 110 96Chance - RT52 24,000 25' 11" 23 170 96Collins - Diplomat 12,200 25' 25 136 to 176 96Diamond Coach - VIP 2500 11,000 24' 7" 18 to 25 176 96Eldorado - Aerotech 11,800 24' 25 176 96Gillig - Spirit 29,500 28' 23 to 29 139 96Lewis Mfg. - Reddi Bus 9,500 20' 6" 15 138 80National Coach - Squire 10,300 20' 6" 14 to 23 145 87New Goshen - GC II 11,500 to 20' 6" to 17 to 19 158 to 186 9616,000 31' 5"Stewart & Stevenson - 18,340 25' or 28' 14 to 28 158 to 190 90S-25Thomas - Citiliner/ 28,000 30' 30 181 96TransitlinerWayne - Chaperone II 11,500 21' 4" 21 158 96

SOURCE: "Shuttle Buses Come of Age; Modes Uses Growl'; Metro Magazine; July/August 1991

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TABLE 3-15TYPICAL TRANSIT BUS PERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICS

Acceleration (mph/set)O-10 mph

lo-30 mph30-50 mph

Normal Deceleration (mph/set) 2-3

Top Speed (mph) 65

Metric UnitsAcceleration (km/h/set)

O-16 km/h16-48 km/h48-80 km/h

Normal Deceleration (km/h/set) 3.2-4.8Top Speed (km/h)

3.332.220.95

5.363.571.53

105

SOURCE: Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occunancv Vehicle Facilities: APlanning. Design, and OperationBrinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990. Manual; Parsons,

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TABLE 3-16TYPICAL BUS CAPACITIES

Type of Bus Length (feet) Width (feet) Typical Crush-Load Capacity'Seats Standees I Total

Minibus 18-25 6.5-8.0 15-25 o-15 15-40Conventional 30 8.0 36 19 55Transit 35 8.0 45 25 80

40 8.5 53 32 85Articulated 55 8.5 66 34 100Transit 60 8.5 73 37 110


'The Highway Capacity Manual recommends against using crush load capacities forscheduling. For the 53-seat, 340 square foot bus with a crush load capacity of 85passengers, the Highway Capacity Manual recommends a maximum scheduled load of 80 passengers.

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TABLE 3-17MINIMUM DESIRABLE LENGTHS FOR CURB BUS LOADING ZONESSingle Bus (L=Bus Length in feet)

Type of Stop Wheel 6" from curb Wheel 1' from curb Each Additional Bus

Near side L + 85 L + 65 L+5Far side

40'+ street width L + 55 L + 40 L32-39 J street width L + 70 L + 55 L

Midblock40'+ street width L + 135 L + 100 L32-39' street width L + 150 L + 115 L

SOURCE: Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities: A Plannincr, Desisn. andOperation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

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TABLE 3-18BOARDING AND ALIGHTING TIMES(SECONDS PER PASSENGER)

ALIGHTING PASSENGERSVery little hand baggage andparcels; few transfersModerate amount of hand baggage ormany transfersConsiderable baggage from racks(intercity runs)

BOARDING PASSENGERS

1.5-2.52.5-4.04.0-6.0

No fare payment on boardingSingle coin or token with fare boxMultiple coin cash faresZone fares prepaid and registeredon busMultiple zone fares; cash;

1.5-2.52.0-3.03.0-4.04.0-6.0

includina reaistration on bus 6.0-8.0


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TABLE 3-19BUS ACCIDENT RATES PER REVENUE VEHICLE MILE BY SYSTEM SIZE

Size of System'

Accidents Fatalities InjuriesPer Million Per Million Per MillionRevenue Revenue RevenueVehicle Vehicle VehicleMiles Miles Miles250 or More Buses (34)2 65 0.09 39loo-249 Buses (53) 59 0.07 2550-99 Buses (38) 51 1.38 2025-49 Buses (82) 44 0.11 19Fewer Than 25 Buses (156) 37 0.08 14All Motor Buses (363) 46 0.22 20Trolley Buses (5)3 133 0.00 55


'Vehicles operated in maximum service.2Numbers in parentheses are the number of bus systems for whichdata are available.3Four of the five trolley bus systems are part of systems inthe largest size class above. Dayton is in the second size class.

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CHAPTER 4AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS, AND THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

This chapter provides quantitative information on characteristics of automobiles, trucks, and thehighway system, including the following:Freeway capacity and the effects of traffic volumes on speedGasoline prices and fuel economies of highway vehiclesAutomobile ownership and operating costsEffects of congestion and pavement condition on vehicle operatingcostsAir pollutant emission ratesUnit costs for various types of highway improvementsConstruction and operating costs for parking lots and garagesValue of vehicle travel timeAccident rates and costs

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TABLE 4-lEFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAY CAPACITIES(ADJUSTMENT FACTOR)Distance fromObstruction to TravelledPavement2

4-Lane Freeway 6- or Wane Freeway(2 lanes each direction) (3 or 4 lanes each direction)12 Lanes 11 Lanes 10 Lanes 12 Lanes 11 Lanes 10 Lanes

6 or more 1.00 0.97 0.91 1.00 0.96 0.894 0.99 0.96 0.90 0.99 0.95 0.882 0.97 0.94 0.88 0.97 0.93 0.870 0.90 0.87 0.82 0.94 0.91 0.85

CommentsSee next page

SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity h4am.d.

Ideal capacities are multiplied by the factors in this table to account for the effects of lane widths and lateral clearances.20bstructions are assumedon one side of the roadway only. The other side of the roadway is assumed o have lateral clearancesof 6 or more feet.

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TABLE 4-lEFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAY CAPACITIES(continued)CommentsThe capacity of a highway segment s the maximum hourly rate at which vehicles can reasonably be expected to pass a given pointon the segment during a given time period. The time period used n most capacity analyses s 15 minutes.The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual recommended a value of 2,000 veh icles per lane per hour as the capacity of a freeway underthe following ideal conditions:

0 Twelve-foot minimum lane widthsl Six-foot minimum lateral clearances to the nearest oadside obstacle0 All passengercars in the traffic streams30 Driver characteristics typical of weekday commuter traffic

Recommended values for highway capacities will probably be increased n the next edition of the Highway Capacity Manual. TheSubcommittee on Multilane Highways of the Transportation ResearchBoards Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Servicerecently approved an increase from 2,000 to 2,200 in the ideal capacity of a multilane highway.

3Passenger ar equivalents for trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles are presented n Table 4-3.

