Funerary mask of King Tutankhamen. c. 1340 BCE.

Gold inlaid with enamel and semiprecious stones. Height 21" (54 cm).Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 2-1]

Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England.Stone settings. c. 2100–2000 BCE. © Ocean/Corbis. [Fig. 2-2]

The Ancient World[Map 2.1]

Sound box of a lyre from a royal tomb at Ur, Iraq. c. 2550–2400 BCE.Wood with gold, lapis lazuli, and shell inlay. Height 17" (43 cm).

University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. [Fig. 2-3]

The Standard of Ur. c. 2600 BCE.Double-paneled wood frame inlaid with mosaic of shell, limestone, lapis lazuli, set

in bitumen. Each approx. 8" × 19" (20.3 × 48.3 cm).British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 2-4]

Reconstruction drawing of the ziggurat of Ur-Nammu at Ur, Iraq. c. 2100 BCE.[Fig. 2-5]

Ceremonial Lion Hunt, from the Palace of Assurnasipal II, Nimrud, Iraq. c. 875–860 BCE.Alabaster relief. Height approx. 39" (99.1 cm).

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 2-6]

Ruins of Persepolis, Iran. c. 500 BCE. Corbis/ZEFA/Maroon. [Fig. 2-7]

Pyramids of Mycerinus, Chefren, and Cheops at Giza, Egypt. c. 2525–2460 BCE. Dr. E. Strouhal/Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 2-8]

Mycerinus (or Menkaure) and Queen Khamerernebty, Giza. c. 2515 BCE.Graywacke. Height 54-1∕2" (139 cm).

Harvard University—Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photo © 2003. [Fig. 2-9]

Akhenaten and his family receive the blessing of the sun god Aten, Tell el-Amarna. Eighteenth dynasty. c. 1353–1336 BCE.

Painted limestone relief. Approx. 12” × 15” (31 × 38 cm).Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Agyptisches Museum. Scala,

Florence. [Fig. 2-10]

Painting from the tomb of Queen Nefertari at Thebes, Egypt. 1290–1224 BCE.Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich. [Fig. 2-11]

Seal impression of an ecstatic yogi in seated meditation.Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley (modern Pakistan). c. 2500–1500 BCE. National Museum, Karachi. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-12]

Figure of a young dancer. Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley. c. 2500 BCE.Cast bronze. Height 3-7∕8" (10.8 cm).

National Museum of India, New Delhi. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-13]

Torso of a “Priest King.” From Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization. c. 2600–1900 BCE.Soapstone. Height 6-7∕8" (17.5 cm).

National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 2-14]

Ox bone inscribed with written characters. Shang dynasty.LKP Archive photo. [Fig. 2-15]

Covered ritual wine vessel or fang-yi. Shang dynasty. c. 1300–1100 BCE.Bronze. Height 12" (30.2 cm).

Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-16]

Set of bells. From the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. Suixian, Hubei, Zhou dynasty, 433 BCE. Bronze with bronze and timber frame. Frame height 9' (2.74 m), length 25’ (7.62 m).

Hubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan. Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc./Corbis. [Fig. 2-17]

Colossal head. From San Lorenzo, La Venta, Mexico. Middle Formative period. c. 900 BCE. Basalt. Height 7' 5" (226 cm).

La Venta Park, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Richard Hewitt Stewart/National Geographic Stock. [Fig. 2-18]

Archaeologist Richard Hansen in 2009, displaying a newly discovered frieze representing the twin heroes of the Popol Vuh, Hunapú and Ixbalanqué. c. 300 BCE.

El Mirador, Guatemala. EDUARDO GONZALES/AFP/Getty Images. [Fig. 2-19]

Stirrup-spout bottle of hammered sheet gold, decorated with a geometric design, Chavín style. Huarmey Valley, Peru. 900–200 BCE.

AMNH/John Bigelow Taylor,, Anthropology 41.0/369. [Fig. 2-20]

The Parthenon, Athens.Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 3-1]

Ancient Greece.[Map 3.1]

Bull-leaping in ancient Crete, fresco from the royal palace at Knossos, Crete. c. 1500 BCE. The Art Archive/Heraklion Museum/Gianni Dagli Orti. [Fig. 3-2]

Snake Goddess, from the royal palace at Knossos, Crete. c. 1600 BCE. Faience. Height 11" (30 cm).

The Art Archive/Heraklion Museum/Gianni Dagli Orti. [Fig. 3-3]

"Mask of Agamemnon," from a grave in Mycenae. c. 1500 BCE.Beaten gold. Height 10-1∕8" (26 cm).

National Archaeological Museum, Athens. © 2000 Craig and Marie Mauzy, Athens. [Fig. 3-4]

Fighting over the body of Patroclus, scene from a black-figure vase. c. 530 BCE.

