Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: ...

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UNIT 1 Chapters 1, 2, and 3

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Transcript of Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: ...

Page 1: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

UNIT 1Chapters 1, 2, and 3

Page 2: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

What Is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes.

Elements:

Atoms:

Molecules and Compounds:

Page 3: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

States of Matter

Solid:

Liquid:

Gas:

Page 4: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Matter

Page 5: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Pure Substnaces

Pure substance:

Mixture:

Heterogeneous:

Homogeneous:

Page 6: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties:

Chemical Properties:

Page 7: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Intensive Properties:

Extensive Properties:

Page 8: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Atomic Theory

Subatomic Particles:

Electrostatic Forces:

Page 9: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Radioactivity

Page 10: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

The Nuclear Atom

Nucleus:

Electronic Charge:

Atomic Mass:

Page 11: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Atomic Size:

Page 12: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Isotopes

Isotope:

Average Atomic Mass:

Page 13: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Naturally occurring chlorine is 75.78 % 35Cl, which has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu, and 24.22 % 37Cl, which has an atomicmass of 36.966 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.

Page 14: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

The Periodic Table

How it’s arranged:

Page 15: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Law of Definite Proportions

Page 16: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

The Law of Multiple Proportions

Page 17: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ion:

Cation:

Anion:

Page 18: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Group 1: H+, Li+, Na+

Group 2: Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+

Group 15: N3-, P3-, As3-

Group 16: O2-, S2-, Se2-

Group 17: F-, Cl-, Br-

Transition elements can usually have more than one charge. Example Fe2+ and Fe3+

Common Ions and their charges

Page 19: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Most transition metals can have a few different charges.

Example: Fe2+, Fe3+

Fe2O3

FeO

Transition Metal Ions

Page 20: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Ammonium: NH4+

Nitrite: NO2-

Nitrate: NO3-

Hydroxide: OH-

Hypochlorite: ClO-

Polyatomic Ions

Page 21: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Chlorite: ClO2-

Chlorate: ClO3-

Perchlorate: ClO4-

Carbonate: CO32-

Sulfite: SO32-

Sulfate: SO42-

Peroxide: O22-

Phosphate: PO43-

Page 22: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Naming Ionic Compounds

Page 23: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Practice

NH4Cl

Fe(NO3)3

TiBr3

Pb(SO4)2

Chromium (VI) Phosphate

Tin (II) Nitrate

Cobalt (III) Oxide

Chromium (III) Hydroxide

Page 24: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Barium Carbonate

Aluminum Hydroxide

Copper (I) Sulfide

Lead (II) Phosphate

Zinc (II) Iodide

Chromium (III) Sulfite

NH4Br

NaClO3

Fe2S3

AgNO3

CuF2

Ni(ClO)3

Ru3(PO4)4

Page 25: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Naming Molecular Compounds

Page 26: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Practice

Page 27: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

The Mole

Page 28: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Molar Mass

Page 29: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Percent Mass

Page 30: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Hydrates

Page 31: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Empirical And Molecular Formula

Page 32: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Equations:

Page 33: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Stoichiometry

How many grams of water are produced in the combustion of 1.00 g of glucose?

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

Page 34: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Limiting Reactants

Page 35: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Consider the reaction that occurs in a fuel cell:

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)

Suppose the fuel cell is set up with 150 g of hydrogen and 1500 g of oxygen. How many grams of water can be formed?

Page 36: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield

Page 37: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Adipic acid (H2C6H8O4) is used to produce nylon. The acid is made commercially by a controlled reaction between cyclohexane (C6H12) and O2:

6 C6H12(l) + 5 O2(g) 2 H2C6H8O4(l) + 2 H2O(g)

a.) Assume that you carry out this reaction starting with 25.0 g of cyclohexane and that cyclohexane is the limiting reactant. What is the theoretical yeild of adipic acid?

b.) If you obtain 33.5 g of adipic acid from your reaction, what is the percent yeild?

Page 38: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

Example AP Questions

1) Complete combustion of a sample of a hydrocarbon in excess oxygen produces equimolar quantities of carbon dioxide and water. Which of the following could be the molecular formula of the compound?

(A) C2H2

(B) C2H6

(C) C4H8

(D) C6H6

Page 39: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

2. The mass percent of carbon in pure glucose, C6H12O6, is 40.0%. A chemist analyzes an impure sample of glucose and determines that the mass percent of carbon is 38.2 %. Which of the following impurities could account for the low mass percent of carbon in the sample?

(A) Water, H2O

(B) Ribose, C5H10O5

(C) Fructose, C6H12O6. An isomer of glucose

(D) Sucrose, C12H22O11

Page 40: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

3. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a 56

26Fe atom?Protons Neutrons Electrons

(A) 26 30 26(B) 26 56 26(C) 30 26 30(D) 56 26 26(E) 56 82 56

Page 41: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

4) Atoms of Mg combine with atoms of F to from a compound. Atoms of which of the following elements combine with atoms of F in the same ratio?

(A) Li(B) Ba(C) Al(D) Cl(E) Ne

Page 42: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO3(g) + 4 H2O(l)

5) In the reaction represented above, what is the total number of moles of reactants consumed when 1.00 mole of CO2(g) is produced?

(A) 0.33 mol(B) 1.33 mol(C) 1.50 mol(D) 2.00 mol(E) 6.00 mol

Page 43: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

LiHCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Li2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

6) When the equation above is balanced and the coefficients are reduced to lowest whole-number terms, what is the coefficient of H2O

(A) 1(B) 2(C) 3(D) 4(E) 5

Page 44: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

7) When a 3.22 g sample of an unknown hydrate of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 * x H2O(s) is heated, H2O (molar mass 18) is driven off. The mass of the anhydrous Na2SO4(s) (molar mass 142 g) that remains is 1.42 g. The value of x in the hydrate is

(A) 0.013(B) 1.8(C) 6.0(D) 10.0(E) 20.0

Page 45: Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. Elements: Atoms: Molecules and Compounds:

8) What is the empirical formula of an oxide of chromium that is 48 percent oxygen by mass?

(A) CrO(B) CrO2

(C) CrO3

(D) Cr2O

(E) Cr2O3


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