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TABLE 4-2EFFECT OF TRAFFIC VOLUME ON FREEWAY SPEEDS

Volume-to-Capacity Ratio Average Travel Speed (mph)

0.30 600.50 580.70 550.80 520.90 480.95 441.00 30

Comments

Speedsare relatively insensitive to traffic volume at volume-to-capacity ratios below 0 .70. However, speeds rop sharply as volume-to-capacity ratios approach 1 OO. When the number of vehicles attempting to use a freeway segmentexceeds ts capacity, traffic flowbreaks down, resulting in stop-and-go conditions with average speedsbelow 30 miles per hour.SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity Manual

A design speed of 70 miles per hour is assumed.

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TABLE 4-3PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITY

Vehicle Type PassengerCar Equivalents by Type of TerrainLevel Rolling MountainousTrucks 1.7 4.0 8.0Buses 1.5 3.0 5.0RecreationalVehicles 1.6 3.0 4.0

CommentsPassengercar equivalents are used to account for the fact that, on a per vehicle basis, heavy vehicles usually have a greater effecton congestion than lighter vehicles. Primarily becauseof their acceleration characteristics, the effect of heavy vehicles on congestionis greater on hills.


A weight-to-horsepower ratio of 200 is assumed.

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TABLE 4-5AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR ANINTERMEDIATE-SIZED PASSENGER CAR(Cents Per Mile, 1990 Dollars)

Variable CostY&U Gas & Oil Maintenance Tires Subtotal Fixed Cost Total Cost1985 7.5 1.5 0.7 9.7 23.3 33.01986 5.4 1.7 0.8 7.9 27.4 35.31987 5.5 1.8 0.9 8.3 29.2 37.51988 5.7 1.8 0.9 8.4 28.5 36.91989 5.5 2.0 0.8 8.3 31.9 40.31990 5.4 2.1 0.9 8.4 32.6 41.0

CommentsThe variable cost of operating an automobile decreased rom 1985 to 1990, due to a decrease n fuel costs. However, the total costper mile of owning and operating an automobile has been ncreasing faster than the rate of inflation.SOURCE: Compiled by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association from Your Driving Costs, published by the AmericanAutomobile Association. The primary source of this data is Runzheimer and Company. The Consumer Price Index(CPI) was used to convert current-year to constant dollars.

Fixed cost nc udes nsurance, license and registration, depreciation, and fmance charge. A six-year, 60,000 mile retention cycleis assumed n estimating fixed cost.

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TABLE 4-6AVERAGE PRICE OF A NEW CAR, 1970-89

YfSl-19701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989

Current ConstantYear Dollars 1989 Dollars3,542 11,3163,742 11,4623,879 11,4964,052 11,3164,440 11,1694,950 11,4105,418 11,8075,814 11,8996,379 12,1316,847 11,7047,574 11,4038,910 12,1549,890 12,70810,640 13,24711,450 13,66512,022 13,85412,894 14,58813,613 14,85914,485 15,18315,403 15,403

SOURCE: MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures 90. Prices were converted to constantdollars using the Consumer Price Index (CPI)

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TABLE 4-7MILES PER GALLON OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES(1989)

II Type of Vehicle Miles Per GallonPassengerCars 20.54Motorcycles 50.002-Axle 4-Tire Trucks 13.81Other Single Unit Trucks 7.17Multiple Unit Trucks 5.34All Motor Vehicles 15.98

SOURCE: Highway Statistics 1989

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TABLE 4-8RETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINE(CENTS PER GALLON INCLUDING TAX)

YC!U19781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991

Gasoline Price in Gasoline Price inCurrent Dollars Constant 1988 Dollars65.2C 118.2C88.2 143.8122.1 175.3135.3 176.0128.1 157.1122.5 145.4119.8 136.5119.6 131.693.1 100.595.7 99.696.3 96.3106.0 101.1121.7 110.2119.6 103.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.

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TABLE 4-9EFFECT OF PAVEMENT CONDITION ON OPERATING COSTSA. O-peratinyCost Factor at a Constant Speed of 35 MPHServiceability 3 Axle Single

Index2 Automobile Unit Truck4.5 1.000 1.0004.0 1.019 1.0193.5 1.048 1.0463.0 1.096 1.0792.5 1.154 1.1262.0 1.240 1.1831.5 1.317 1.2601.0 1.423 1.363B. Operating Cost Factor at a Constant Speed of 55 MPHServiceability 3 Axle SingleIndex Automobile Unit Truck4.5 1.000 1 ooo4.0 1.020 1.0193.5 1.060 1.0483.0 1.110 1.0832.5 1.190 1.1342.0 1.290 1.1961.5 1.380 1.2821.0 1.500 1.398

5 AxleCombination1 ooo1.0221.0521.0921.1481.2221.3321.502

5 AxleCombination1.0001.0251.0621.1091.1761.2661.3981.605SOURCE: Zaniewski et. al; Vehicle Operating Costs, Fuel Consumption, and Pavement Tvneand Condition Factors; Report No. FHWA-PL-82-001; prepared for the Federal HighwayAdministration by Texas Researchand Development Foundation; June 1982.

The operating cost factor has been set to 1 OOOor a serviceability index of 4.5. Operatingcosts include fuel, oil, tires, maintenance, repairs, and use-related depreciation.

2Pavement ondition is measured n terms of a serviceability index running from 5.0 downto 0.0. The riding qualities of pavements below 3.0 are noticeably inferior to those of newpavements and may be barely tolerable for h igh speed traffic. Below 2.0, pavements havedeteriorated to such an extent that they are in need of resurfacing. Below 1.0, pavements arein extremely deteriorated condition and may even need complete reconstruction.

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Ooer.Speed fmoh)510152025303540455055

TABLE 4-10EFFECT OF SPEED ON AUTOMOBILE OPERATING COSTS'(1990 DOLLARS PER VEHICLE MILE)Posted Speed (mph)30 35 40 45

$0.193 $0.202 $0.211 $0.219$0.147 $0.159 $0.172 $0.185$0.107 $0.120 $0.132 $0.140$0.087 $0.097 $0.107 $0.117$0.075 $0.084 $0.092 $0.100$0.068 $0.075 $0.082 $0.089$0.069 $0.075 $0.081$0.073 $0.078$0.077

50$0.228$0.190$0.150$0.129$0.110$0.097$0.088$0.083$0.081$0.079

55$0.236$0.195$0.158$0.134$0.117$0.104$0.094$0.089$0.085$0.084$0.082

CommentsAs speeds fall below the posted speed limit due to congestion, automobile operating costsincrease sharply.SOURCE: New York State Department of Transportation Highway User Cost Accounting Micro-Computer Package (adjusted to represent 1990 conditions). The model is describedin M.S. Pasko and L.H. Adams; "New York State Develops Micro-Computer-BasedPrograms to Determine the User Benefits of Highway Capacity Improvements"; preparedfor TRB Annual Meeting; January 1990.

