Chapter~7 (Lfe G-47 - Individual Work -0420014-) Rural Market (Main)

Chapter 7: Rural Market

7.1 IntroductionMarkets serve as a mechanism for availing people to meet their un-fulfilled need for

exchange of some considerations. The efficient functioning of market is the preliminary

requirement for the efficiency and fine running of the economy. In ancient era the market

functioning was evident through barter economy. By analyzing market of a specific

place we can have a primary idea about the economic activity of the area; the consumer

behavior can act as an indicator of the living standards of that locality. So, to understand

the current economic conditions, the living standard and to identify the recent economic

phenomenon and any opportunity for potential improvements and to be able to identify

and understand current economic trends and forecast future movements we have to

perform market analysis. To get a fruit full insight to villager’s life the analysis of rural

market is a vital tool.

7.2 ObjectivesThe objectives of our analysis are-

Identifying & understanding the economic activities.

Identifying & understanding the difference in consumer behavior between rural

and urban population.

Identifying & understanding the market structure.

Identifying & understanding the available products and services.

Identifying & understanding the distribution channels.

Identifying & understanding the price and promotional activities.

Identifying & understanding the barriers to make the market more productive.

7.3 Technique of collecting data We have used the PRA method to collect necessary data which is a systematic, semi

structured, participative bottom up approach with reasonable flexibility to acquire new

information & insight. Through out our analysis we have heavily depended on primary

data collected through in field survey using the PRA method.

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7.4 Basic concepts and definitions Before we go into the in-depth analysis of our assigned market we take a look into the

basic ideas and concepts of the market.

7.4.1 MarketThe traditional definition of a market is very simple- it refers to a place where there are

some buyers and sellers and by the interaction between them the ultimate transfer of

goods & services are performed for some consideration and unmet demands of the buyers

are satisfied through the process.

But the current day definition of market is much broader and extensive

“A market is defined as an institution or mechanism which brings together buyers

(“Demanders”) and sellers (“Suppliers”) of particular goods & services.”

- Economics: Principles & problems, 11th edition.

Mcgraw – Hill, 1990

“ A group of potential customers with the authority and the ability to purchase a

particular product or service that satisfiers their collective demand”

- Introduction to Business, Straub & Attner, 2nd

edition

Kent publishing company

A market offers both products and services.

7.4.2 ProductPhillip Kotler & Gary Armstrong defines product in the following way-

“Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption

that might satisfy a want or need”

The products offered in a market can be classified into two major categories.

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The classification of products are presented in the following diagram-

Diagram 7.1: Product classification

7.4.2.1 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Product bought by final consumer for personal consumption. These products can be

classified further in the following categories-

Convenience goods

Consumer product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately and

with a minimum of comparisons and buying effort.

Shopping goods

Consumer good that the customer , in process of selection and purchase,

characteristically compares on such bases as suitability, quality, price and style.

Specialty goods

Consumer product with unique characteristics or brand identification for which a

significant group of buyers are willing to make a special purchase effort.

Unsought goods

Consumer product that the consumer either does not normally know about or

knows but don’t normally think of buying

7.4.2.2 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

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PRODUCTPRODUCT

Consumer product

Convenience goods

Unsought goods

Specialty goods

Shopping goods

Industrial product

Materials & parts

Capital items

Supplies & services


Products bought by individuals and organizations for further processing or for use in

conducting a business are known as industrial product.

Materials & parts

Materials & parts Include Raw materials, manufactured materials & parts.

Capital items

Capital items are industrial products that aid in the buyer’s production or

operations, including installations and accessory equipment.

Supplies & services

Supplies include operating supplies and repair & maintenance items. Some

experts include business services and business advisory services in this

section.

7.4.3 ServiceAny activity or benefit that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangiblle

and does not result in the owner ship of anything is defined as service. For example- the

doctors provide us service by provide guidelines for cure from diseases and performing

medical procedures, the transportation service provided by the bus.

7.5 Rural MarketThe rural market is quite different from the urban markets in terms of the size, types of

product and service offered, market structure and physical structure. The number of

products are low compared to an urban market. Also most products are undifferentiated.

There are less categories available compared to the urban markets. There are steep

competition regarding the major products which are often the agricultural products. For

certain products like consumer durables lower number of branded products are available.

The no. of services offered in the market are generally very low compared with the urban

markets. The rural markets differ with the urban markets in terms of its size and physical

structure as the rural markets are less organized than the urban ones. The promotional and

advertisement activities can often be very different. A rural market can often be the

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centre of economy of the nearby villages. The competitions among the vendors and

service providers are often very intense due to level of differentiation.

