1 The “Medley” Presentation From Chapters 11-14 IDIS 424 Spring 2004.
Chapters 11 & 14
description
Transcript of Chapters 11 & 14
Chapters 11 & 14
Empty slide to keep flashcards in order
1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?”
2. Why did he use pea plants?
1. Gregor Mendel
2. To study the inheritance of traitsand they reproduced quickly
1. What is pure bred, true breeding, or homozygous mean?
2. What type of offspring results when you cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits?
3. What are the offspring of two parents called?
1. Both alleles are either dominant or recessiveRR or rr
2. All hybrid (Rr) offspring result
3. F1 generation
What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate?
R r
R
r
RR Rr
Rr rr
1. What is probability?
2. What is the probability of getting heads when you flip a penny?
1. Probability: The chance of something happening!
2. ½ or 50%
Why did we keep increasing the number of flips of our penny in the “Coin Toss” lab?
The higher the number of trials you perform, the more likely you are to get the expected outcome (probability).
½ heads, ½ tails
If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads all 6 times?
If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads all 6 times?
½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½
= 1/64
What is the “Principle of Independent Assortment?”
During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other.
Be able to define: Compete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance
Complete DominanceThe dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype.
Incomplete DominanceNeither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed.Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers.
Co-DominanceBoth traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other.ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood
Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type:
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type:
AB has same genotype and
phenotype
What are polygenic traits?
What are polygenic traits?Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color.
How many different gametes would you get from the following parent?
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h
How many different gametes would you get from the following parent?
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 =
32 gametes
Know the steps of MEIOSIS I and II and the formation of gametes (sex cells)!
4 Sperm are produced
1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced
FemaleMale
The paired, homologous chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make TetradsWhich cross over and share their genes
The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I
4 genetically different cells result at the end of MeiosisHaploid = one set of chromosomes
When does crossing over occur during Meiosis?
During Prophase I
1.What is this called?2.What 4 things are shown from this
picture?
1.What is this called? Karyotype2.Shows:• Autosomes = all chromosomes except sex
chromosomes # 1 - 22 chromosome pairs• Sex Chromosomes
(XX female or XY male) # 23 pair• Homologous Chromosomes =
chromosomes that code for the same traits
• Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males)
What is non-disjunction?
Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs don’t separate during MeiosisCan involve all types of chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)
What chromosomal disorder is this on the #21 pair?
#21
What chromosomal disorder is this on the Sex Chromosome pair?
XXY
What chromosomal disorder is this on the Sex Chromosome pair?
XO
Who determines the sex of the offspring? Mother or Father
Why?
What is probability of getting a girl? A boy?
Fatherdetermines sex of
offspring
He provides either an X or a Y to pair
up with the mother’s X to
make a boy or girl
50% chance of Boy 50% chance of Girl
•What is this picture called?•What do each of the shapes and shading combinations represent?•How many generations are shown?
Pedigree Chart = shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.3 Generations
Normal Male
Normal Female
Female with Trait
Carrier Female
Male with Trait
Carrier Male
Line = Marriage
Be able to describe the differences between:
Meiosis and Mitosis
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis Meiosis
Somatic Cells – all body cells
Sex Cells - gametes
2 cells are made 4 cells are made
Diploid Haploid
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Advantages No mate needed for
reproduction Very fast reproduction time Lots of organisms
Advantages GENETIC DIVERSITY!
Disadvantages All organisms are alike, No Genetic Diversity
Disadvantages Need a mate for reproduction Slower reproduction time Fewer organisms
Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square
would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits?
Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness
Only carried on XY doesn’t carrytraits.
Key:
Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:
•Allele•Gametes•Genes•Genetics•Karyotype•Pedigree•Probability•Punnett Square
•Allele- Different forms of a gene•Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm)•Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits•Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation• Karyotype- Picture of all chromosomes matched
up (looking for abnormal # of chromosomes)•Pedigree- Tool to figure out possible outcomes•Probability - Chance of something happening-•Punnett Square- Chart showing probability
Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:•Dominant•Recessive•Genotype•Phenotype•Heterozygous•Homozygous•Trait•Homologous
•Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait•Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait•Genotype – Genetic makeup of organism•Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks•Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr)•Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr)•Trait – Inherited characteristic•Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes
Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:•Co-dominance•Incomplete dominance•Diploid•Haploid•Independent Assortment•Non-disjunction•Segregation
•Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY•Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits•Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes•Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes•Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance•Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate•Segregation – Separation of alleles
Understand which is the P, F1, F2 generations and how you get each.
Know how to do the following types of crosses:
•Monohybrid Cross•Dihybrid Cross
•Incomplete Dominance•Sex-linked Cross
Must show key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square,
genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
•Monohybrid Cross
•Dihybrid Cross
•Incomplete Dominance
•Sex-linked Cross