'Vehicle operating costs include gasoline, oil, tires, maintenance, and repair.Depreciation, insurance, and other fixed costs are not included.

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TABLE 4-l 1VALUE OF VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME BY VEHICLE CLASS(1990 DOLLARS PER VEHICLE HOUR)

Vehicle ClassAutomobiles4-Tire TrucksB-Tire Trucks3+ Axle Single Unit Trucks4 Axle Combinations5 Axle CombinationsTransit BusesAll Vehicles -- UrbanAll Vehicles -- Rural

Value of Travel Time(Dollars Per Vehicle Hour)

$10.3411.7422.1125.4228.1628.3372.7910.9213.45

l Costs for on-the-job travel include labor wages and fringes, vehicle costs, and inventory costs.For off-the-job travel, the value of time was assumed to be 60 percent of the wage rate fordrivers and 45 percent of the wage rate for passengers.

SOURCE: Highway Economic Requirements System (199 1)

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TABLE 4-12PARKING CONSTRUCTION COSTS(1989 DOLLARS)

Type of Facility RepresentativeConditions (1989)Cost Per Square Square Feet PerFoot Space Cost Per SpaceII urface Lot $6.00 305 $1,830 II2 Level Garage 26.00 315 8,1903+ Level Garage 32.00 320 10,240Underground Garage 58.00 320 18,560

SOURCE: Robert A. Weant and Herbert S. Levinson; Parking; Eno Foundation forTransportation; 1990.

Construction costs include 15 percent for engineering, architecture, and contingencies.Laud costs are m included.

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TABLE 4-13ILLUSTRATIVE ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS FOR PARKING GARAGES(1989)

Payroll2UtilitiesMaintenance

Item

Insurance

Cost Per Space360606030

Supplies 18Miscellaneous 12Administrative 30Total 600


Operating costs assume a 600 space garage, 168-hour per week operation, and cashiercollection of parking fees. For garages with more spaces, he operating cost per space wouldbe lower.21ncluding ring e benefits, security patrols, and training.

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TvDe Of COntrOl

TABLE 4-14PARKING CONTROL SERVICE RATES

EntranceAutomatic ticket dispenserPush button ticket dispenserMachine read ticket dispenserCoded-card readerProximity-card readerCoin or token operated gateFixed fee to cashier with gateFixed fee to cashier without gateNo required stopExitCoded-card readerProximity-card readerToken-operated gateFixed fee to cashier with gateFixed fee to cashier without gateVariable fee to cashierValidated ticketMachine read ticketwith manual license plate checkwith camera license plate checkNo required stop

Design Service Rates(Vehicles Per Hour)l-Y DifficultApnroach Approach

525 300450 250375 200350 225500 275150 100200 150250 200800 550

350 225500 275150 100200 150250 200150 100300 200375 200100 10075 75375 250


%asy or straight approach to control service position2For example, sharp turn within 100 feet of either side of the control position or patronsgenerally unfamiliar with the facility.

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TABLE 4-15TAXI COMPANY UNIT COSTS(1990 DOLLARS)

Cost Per Taxi $38,780Cost Per Vehicle Mile $0.95Cost Per Vehicle Trip $6.84Cost Per Passenger $4.73

SOURCE: Gorman C. Gilbert, Raymond J. Burby, and Charles E. Feibel; TaxicabODerating Characteristics; Center for Urban and Regional Studies, University ofNorth Caroliria at Chapel Hill; September 1982.

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TABLE 4-17ILLUSTRATIVE EMISSION FACTORS BY SPEED AND CALENDAR YEAR(GRAMS PER MILE)A. Calendar Year 1985

Speed--------- 102030405060

Light Duty Vehicles Heavy Duty Vehicles-------------_-_______--------------_______ --------____--------___--------___-----------NMHC' co2 NOX3 NMHC co NOX---- ----- ---- -------- ----- --------- ---- ----- ----- -----9.12 96.20 2.36 16.61 132.44 21.385.64 38.65 2.34 11.04 69.52 17.124.45 24.93 2.39 8.69 45.25 15.623.79 17.80 2.45 7.57 36.53 16.063.60 19.99 2.76 7.02 36.57 18.554.08 44.22 3.77 6.78 45.46 24.17B. Calendar Year 1990

Light Duty Vehicles-----------------------------------------------------Speed NMHC co NOX----- ---- ---- -------- ---- ---- ----10 6.55 69.14 1.6320 4.05 26.76 1.5730 3.15 16.44 1.4640 2.65 11.16 1.4450 2.46 11.75 1.5660 2.73 26.01 2.15C. Calendar Year 1995

Light Duty Vehicles-----------------__-__---------------------Speed NMHC co NOX----- ---- ---- -------- ---- ---- ----10 4.92 48.16 1.1820 3.11 19.30 1.1030 2.36 11.06 0.9240 1.96 6.92 0.8450 1.75 6.55 0.8860 1.88 14.49 1.'21

(continued)Non-methane hydrocarbons2Carbon monoxide30xides of nitrogen

Heavy Duty Vehicles-------------_________-------------_-______NMHC co NOX---- ---- ------- ---- ----9.38 79.09 18.736.20 41.65 14.894.83 27.12 13.524.16 21.84 13.883.83 21.75 16.063.69 26.83 21.05

Heavy Duty Vehicles-----------------------------------------NMHC co NOX---- ---- ------- ---- ----6.29 49.15 12.424.20 26.00 9.923.28 16.94 9.042.81 13.59 9.292.57 13.44 10.732.47 16.41 14.01

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TABLE 4-17 (continued)D. Calendar Year 2000

Speed--------- 102030405060

Light Duty Vehicles Heavy Duty Vehicles-------B-B----------------------------------- ---------------D-B-----------_____-----------NMHC co NOX NMHC co NOX---- ---- ---- ------- ------- ------- ---- ---- ----4.23 30.95 0.98 4.93 34.32 9.792.73 15.86 0.90 3.30 18.25 7.842.04 8.82 0.70 2.56 11.90 7.151.66 5.28 0.61 2.18 9.51 7.351.46 4.69 0.61 1.98 9.32 8.491.51 10.36 0.83 1.90 11.23 11.06WARNING: MOBILE 4.1 does not model most 1993 or later CleanAir Act Requirements. Emission factors forcalendar years 1993 and later are affected.Assumed Conditions for Emission Factor Calculations

0 Percent of vehicles in cold start mode -- 20.60 Percent of vehicles in hot start mode -- 27.3

Maximum Temperature -- 84 (F)Minimum Temperature -- 60 (F)Ambient Temperature -- 78.1 (F)Altitude -- 500 feetNo Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) ProgramNo Anti-Tampering ProgramNon-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) includeexhaust, evaporative, running loss, andresting loss. Refueling NMHC are notincluded.