The rural market can be categorized in two major sections as described here

7.5.1 Bazaar (Permanent market)

The bazaar is the permanent rural market. It operates daily for the customers.

There are both permanent shops and temporary shops and hawkers in the bazaar. The

range of products and services offered in the bazaar are much broader than that of in the

haat.

7.5.2 Haat (Temporary Market)

The haat is temporary rural market. This market operates once or twice a week.

There is normally no permanent physical infrastructure in this market. The shops that

operate in the haat day are mostly temporary. The haats are generally organized in the

bank of the river or in a playground or in some central location where it is convenient for

the villagers to come and shop.

The major characteristics of ‘ Haat’ ‘ Bazaar’ & ‘ permanent shops are present in the

following chart-

Table7.1 : Key characteristics of ‘haat’, ‘bazaar’ & permanent shop

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7.6 Different aspects of our assigned marketOur assigned market was ‘Tipra’ bazaar. It is a bazaar or a permanent rural market. The

bazaar serves the residents of nearby localities & the cantonmet. The bazaar has been

operating since the British reign (the colonial era) and now offers a broad range of

products and services. At the end of 1990 the bazaar was taken under the supervision and

monitoring of a structured comity which is controlled by the personnels of the Comilla

Cantonment. The rationale behind this was ensuring of market efficiency. The comity

currently has 10 members and is headed by its president Mr. Abdur Rauf.Most of the

traders in the market operates in rented shops with a few conducting business in their

own shops. The shops are operated by employees assigned by the owners or some times

by the family members, specially the service sections are operated by family members

who have entered the business with inherited skills and this business has become family

tradition.

7.6.1 Location of the MarketThe market is located beside the highway with a cinema hall nearby. The bazaar has a

large field nearby and. ‘Tipra Bazaar’ is situated near Comilla military cantonment. It is

about 8 kilometer north to BARD.

7.6.2 Physical structureThere are both permanent and temporary shops in the bazaar and also some hawkers. The

grocery shops have permanent structure. There is an organized sitting arrangement for the

hawkers- stage like sitting spaces for the fish sellers. The sellers with same product

categories conduct their business in a specific space together. The hawkers seem to

conduct business everyday in almost the same place. This market also has two-storey

building, with grocery shops, hardware stores and confectionaries at the ground floor and

various service providers like computer editing stores, photocopy, music stores, tailors

etc. There is also a field nearby where day laborers offer their services for manual labor.

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7.6.3 Communication facilitiesThe communications facilities of a market are very important for its well functioning.

The ‘Tipra’ bazaar has quite good communications facilities with large number of

available transportations. Vans & pickups are mainly used for transporting the goods in to

the market. Some vendors specially the vegetable sellers also bring their products from

various locations at the roof of the buses. The customers use rickshaw, auto-rickshaw,

tempoo & bus for transportation(PIC – 7.0).

7.7 LIST OF AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

7.7.1 List of productsThere is a wide range of products available at ‘Tipra Bazaar’. The market offers both

consumer goods and some industrial goods. The market offers vegetables, spices,

grains, fishes, meats, fruits, food items, tools, cloths, shoes, jewelry, seeds, fertilizer,

pesticides, audio cassets, cds, vcds, medicine, toiletries products etc.

Categorized list of products

Table A categorized list of products available at ‘Tipra Bazaar’ is provided below-

Product category Product (ALONG WITH MOST POPULAR BRANDS OR CLASS; IF

APPLICABLE)

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CO

NSU

ME

R P

RO

DU

CT

S

Convenience

goods

Rice (Irri, Amon etc), Flour, other grains, Soybean oil, Mustard

oil, Fish, Meat ( beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Vegetables, Salt,

Spices (Turmeric, Ginger, Garlic, Chilies etc), Onion,

Tea( ispahani, non brand ) , Milk, Sugar, Cigarette ( star, navy,

gold leaf, Benson), Stationary (Pen, Pencil, Ink, Paper etc),

Medicine, Chocolates & sweets, Confectionary items ( biscuits,

cake, breads), Ice creams, Soft drinks (Coca-Cola,Seven Up,

Sprite, Pran up, Euro, RC)