National Archaeological Museum, Athens/Gianni Dagli Orti. [Fig. 3-5]

Citharode and listeners, from a vase painting by the Attic master Andokides. c. 530 BCE. Louvre, Paris. Reunion des Musees Nationaux. [Fig. 3-6]

Funerary krater from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. c. 750–700 BCE.Attributed to the Hirschfeld Workshop.

Ceramic. Height 42-5∕8".Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York/Art Resource/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 3-7]

Euphronios. The Death of Sarpedon. c. 515 BCE.Red-figure calyx-krater, terracotta. Height 18" (46 cm), diameter 21-3∕4" (55 cm).

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photograph © 1999. [Fig. 3-8]

Kouros from Attica. c. 590 BCE.Marble. Height 6' 4-3∕4" (1.94 m).

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photograph © 1997. [Fig. 3-9]

Koré from Chios. c. 520 BCE.Marble. Height 22" (56 cm).

Acropolis Museum, Athens. © 2000 Craig and Marie Mauzy. [Fig. 3-10]

Calf Bearer (Moschophoros). c. 570 BCE.Marble. Height 5' 5" (1.65 m).

Acropolis Museum, Athens. BAL. [Fig. 3-11]

Kritios Boy. c. 490 BCE.Marble. Height 34" (86 cm).

Acropolis Museum, Athens. © 2000 Craig and Marie Mauzy. [Fig. 3-12]

Grave stele of Hegeso. c. 410–400 BCE.Marble. Height 4' 11" (1.5 m).

National Archaeological Museum, Athens/SCALA. [Fig. 3-13]

Model reconstruction of the Athenian acropolis. [Fig. 3-14]

Ictinus and Callicrates, the Parthenon, Athens. 447– 432 BCE.Pentelic marble. Length 228 × 104' (69.5 × 31.7 m), height of columns 34' (10.36 m).

Exterior and sectional view (reconstruction). Drawing with watercolor by Peter Connolly. akg-images. [Fig. 3-15]

The Greek orders. [Fig. 3-16]

Plan of the Parthenon. [Fig. 3-17]

Mnesicles, Erechtheum (from west), Athens. c. 421– 409 BCE.Marble. Length of temple 37' (11.3 m), width 66' (20.1 m). © M. Timothy O'Keefe/Alamy.

[Fig. 3-18]

Caryatid (south) porch, Erechtheum. c. 421–409 BCE. © Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis. [Fig. 3-19]

Lapith and Centaur, metope from the Parthenon’s outer frieze (south face). c. 448–442 BCE.Marble. 3' 11" × 4' 2" (1.19 × 1.27 m).

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 3-20]

Three Goddesses, from the Parthenon’s east pediment. c. 438–432 BCE.Marble. More than life-size.

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 3-21]

Athenian Horsemen, from the Parthenon’s inner frieze (west face). c. 442–432 BCE.Marble. Height of panel 3' 7" (1.07 m).

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 3-22]

Zeus of Artemision (also called Poseidon). Mid-5th century BCE.Bronze. Height 6' 10" (2 m).

National Museum, Athens. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 3-23]

Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Cnidos. Roman copy after original of c. 350–340 BCE.Marble. Height 6' 8" (2.03 m).

Vatican Museums, Rome. Monumenti Musei e Gallerie Pontificie SCALA. [Fig. 3-24]

Praxiteles. Hermes and the Infant Dionysus. c. 340 BCE.Marble copy of original. Height 7' 1" (2.16 m).

Archaeological Museum, Olympia. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 3-25]

Theater at Epidaurus, Greece. c. 350 BCE.Diameter 373' (114 m), orchestra 66' (20 m). Craig & Marie Mauzy.

[Fig. 3-26]

The dramatic poet Menander holding a mask. Roman copy of a late Hellenistic original.Museo Gregoriano Profano, Vatican Museum, Vatican State. Werner Forman Archive.

[Fig. 3-27]

Contest of Apollo and Marsyas. Relief from Mantineia, Greece. c. 350 BCE. National Museum, Athens. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 3-28]

Alexander at the Battle of Issus, from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. 2nd century BCE. Copy after original painting of c. 320– 311 BCE.Mosaic. 8' 10" × 16' 9" (2.69 × 5.11 m).

Museo Nazionale, Naples. Fotografica Foglia. [Fig. 3-29]

Acropolis at Pergamon. c. 150 BCE.Reconstruction model.

Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. © 2005, Photo Scala, Florence/BPK, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin. [Fig. 3-30]

Dying Gaul, Roman copy after bronze original. c. 225 BCE.Marble. Height 35-1∕2" (91 cm), length 6' 3" (1.91 m).Museo Capitolino, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 3-31]

Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. Laocoön and his Two Sons. c. 150 BCE.Marble. Height 8 ' (2.44 m).

Vatican Museums, Rome. Photo Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 3-32]