0 Light Duty (O-8,500 Pounds) Vehicle Mix1985 1990 1995 2000Motorcycles 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8AutomobilesGasoline a72.4 70.2 68.3 66.9Diesel 2.1 1.0 0.5 0.2Light TrucksGasoline 23.7 27.7 30.3 32.0Diesel 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1

0 Heavy Duty (Over 8,500 Pounds) Vehicle Mix1985 1990 1995 2000Gasoline 38.3 32.4 29.4 27.3Diesel 61.7 67.6 70.6 72.7

SOURCE: MOBILE 4.1 (US EPA Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)

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TABLE 4-18INCIDENTS PER MILLION VEHICLE MILES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS

UrbanInterstateOther FreewayOther Prin. Art.Minor ArterialCollector

RuralInterstateOther Prin. Art.Minor ArterialMajor CollectorMinor CollectorLocal

Police-ReportedCrashes

1.061.135.835.745.298.63

0.691.481.752.063.573.52

Deaths Nonfatal Injuries

0.009 0.730.015 0.660.019 3.850.019 3.520.017 3.120.018 3.49

0.015 0.520.031 0.960.033 1.340.032 1.430.064 2.700.042 1.92

Crash-InvolvedVehicles

1.882.0811.2010.528.9113.08

0.902.452.693.094.724.96

SOURCES: Fatalities: Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), 1988-1989.Crashes, Injuries, and Vehicles: National Accident Sampling System (NASS), 1982-1984.Vehicle Miles: Highway Statistics.

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TABLE 4-19COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS(1990 DOLLARS)Highway Functional Class Cost Per Crash Cost Per 1,ooOVehicle MilesUrban

Interstate $58,937 $62Other Freeway 62,971 71Other Principal Arterial 37,829 221Minor Arterial 37,662 216Collector 36,554 193

25,472 220Rural

Interstate 101,679 70Other Principal Arterial 108,mO 161Minor Arterial 94,866 166Major Collector 91,470 188Minor Collector 94,068 336

76,224 269(continued)

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TABLE 4-19COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS(continued)Notes

Costs cover medical services, ancillary services, emergency services, lost wages, lost household production, lost quality of life,workplace disruption, insurance administration, legal and court, travel delay for uninvolved motorists, and property damage. Costswere computed using the willingness to pay methodology prescribed for valuing life-saving benefits by the U.S. Office ofManagement and Budget in Regulatory Program of the United States and by FHWA Technical Advisory T-7570.1.Per fatality and per injury costs were as follows:

Cost/fatality = $2,632,016Cost/Incapacitating Injury (Severity Class A) = $186,457Cost/Evident Injury (Severity Class B) = $36,550Cost/Possible njury (Severity Class C) = $18,732Costs were computed using injury distributions from 1982-1984 NASS data.

Source: Miller, Ted, John Viner, Nancy Pindus, et al., The Costs of H iahwav Crashes, Federal Highway Administration,1991.

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TABLE 5-lAUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT FLEET SIZES,CAPACITIES AND SPEEDS

System Fleet Size Vehicle Capacity Vehicle Speed (mDh)Seated Standing Max. Avg.Atlanta AirportBusch GardensChicago OHare AirportDallas/Fort Worth

Airport AIRTRANSDenver AirportDetroit DPMDisney WorldDukeFairlaneHouston WEDwayJacksonville DPMLas Vegas McCarran AirportLas Colinas APTMiami AirportMiami MetromoverMorgantownNewark AirportOrlando AirportPearlridgeSeattle-Tacoma AirportTampa AirportTampa Airport - Parking GarageU.S. Senate Subway

17 16 34 27 102 16 69 30 18

13 8 49 50 23

51 16 12 17 1016 14 42 32 1112 34 66 30 1272 20 0 45 18

4 4 14 28 142 10 14 30 19

18 6 6 15 62 12 80 41 164 4 48 25 174 12 33 30 186 2 50 30 10

12 16 69 27 873 8 13 30 1572 122 542 28 1418 0 51 30 94 323 3g3 8 4

24 12 45 26 910 0 50 30 96 8 9 12 4

12 9 3 14 N/A

It is measured at 2.5 sq. feet per standee for urban system and 5.0 sq. feet per standee forairport system.2 These values are for 6-car train.3 These values are for 4-car train.

N/A Not Available

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TABLE 5-2OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FORAUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS(1990 Dollars)

SystemCost Per Cost PerVehicle-Mile EquivalentTraveled Place Mile

Cost PerVehicle-Hour

Atlanta AirportBusch GardensChicago OHare AirportDallas/Fort WorthAirport AIRTRANSDenver AirportDetroit DPMDukeHouston WEDwayJacksonville DPMLas Vegas McCarran AirportLas Colinas APTMiami AirportMorgantownNewark AirportOrlando AirportPearlridgeSeattle-Tacoma AirportTampa AirportTampa Airport - Parking Garage

$5.11 $0.10 $51.149.90 0.12 178.24

30.61 0.54 704.10

2.42 0.095.61 0.10

21.29 0.216.97 0.395.21 0.436.64 0.074.34 0.08

16.23 0.362.85 0.053.21 0.151.35 0.124.00 0.08

38.82 2.191.86 0.033.25 0.063.08 0.18

24.2361.71

255.5397.6331.29

106.1873.74

292,1728.5248.1218.2435.99

155.2716.7329.2212.30

Equivalent place miles are computed by multiplying the vehicle capacities (seated plusstanding) shown in Table 5-1 by vehicle-miles travelled for each system.

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TABLE 5-3AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT VEHICLE COSTS(1990 Dollars)

System Cost Per Vehicle($1,000) Cost Per EquivalentPassenger Place1($1,000)Cost Per Pound(Dollars)

Atlanta Airport $1,087Busch Gardens 850Dallas/Fort WorthAirport AIRTRANSDenver AirportDetroit DPMDukeFairlaneHouston WEDwayLas Colinas APTMiami AirportMorgantownOrlando AirportSeattle-Tacoma AirportTampa AirportTampa Airport- Parking GarageU.S. Senate Subway 136 11 0.55

484 17 1.801,619 29 0.792,322 23 0.88

443 22 0.17755 31 0.12

93 8 0.701,300 29 0.27

751 14 0.17380 18 3.22937 18 0.29

1,012 18 0.95697 14 0.26

421

$2210

25

$0.670.06

0.27

1 Equivalent passenger places per vehicle are determined by the vehicle capacities (seatedplus standing) presented in Table 5-1.

