Chapters 22 and 23

Southwest Asia

•Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Cyprus lie along the Mediterranean.

•Tehran capital of Iran second largest city in the region.

•Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Cyprus (make up the Middle East)

Southwest Asia

•Physical Features: look at page 426-427

Southwest Asia• Judaism: religion of the Hebrews, five holy books

known as the Torah, temple located in the city of Jerusalem, sacred to the Jews. Began around 1000 BC along the Mediterranean

• Christianity: based of the teachings of Jesus. Began along the Mediterranean, 30 AD. Bible has the old and new testaments.

• Islam: Began around 600 AD in Arabia, teachings based off the prophet Muhammad, teachings are believed to be revealed by God. Five Pillars of Islam, Holy book is the Koran, take a pilgrimage to Mecca known as the Hajj

Southwest Asia

•Climate: ▫Has a semiarid climate and receives less

than 10 inches of rain per year. ▫Little moisture in the air, few clouds form

causing the hot rays to beat directly onto the land, raising temperatures as high as 125

▫Mediterranean climates in the summer subtropical high pressure areas keep the sky clear with little rain. Winter, westerly winds bring rain and keep temperatures mild.

Southwest Asia

•Desert Oasis in Saudi Arabia: underground springs force their way up to the surface creating oases. Fresh water supply.

Southwest Asia•Middle East:

▫Region was the center of trading routes, between Europe, Africa and Asia

▫Arabian Peninsula: Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Persia

▫Muhammad: prophet ▫Most of the conquered people adopted the

Islamic religion in the region and the Arabic language.

▫Persians, Kurds and Armenians kept their own strong cultural identities.

Southwest Asia•150 years Islam was successful in governing

different peoples as one political region. •Seljuk Turk: came into the region,

conquered almost all of the Middle East, adopted the Islamic religion and ruled the Middle East more than 400 years.

•Ottoman Turks: they didn’t impose their religion on non-Muslims, Christian and Jews allowed to govern important aspects of their lives.

Southwest Asia

•1700s rivalry developed among the different ethnic and religious groups.

•Many of them wanted to establish independent homelands. ▫European countries wanted to gain territory

and influence in the Middle East countries. ▫1800s Europeans were calling the Ottoman

Empire the “ sick man of Europe” ▫Russia, France, and Great Britain wanted it

to die.

Southwest Asia

•World War I: ▫1914 WW I broke out▫Great Britain, France and Russia (Allies) ▫Germany and Austria-Hungary known as

central powers. ▫Ottoman Empire joined in alliance with the

central powers.

Southwest Asia• Secret Negotiations:

▫ Allies began secret negotiations how to divide the Ottoman Empire

▫ All would control different parts of the Empire except the Arabian Peninsula

▫ Arabs would be given their independence when the war ended.

▫ Sir Henry McMahon (British representative) began talking to Husayn ibn Ali

▫ Was Arab ruler of the sacred city of Mecca and Medina▫ Husayn agreed to revolt against the Ottomans in

exchange for British support of a homeland for all Arabs, including Christians.

▫ “Borders from southern Turkey to southern Arabia and from the Mediterranean Seas east to the borders of Iran would be Arab country”

Southwest Asia

•Question: Do you believe that was fair negotiation with the British?▫Broken Promise:

France and Great Britain secretly were negotiating another agreement to divide the ottoman Empire.

Known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement. This agreement limited the independent Arab

state (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) France was going to take control of Syria.

Palestine and Iraq was going to be given to Great Britain.

Southwest Asia

•Video clip over the broken promise •Talk about the video how the past might

have had a issue on what is going on today. During this broken promise.

Southwest Asia▫Broken Promise:

Ottoman Empire was broken down into a single independent country Turkey

Mandate- referred to land to be governed on behalf of the League of Nations until it was ready for independence.

Southwest Asia•Arabs & Jews

▫Mid 1940s Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon been established by as independent countries.

▫Two groups clamed Palestine their country. Jews and Arabs

▫Both could trace their families back to this region ▫Many Jews had been persecuted and were

discriminated against around the world. ▫Many Jews began to emigrate, called themselves

Zionists- named after the hill in Jerusalem to which Jews had always prayed to return

Southwest Asia

•Arabs & Jews▫Only way to solve the problem of

oppression was by returning to their homeland.

▫1882 first group of Zionist immigrated to Palestine.

▫85,000 by 1914 Arabs in the region grew fearful of losing their land.

Southwest Asia• Balfour Declaration issued during World War I

(1917) was a plan for them to gain an independent homeland.

• Arabs upset at Great Britain ▫Self-determination right to decide their own political

future. ▫Britain tried to talk to both and please both, realized

the goals of each group were at odds. ▫Both groups became violent with each other.▫Arabs boycotted Jewish businesses and burning

bridges and crops when they saw their political future as an independent Arab country go away.

Southwest Asia• World War II: Hitler in power Jews left and moved

to Palestine ▫Tension between Great Britain, the Palestinians and

the Jews became worse. ▫After WWII many Jews had no place to go and their

was a cry for the Jews people to be granted a home. ▫1947 GB pulled out of the region and left the issue

up to the UN to figure it out ▫Palestine be broken up into two states, one Arab

and one Jewish ▫ Jerusalem was going to be an international city:

Jews, Christians and Muslims.

Southwest Asia

•Arabs upset over the divided land▫May 1948 the independent state of Israel

was formed. ▫Neighboring Arab countries attacked Israel ▫War ended 1948 Israel controlled a large

amount of the land. ▫Jordan and Egypt divided the land up that

was Palestine's and many were left with no country at all.

Questions:

•What effect did World War I have on the Middle East?

•What was the Balfour Declaration?