chapter7_part1
-
Upload
diane-pascual -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
description
Transcript of chapter7_part1
Gene Expression and Control
Chapter 7
Part 1
7.1 Impacts/Issues
Ricin and Your Ribosomes
The ability to make proteins is critical to all life
processes – ricin kills because it inactivates
ribosomes that assemble proteins
7.2 The Nature of Genetic Information
DNA carries all the genetic information needed
to build a new individual
• Genetic information consists of base sequences
• Genes are subunits of that sequence
Gene
• Part of a DNA base sequence
• Specifies structure of an RNA or protein product
From Gene to RNA to Protein
Gene expression involves transcription (DNA to
RNA), and translation (mRNA, or messenger
RNA, to protein)
Gene expression
• Process by which the information in a gene
becomes converted to an RNA or protein product
Transcription
A gene’s nucleotide base sequence encodes
instructions for building an RNA or protein
product
A cell transcribes the base sequence of a gene
into mRNA
mRNA carries a protein-building message
Transcription
Transcription
• Process by which an RNA is assembled from
nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene
as a template
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Type of RNA that has a protein-building message
Translation
Translation requires the participation of tRNA
(transfer RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Translation
• Process by which a polypeptide chain is
assembled from amino acids in the order
specified by an mRNA
RNA and DNA Nucleotides
Fig. 7-2a, p. 117
Fig. 7-2a, p. 117
3 phosphate groups
base
(guanine)
sugar
(ribose)
An RNA nucleotide: guanine (G),
or guanosine triphosphate
Fig. 7-2b, p. 117
Fig. 7-2b, p. 117
base
(guanine)
3 phosphate groups
sugar
(deoxyribose)
A DNA nucleotide: guanine (G), or
deoxyguanosine triphosphate
Animation: Uracil-thymine comparison
7.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA
Base-pairing rules in DNA replication also apply
to RNA synthesis in transcription, but RNA uses
uracil in place of thymine
The Process of Transcription
In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a
promoter in the DNA near a gene
RNA polymerase
• Enzyme that carries out transcription
Promoter
• In DNA, a sequence to which RNA polymerase
binds
The Process of Transcription
Polymerase moves along the DNA, unwinding
the DNA so it can read the base sequence
RNA polymerase assembles a strand of RNA by
linking RNA nucleotides in the order determined
by the base sequence of the gene
The new mRNA is a copy of the gene from which
it was transcribed
Transcription: DNA to RNA
Fig. 7-3a, p. 118
Fig. 7-3a, p. 118
RNA
polymerasegene region
promoter sequence in DNA
1 RNA polymerase binds to a promoter in the DNA. The binding
positions the polymerase near a gene. In most cases, the base sequence
of the gene occurs on only one of the two DNA strands. Only the DNA
strand complementary to the gene sequence will be translated into RNA.
Fig. 7-3b, p. 118
Fig. 7-3b, p. 118
RNA
DNA winding up DNA unwinding
2 The polymerase begins to move along the DNA and unwind it. As it
does, it links RNA nucleotides into a strand of RNA in the order specified
by the base sequence of the DNA. The DNA winds up again after the
polymerase passes. The structure of the “opened” DNA at the
transcription site is called a transcription bubble, after its appearance.
Fig. 7-3c, p. 119
Fig. 7-3c, p. 119
direction of
transcription
3 Zooming in on the gene region, we can see that RNA polymerase covalently bonds successive nucleotides into an RNA strand. The base sequence of the new RNA strand is complementary to the base sequence of its DNA template strand, so it is an RNA copy of the gene. Figure It Out: After the guanine, what is the next nucleotide that will be added to this growing strand of RNA? Answer: Another guanine (G)
Animation: Gene transcription details
Three Genes, Many RNA Polymerases
Many polymerases can transcribe a gene region
at the same time
Fig. 7-4, p. 119
RNA transcripts DNA molecule
Animation: Pre-mRNA transcript
processing
3D Animation: Transcription
7.4 RNA Players in Translation
Three types of RNA are involved in translation:
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
mRNA produced by transcription carries protein-
building information from DNA to the other two
types of RNA for translation
mRNA and the Genetic Code
The information in mRNA consists of sets of
three nucleotides (codons) that form “words”
spelled with the four bases A, C, G, and U
Codon
• In mRNA, a nucleotide base triplet that codes for
an amino acid or stop signal during translation
mRNA and the Genetic Code
Sixty-four codons, most of which specify amino
acids, constitute the genetic code
• 20 amino acids in proteins; most have more than
one codon
Genetic code
• Sixty-four mRNA codons; each specifies an
amino acid or a signal to start or stop translation
The Genetic Code
Translating mRNA to Amino Acids
p. 120
a gene
region in DNA
methionine
(met)
tyrosine
(tyr)
serine
(ser)
valine
(val)
tyrosine
(tyr)
amino acid
sequence
translation
mRNA
transcription
rRNA and tRNA – the Translators
Ribosomes and transfer RNAs (tRNA) interact to
translate an mRNA into a polypeptide
Ribosomes consist of two subunits of rRNA and
structural proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• A type of RNA that becomes part of ribosomes
Ribosomes
During translation, one large and one small
ribosomal subunit (rRNA) converge as a
ribosome on an mRNA
rRNA reads the mRNA and acts as an enzyme
to form peptide bonds between amino acids,
assembling them into a polypeptide chain
A Ribosome
Fig. 7-6a, p. 121
Fig. 7-6a, p. 121
tunnel
A large subunit of a ribosome
Fig. 7-6b, p. 121
Fig. 7-6b, p. 121
mRNA
B small subunit of a ribosome
Fig. 7-6 (right), p. 121
Fig. 7-6 (right), p. 121
an intact ribosome
tRNA
tRNAs deliver amino acids to ribosomes in the
order specified by mRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Type of RNA that delivers amino acids to a
ribosome during translation
tRNA
Each tRNA has two attachment sites
• An anticodon that can base-pair with a codon
• A site that binds to the kind of amino acid
specified by the codon
Anticodon
• Set of three nucleotides in a tRNA
• Base-pairs with mRNA codon
tRNA for Tryptophan
Fig. 7-7a, p. 121
Fig. 7-7a, p. 121
anticodon
amino acid
attachment site
Fig. 7-7b, p. 121
7.5 Translating the Code: RNA to Protein
Translation, the second part of protein synthesis,
occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
Translation is an energy-requiring process that
converts the protein-building information carried
by an mRNA into a polypeptide
Three Stages of Translation
Initiation
• mRNA joins with an initiator tRNA and two ribosomal subunits
Elongation
• Ribosome joins amino acids delivered by tRNAs in the order specified by mRNA codons
Termination
• Polymerase encounters a stop codon; mRNA and polypeptide are released; ribosome disassembles
Elongation
p. 122
p. 122
start
codon
(AUG)
initiator
tRNA
first amino
acid of polypeptide peptide bond
p. 123
p. 123
start
codon
(AUG)
initiator
tRNA
first amino
acid of polypeptide
p. 122-123
Stepped Art
peptide bond
Polysomes
In cells making a lot of protein, many ribosomes
may simultaneously translate the same mRNA
Polysome
• Cluster of ribosomes that are simultaneously
translating an mRNA
p. 123
mRNA
a polysome
Translation in Eukaryotes
Fig. 7-8, p. 122
Transcription
ribosome
subunitsRNA transport
tRNA
5 Polysomes3 Convergence of RNAs
mRNA 4 Translation
polypeptide
1
2
Animation: The major differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis
Animation: Overview of transcription and
translation