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TABLE 5-4AUTOMATED GUIDEWA Y SYSTEM CAPITAL COST SUMMARY(THOUSANDS OF 1990 DOLLARS)Atlanta Busch Chicago OHare Dallas/Fort Worth Denver DetroitAirport Gardens Airport Airtrans Airport DPM

GuidewayTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

$27,898 3,424 N/A 25,691 12,480 96,47730% 36 21 16 42$12,183 2,574 2,007 6,746 32,815StationsTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Station

$14,664 259 N/A 13,861 2,494 Included16% 3 11 3 in$1,466 130 990 624 GuidewayMaint. & Support CapabilitiesTotal Cost $5,372

$26,:464545341

N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile7,599 3,052 64,0166 4 28594 1,650 21,774

Power and UtilityTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile$5,227$26,F83

7858590

N/A 10,289 4,7518 6804 2,568IncludedElsewhere

VehiclesTotal Cost $18,474 1,69920% 18$1,087 850

N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Vehicle

25,172 25,896 27,86120 32 12484 1,619 2,322Comma nd, C ontrol & CommunicationTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

$6,806$;:72

1,04611786N/A 13,329 9,716 21,85311 12 91,041 5,252 7,433

Engineering & Project ManagementTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile$14,01715%$6,121

1,874201,409N/A 29,547 21,856 21,16424 27 92,308 11,814 7,199

Total System Cost: $92,458 9,541 108,899 125,488 80,245 231,371

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TABLE 5-4 (continued)Disney World Duke Fairlane Houston Jacksonville McCarran Airp.

GuidewayTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

N/A 3,295 4,143 11,610 9,2302 N/A22 33 36 295,884 8,455 8,474 6,593

StationsTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per StationN/A 337 831 7,021 3,610 N/A2 7 22 12337 416 780 1,203

Maint. & Support CapabilitiesTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileN/A IncludedElsewhere 235 506 1,950 N/A2 2 6480 369 1,393

Power and UtilityTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileN/A IncludedElsewhere 1,939 821 1,340 N/A15 3 43,957 599 957

VehiclesTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Vehicle

N/A 1,77312443

1,51012755

1,679 6,0403 N/A5 1993 3,020

Comm and, Control & CommunicationTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile5,340 1,511 3,534 4,650 N/A36 12 11 159,536 3,084 2,580 3,321

Engineering & Project ManagementTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile4,099 2,421 7,079 4,550 N/A28 19 22 157,320 4,941 5,167 3,250

Total System Cost: N/A 14,844 12,590 32,25 1 31,370 9,074

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Las Colinas MiamiAirport Miami DPM Morgantown Newark OrlandoAirport AirportGuidewayTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

5,477 4,896 N/A 53,74122 22 257,401 9,600 6,249N/A 7,671205,218

StationsTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Station

1,836 5,3808 24459 2,6909,80751,961

N/A 6,134161,534Maint. & Support C apabilitiesTotal Cost 1,193 1,4755 71,612 2,892

N/A 8,3644973N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

3,16382,152Power and UtilityTotal Cost 1,197 8305 41,617 1,627

N/A 13,44761,564N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

1,4154963VehiclesTotal Cost 5,200 4,506

21 201,300 751N/A 27,73 1

13380N/A

Percent of Total System CostCost Per Vehicle7,496

20937Comm and, Control & CommunicationTotal CostPercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile

3,538 1,63314 74,781 3,202N/A 40,285194,684

N/A 8,347225,678Engineering & Project ManagementTotal Cost 5,992 3,54125 168,097 6,943

N/A 59,613286,932

N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane Mile3,994102,717

Total System Cost: 24,432 22,261 133,056 212,990 140,400 38,221

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Pearl-Ridge Sea-Tat TampaAirport TampaParking GarageU. S. SenateSubway

GuidewayTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileStationsTotal Cost N/A

Percent of Total System CostCost Per StationMaint. & Support C apabilitiesTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MilePower and UtilityTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileVehiclesTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per VehicleCommand, Control & CommunicationTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileEngineering & Project ManagementTotal Cost N/APercent of Total System CostCost Per Lane MileTotal System Cost: N/A

24,696 6,871 2,819 8,20S429 24 26 5114,527 5,090 5,527 12,436

11,033 4,481 583 69613 15 5 41,839 560 83 232

5,687 1,807 443 4557 6 4 33,345 1,339 869 689

3,357 4,412 1,318 8294 15 12 51,975 3,268 2,584 1,256

24,286 5,572 2,527 1,63729 19 23 101,012 697 421 136

4,194 2,847 1,307 2,6785 10 12 172,467 2,109 2,563 4,058

11,506 3,267 1,804 1,74514 11 17 116,768 2,420 3,537 2,64484,759 29,256 10,801 16,248

Cost includes maintenance facility finish-out.Cost includes right-of-wa y construction.31t includes other subsystems costs.41t includes costs associated with curre nt system providing full service while new system is being installed

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TABLE 5-5LABOR INPUTS FOR AGT SYSTEMS SYSTEMPersonnel Personnelper 1000 per 10,000Vehicle-Hours Vehicle-Miles

Personnelper 100,000EquivalentPlace Miles

Atlanta AirportBusch GardensChicago OHare AirportDallas/Fort WorthAirport AIRTRANSDetroit DPMDisney WorldDukeHouston WEDwayJacksonville DPMLas Vegas McCarran AirportLas Colinas APTMiami AirportMorgantownOrlando AirportPearlridgeSeattle-Tacoma AirportTampa Airport

0.75 0.75 0.1516.36 9.09 1.072.82 1.22 0.21

0.52 0.52 0.193.46 2.88 0.290.20 0.11 0.062.22 1.58 0.880.36 0.60 0.501.75 1.09 0.120.82 0.48 0.091.50 0.83 0.190.66 0.66 0.130.91 0.61 0.070.47 0.52 0.104.59 11.47 6.460.20 0.22 0.040.22 0.25 0.05

Equivalent place miles are computed by multiplying the vehicle capacities (seated plusstanding) shown in Table 5-1 by vehicle-miles travelled for each system.

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CHAPTER 6HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES

This chapter provides quantitative information on the following characteristics of high-occupancyvehicle (HOV) facilities:0 Capital costs0 Operation and maintenance costs0 Enforcement-related information (personnel, costs, fine amounts,violation rates)0 HOV and adjacent facility speeds0 HOV and adjacent facility speeds0 Design guidelines for widths, clearances, design speeds, andgrades

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TABLE 6-1 (continued)Capital Costs Route Base Year for Cost Per MileHOV Facility (millions $) Mileage Cost Estimate (millions $)

BUFFER-SEPARATEDRIGHT-OF-WAYRoute 91 (Los Angeles) 0.3 8 1984 0.04(inc. design)Route 55 (Orange Co.) 0.4 11 1984 0.04Route 405 (Orange Co.j 54 14 1988 3.86I-4 (Orlando) 14 30 1980 0.47Montague (Santa Clara) 1.5 5 1985 0.30San Tomas (Santa Clara) 3.5 11 1985 0.32I-5 (Seattle) 7.6 6 1985 1.27SR 520 (Seattle) 0.1 2.8 1973 0.04I-405 (Seattle) 10.2 6 1986 1.70

CONTRAFLOWFREEWAYRIGHT-OF-WAYLincoln Tunnel (NJ)Long Island Xway (NYC)Gowanus Xway (NYC)I-45N (Houston)

0.5(inc. design)0.40.41.8

2.5 1970 0.202.2 1971 0.180.9 1980 0.449.6 1979 0.19

SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hish-Occunancv Vehicle Facilities:A Plannins. Desisn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

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TABLE 6-2OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR CONTRAFLOWHOV FACILITIES

HOV FacilityRoute 495 --Lincoln Tunnel

(New Jersey)Long Island Expressway(New York)Gowanus Expressway(New York)US 101 (Marin County, CA)'I-45N (Houston)*

Daily Deployment Annual Operation and(persons) Maintenance Cost6 $265,000

5-6 250,0002-3 84,0005-6 300,000

10-12 600,000

SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hich-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities:A Plannina, Desiqn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, &I Douglas; 1990,

'Facility was terminated in 1985.*Facility was terminated in 1984.

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TABLE 6-3OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR BARRIER AND BUFFER SEPARATED HOV FACILITIES

HOV Facility Daily Deployment Annual Operation and(persons) Maintenance CostSouth Busway, East Busway(Pittsburgh)I-10, I-45, US 290(Houston)I-395 (Virginia)I-4 (Orlando)I-5 (Seattle)SR 520 (Seattle)I-405 (Seattle)

0 $65,000

53 450,0002-54 500,000

0 205,0000 18,0000 7,5000 18,000

SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities:A Plannins, Design, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

3Manual gates, signs, and lane controls4Remote control gates and signs.

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TABLE 6-4ENFORCEMENT-RELATED INFORMATION FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTSHOV Facility Method of lhf-eat Annual cost Peak Hour Violation Peak Period Violation Fine Amount No. of P-s Assigned

Rate @ercent) Rate tpercmt) toEnforcemmtFACILITY IN SEPARATE ROW

Ottawa, Canada Charged with treqassing $2~,~ 1 1 $53.15 3Pittsburgh Citation $l~,~ 1 1 $33oo+COWt 4

REVERSIBLE-FLOWI-45, I-IO, us 290 Special citation areas, $6o,@Jo 1 14.m,lpm $75 2(H~Ston) vehicles divertcdI-395 (Virginia) Citations by mail $35,ooomficer 5 15 $50 2-5I-15 (San Diego) Vehicles stopped NA 3 5 $246 + court 2

2-WAY BARRIER SEPARATEDI-10 (Los Angeles) Citation on shoulder $2O,oM) 11 11 5246 f coun 2

2-WAY BUFFER SEPARATEDRoute 55 and 1405 Special citation areas 530,m 6 I $246 + court 6(Orange County)Route 91 (Los Angeles) Special citation arca s30,ooo 7 7 $246 + court 6I-95 (Fort Lee, NI) Vehicles stopped NA 30 30 $50 1Mom&u (HmoIulu) Vehicles diverted s35,om 20 20 $40 314 (Orlando) Not enforced 0 75 15 $43.50 0US 101, Route 237 Vehicles diverted $215,000 5 10 $50-500 1-7(San Francisco)I-5, I-405 (Seattle) License plates identified NA 11 11 $47 NA

and HERO programSR 520 (Seattle) License plates identified NA 8 8 $47 NA

and HERO program

SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities:A Planninq, Desisn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

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TABLE 6-6HOV DESIGN GUIDELINES

AASHTO

Lateral Clearance (ft) Total Pavement Width Design Vertical VerticalLane (ft) Speed Clear. GradesWidth(ft) Left Right Outside (ft) (%Il- 2-Lane 2-Way (mph)

12.0 4 10-12 NSLane

26Rev.

40 NS 60+ 16.5 NSCaltrans I-5 12.0 2 8 2 26 36 46 70 18.0 5Busway StandardsHouston METRO 12.0 4 4 NS 20 40 52 60 16.5 3-6Transit Auth.Orange Co. 12.0 2 8 2 22 NS 46 60 17.5 3Transit DistrictGeometricReport, 1985Orange Co. CA 12.0 2-6 8-10 2-10 22-26 NS 46-56 60 15.0 3-6TransitwayConcept Design,1987Ottawa Transit 11.5 NS 10 NS NS NS N S 50 NS NSAgencyTexas Transitway 12.0 5 5 5 22 38 44 60 16.5 6Design ManualNCHRP 155 Class 12.0 4 8-10 NS NS 36 44 70 18.0 5A BuswayWashington State 12.0 4-10 10 NS 26 40 44 50-80 16.5 3-6DOT

SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities:A Planninq, Desiqn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.

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TABLE 6-7PEAK HOUR HOV LANE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

HOV P roject and LocationEXCLUSIVE FACILITIES

I-10 3+ HOVs (Houstm)I-10 2+ HOVs (Houston)I45 (Houston)I-10 (Los Angeles)I-395 (Viiinia)

CONCURRENT FLOWRoute 91 (Los Angeles)I-95 (Mi)Route 55 (Orange County)Bay Bridge (San Francisco)US 101 (San Francisco)I-5 (Seattle)

SR 520 (Seattle)CONTRAFLOW

NJ Route 495 (New York City)US 101 (San Francisco)

Average Peak-Hour VolumesBUS Van and &pool Freeway Average SpCea (mph)

Vehicle PersOn V&iCk Persm Vehicle I Person HOV Lane Freeway

35 1,200 90 510 4,660 5,420 53 2935 1,190 1,330 2,715 4,650 4,930 47 3570 2,555 180 1450 4,375 5,050 58 2475 3,320 835 2735 8,210 10,355 55 24155 5,425 1,575 7500 6,625 8,525 57 26

20 500 1,370 3050 8,@33 893 53 2710 350 1,335 2400 5,850 7,240 50 395 80 1,250 2730 6,100 6,710 60 31

195 6,505 1,945 7940 6,655 7,900 22 580 2,785 305 940 5,875 8,990 56 3745 1,820 395 1190 7,500 %ooo 34 26

55 2,300 255 1060 3,485 3,905 16 7

725 34,685 NA NA 4,415 7,380 21 4150 693-J NA NA 7.m 9,450 50 50

SOURCE: Timothy J. Lomax; *lEstimating Transportation Corridor Mobility"; TransportationResearch Record 1280; 1990.

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TABLE 6-8PEAK HOUR FREEWAY AND HOV LANE VOLUME COMPARISONSAverage Peak-Hour Person Volume Per PersonPerson Volume Lane VolumeNumber of Lanes Ratio(HOV/HOV Project and Location

EXCLUSIVE FACILITIESI-10 3+ HOVs (Houston)I-10 2+ HOVs (Houston)I-45 (Houston)I-10 (Los Angeles)I-395 (Virginia)

CONCURRENT FLOWRoute 91 (Los Angeles)I-95 (Miami)Route 55 (Orange County)Bay Bridge (San Francisco)US 101 (San Francisco)I-5 (Seattle)SR 520 (Seattle)

CONTRAFLOWNJ Route 495 (NYC)US 101 (San Francisco)

HOV Freeway HOV Freeway HOV Freeway Freeway)

1 3 1710 5420 1710 1805 0.951 3 3900 4930 3900 1645 2.371 3 4005 5050 4005 1685 2.381 4 6055 10335 6055 2585 2.342 4 12925 8525 6465 2130 3.03

1 4 3550 8960 3550 2240 1.581 3 2750 7240 2750 2415 1.141 3 2810 6710 2810 2235 1.263 16 14445 7900 4815 495 9.751 3 3725 8990 3725 2995 1.241 4 3010 9000 3010 2250 1.341 2 3360 3905 3360 1955 1.72

1 3 34685 7380 34685 2460 14.101 4 6000 9450 6000 2365 2.54

SOURCE: Timothy J. Lomax; "Estimating Transportation Corridor MobilityI'; TransportationResearch Record 1280; 1990.l.Design costs are not included unless noted.

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TABLE A-lCONSUMER PRICES INDICES -- ALL URBAN CONSUMERS

TransportationY&II- All Items Total2 New Cars Motor Fuel1982 96.5 97.0 97.4 102.81983 99.6 99.3 99.9 99.41984 103.9 103.7 102.8 97.91985 107.6 106.4 106.1 98.71986 109.6 102.3 110.6 77.11987 113.6 105.4 114.6 80.21988 118.3 108.7 116.9 80.91989 124.0 114.1 119.2 88.51990 130.7 120.5 121.0 101.21991 136.2 123.8 125.3 99.4

SOURCE: Economic Indicators; February 1992.

1982-1984 = 10021ncludes items not shown separately.

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TABLE A-2HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRICE TRENDS

YCU1981198219831984198519861987198819891990

CommonExcavation($/cu. yd.)1.761.591.741.902.242.282.422.722.402.38

PortlandCementConcreteWq. yd)

14.1713.0312.6913.6414.3115.6314.8014.3315.1715.91

Bituminous Reinforcing structural StructuralConcrete Steel Steel Concrete Composite(Won) ($/lb.) ($/cu. yd.) ($/cu. yd.) Index25.63 .438 -790 231.64 94.224.33 .407 .762 219.63 88.524.27 .398 .708 213.85 87.626.52 .409 .709 218.02 92.628.52 .444 .796 243.60 102.026.48 .442 .850 236.37 101.124.65 .441 .885 240.81 100.024.91 .494 .924 274.12 106.624.08 .556 1.018 283.40 107.724.52 .529 1.010 286.18 108.5

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration; Price Trends or Federal-Aid Highway Construction; Third Quarter 1991

Prices for portland cement concrete surfacing assume 9 standard thickness.

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TABLE A-3COST TRENDS FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS

YEU Labor1981 136.96

Material159.31

Equipment167.84

Overhead130.36

Total146.29

1982 150.79 171.58 182.78 141.44 160.041983 157.58 170.04 188.08 159.40 166.281984 165.93 181.77 188.64 177.57 173.931985 176.05 194.68 197.13 195.86 184.371986 183.80 192.79 218.14 204.73 193.711987 192.30 185.27 232.36 220.05 202.531988 204.19 182.37 235.79 234.50 210.771989 209.63 177.59 254.43 256.10 219.091990 217.53 181.71 168.63 270.50 228.23

SOURCE: Highway Statistics 1990.

1977 Base year = 100

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APPENDIX BBACKGROUND INFORMATION ON RAIL TRANSIT

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TABLE ElCHARAClERlSTK !S OF INDIVIDUAL RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS

TRANSlT SYSTEM

OPERATING EMPLOYEE EQUIVALENTSTRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE GENERAL

ADMINISTRATIONREV. VEH. REV. VEH. VEH. NON-VEH. NON-VEH. MKTG. TOTALVEH. MAlNT. INSPECT. MAINT. MAINT. MAlNT. &

ADMIN. OPER. SUPPORT ADMIN. & MAlNT. SUPPORT ADMIN. SUPPORT PLANG. SUPFQRT

New York XA 500 4931 1027 1096 2273 1565 1816 6993 100 8233 28539Chicago-CfA 202 887 1199 184 383 197 0 842 6 307 4208Washington, D.C.-WMATA 153 358 362 123 525 n 191 1033 89 533 3444Boston-MBTA 75 602 221 123 220 209 110 so4 23 124 2811San FmcisceBART 226 210 49 34 332 46 28 442 27 440 1834New York-PATH 40 336 47 19 185 23 90 260 30 150 1180Philadelphia-SEPT A 74 293 407 76 348 109 74 381 26 210 1997Atlanta-MARTA 128 150 244 23 116 34 52 146 32 114 1039Liidmwold-PATCO 13 50 14 I 50 14 17 77 1 88 331Miami-Dade Cnty TA 33 54 24 26 110 17 26 72 8 118 488BdtimoRrMTA 33 31 49 26 44 14 38 123 4 111 472Cleve.hd RTA 13 57 34 10 46 35 5 78 7 62 348

AVERAGE 124 664 306 146 386 195 2w 913 29 924 3891STANDARD DEVIATION 133 1311 385 292 588 418 489 1857 31 2213 1532

(cwtinued)SOURCE UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

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TABLE El (cc&&cd)

TRANSIT SYSTEMVEHICLES MAX. VEH. MAX. VEH. GALLONS

OPERATED IN AVG. IN AVG. PEAK TO OF DIESEL KILOWAlTINMAX. PM PEAK BASE BASE FATAL- FUEL HOURSSERVICE PERIOD PERIOD RATIO ACCIDENTS ITIES INJURIES mow mow

New York (JTA 5024 4873 3093 1.58 10909 8 2791 0 1911512ClliUgo-tXA 923 903 369 2.45 545 3 786 0 343786Washin@m, D.C.-WMATA 576 416 167 2.49 206 1 205 0 295241Bostw-MBTA 449 320 162 1.98 618 0 582 0 148853San Fmciscc+BART 346 346 160 2.16 917 0 917 0 172260New York-PATH 297 297 132 2.25 67 1 66 0 88051Pbiladelphia-S~A 297 278 166 1.67 318 4 384 0 123043Atlanta-MARTA 139 134 104 1.29 239 2 238 0 73717Lindcnwohi-PATCO 90 90 12 7.50 35 0 35 0 34047Miami-Dade Cnly TA 70 70 32 2.19 152 0 152 0 43187B&illlol-e=MTA 60 60 28 2.14 38 0 76 0 24328Cleveland RTA 35 33 12 2.75 169 1 128 0 28000

AVERAGE 692 652 370 2.54 1184 2 530 0 273835STANDARD DEVIATION 1329 1293 827 1.55 2943 2 737 0 503650

(cwtinned)

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TABLE B-l (conhucd)

II TRA_- NSlT SYSTEMPERCENT O F OPERATING EXPENSES BY OBJECI CLASS

TOTAL SALARIES MATERIALSANDOPERATING AND WAGES SUPPLIES CASUALTYEXPENSES & PURCH

mow OPER- FRINGE FUEL& TIRES UTILlTIEs LIABILITY TRAN OTHERATORS BENEFITS SERVICES LUB &OTHEROTHFR

New York CTAChicago-CTAWashii, D.C.-WMATABoston-MBTASan Francisco-BARTNew York-PATHPhiladelphia-SEPIAAtlanta-MARTALindcnwold-PATCOMiami-Dade Cnty TABaltimor&ITACleveland RTA

$2,020,103 9.9 41.2 30.9 1.8 0.0 8.3 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.3$214,474 11.9 37.7 25.3 1.2 0.0 10.5 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.7$228,783 5.5 41.5 23.9 6.2 0.0 7.8 12.8 1.7 0.0 0.6$201,254 7.8 39.4 32.9 7.7 0.1 6.0 1.7 1.4 0.0 -3.0$165,320 4.6 43.5 30.6 8.9 0.0 4.7 10.3 2.3 0.0 4.9$119,686 13.8 34.8 19.9 3.3 0.0 4.4 5.3 3.7 0.0 14.9

$57,301 11.3 48.7 32.1 0.1 0.0 9.9 13.6 0.0 0.0 -15.7$48,459 7.5 33.9 17.1 13.5 0.1 9.2 14.7 3.8 0.0 0.2$20,133 6.3 35.5 25.4 4.1 0.1 6.2 16.6 4.3 0.0 1.5$38,162 4.0 33.7 19.9 14.1 0.0 5.9 12.6 6.6 0.0 3.1$26,531 4.5 46.7 23.5 4.9 0.0 7.7 11.0 1.7 0.0 0.0$20,163 16.4 34.4 22.3 3.8 0.3 8.0 13.9 0.6 0.0 0.2

AVERAGE $263,364 8.6 39.3 25.3 5.8 0.1 7.4 11.6 2.2 0.0 -0.2STANDARD DEVIATION $535,225 3.9 4.9 5.0 4.3 0.1 1.9 3.2 2.0 0.0 6.5

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TABLE B-2CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS

OPER4TlNGEMFLOYEEEQUIVALENTSTRANSPORTATION MAINTENANCE GENERAL

TRANSIT SYSTEM ADhfINISTRATIONREV. VEH. REV. VEH. VEH. NON-W%. NON-VEIL MKTG. TOTALVEH. MAINT. INSPECT. MALNT. MAlNT. MAINT. &

ADMIN. OPER. SUPPORT ADMIN. & MAJNT. S UPPORT ADMIN. SUPPORT PJANG. SuppORT

Philadelphia-SEPTA 67 350 23 33 171 31 73 299 21 166 1235San Francisc~MUNi 25 219 101 25 213 54 13 80 4 22 756Pittsburgh-PAT 13 120 34 24 69 33 0 94 5 36 429Cleveland RTA 8 34 19 6 24 19 3 45 4 35 198San Diego Trolley 17 45 2 6 19 24 4 15 0 17 148RTA-New Orleans 3 50 3 5 29 13 3 28 0 2 136Buffal~Nii.Fmt. 8 22 11 6 15 7 16 59 0 21 164Sacramento RTD 17 31 0 5 11 8 3 9 0 8 92Newark-NJT Carp 2 21 2 0 23 5 0 0 1 5 59Portland-MTD 4 32 13 12 13 6 1 24 5 21 130Santa Clara County TD 18 34 5 10 19 9 5 26 2 20 149Boston-MBTA 6 61 19 16 37 18 12 86 2 46 303Scat& Metro 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 2 1 1 11

AVERAGE 15 79 18 11 50 18 10 59 3 31 293STANDARD DEVIATION 17 95 26 10 63 14 19 76 5 41 330

(COntUUed)

SOURCE UMTA Section 15 data for 1989

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TABLE B-2 (contimed)

ANNUALVEHICLE

TRANSlT SYSTEM MILEStTHOUS)

Philadelpbia-SEPT A 5046 4832 391354 566 541 104612 1.04 8.9San Francisco-MUNI 4002 4002 544316 382 382 105475 1.00 10.5Pittsburgh-PAT 2079 1988 228602 138 132 63503 1.05 15.0Cleveland RTA 1103 1035 138625 67 44 29099 1.07 23.3San Diego TrolleyRTA-New OrleansBuffal&lii.Front.Sacramento RTDNewark-NJT CarpPortland-MTDSanta Clara County TDBoston-MBTASeattle Metro

546921

1084622

1415538

123031

2367545919

1c60622

1400534

118431

50768343602

11020818445941055

232340

1312781229

132 12661 6085 8261 5442 4294 7343 4282 79

6 6

759378719

216348131

349576612

28755203

1.001.001.021.001 Ol1 Ol1.041.00

18.99.0

11.219.814.819.212.914.9

5.0

AVERAGE 1.551 1578 203385 13

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