Shopping goods Clothing, shoe, furniture, Beauty soap (Lux, Tibbet, Keya,

Lifebuoy), Detergent Soap (Wheel, chaka), Tooth pest (close

up, Pepsodent), tooth powder, Shampoo (Sunsilk, Clinic all

clear), Beauty cream (Tibbet Snow, Fair and Lovely, Ponds),

Coconut oil (Aromatic, Hash Marka, Keya,), other cosmetics,

shaving materials(razors, cream) Cooking utensils, Hair clips,

bands and pins, Electronic appliances (radio), Electronic goods(

multi plugs, bulbs, sockets, switchs etc)

Specialty goods Jewelry( gold & silver), watch

Unsought goods Burial cloth

IND

UST

RIA

L

PRO

DU

CT

S

Materials & parts Wheat, mustards, corns, ropes, cable, kerosene oil, seeds,

pesticides, fertilizers

Capital items Hardware tools (hammer, pliers). Shop shelf.

Supplies&

services

Paint, brooms, neils

Table7.2 : categorized list of products in Tipra Bazaar

7.7.2 Pricelist of major productsThe price list of some major products available at ‘ Tipra Bazaar’ are listed below along

with measure of units-

Product Price (in Tk)

Unit of Measure-ment

Product Price(in Tk)

Unit of Measure-ment

Turmeric 80 Kg Burial cloth 28 yardGarlic 40 Kg Gold 21200 Per 10 gram

Onion 14 Kg Silver 400 voriGinger 40 Kg Fried rice 40 Kg

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Cinnamon 120 Kg Molasses 50 Kg

Grinded peeper 160 Kg Potato 14 KgCardamom 800 Kg Egg 14/15 HaliTomato 15 Kg Cucumber 10/9 KgBrinjal 5 Each piece sponge sandal 20 1 unit

Beetle 40 1 Bira Date 50 KgRadish 180 Kg Maize 120 kg

Table7.3: Price list o major products

7.7.3 List of Services

The ‘Tipra bazaar’ offers a wide range of service for its customers. The various services

offered in the ‘Tipra’ bazaar are listed below-

Barber shop Tailors Carpenters Health facilities – doctors & pharmaceutical stores Phone services Rickshaw, bicycle, van repairing shops Shoe polish Hawkers who clean ears Blacksmiths Restaurants & tea stalls Locals who clean ears Irrigation services Transportation services Photocopy & laminating services Digital studio Labors

some popular service providers in the market are – priyom digital studio Bilashi hair cut,

Sun-moon tailors, Bismillah dry cleaners, Ikra computer editing centre, media audio.

7.8 Distribution channels in the bazaarThe distribution channel in the ‘Tipra’ bazaar is different for different products. The

distribution channel takes different shapes and forms for different products depending on

the product characteristics, the category it belongs to and the market norms. Also the

different parties involved in the distribution of a products affects the shape and size of the

distribution channel. We have done a thorough analysis of the distribution channel of

some vegetables. Although they belong to the same category the distribution channels are

a bit different from each other.

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Through thorough analysis we have found the existence of various middle men working

to affect the distribution channel to some extent. The activity of these middles men

affects the prevailing market price of the products. And as their activity whether moral or

immoral and legal or illegal are not controlled they often enjoy the major share of profits.

7.8.1 PRODUCT SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION CHANNELTo gain a better insight we have identified the distribution channels for some selective products.

We have seen from our in field analysis at ‘Tipra Bazaar’ that cabbages’ distribution

channel is formed of 5 stages with six parties involved. First the cabbage is bought from

the farmer by a bepari. The transportation cost per unit is Tk. 1.10 and the cost per unit is

5 to 6 taka. Then these cabbages are sold to a whole seller who buys these for tk.10 per

unit and sells these for about tk.14 per unit to a mohajon who sells these cabbages for tk.

17 per cabbage to the retailers. The retailers then sell the cabbages to the customers for

around tk. 20 each. As we can see that there are two many middle man in this distribution

channel and their effect on the price is significant and the farmers fail to get their rightful

share of the profit as the middle men eat out the major portion of the profit. We also

found the same sort of results for some other products.

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Diagram 7.3: tribution Channel (1) for local marketVegetable: Cabbage

FARMER BEPARI WHOLE SELLER

END USER RETAILER MOHAJON

PRODUCER WHOLE SELLER

END USER

RETAILER

Diagram 7.2: Generic Distribution Channel for local market


We have also done analysis on distribution channel of some other products. The

distributin channels of two of these are represented by the following diagrams-

7.9 Inward and Outward Products

7.9.1 Inward productsThe products that are brought from various locations to ‘Tipra’ bazaar are the inward

products for the bazaar..

7.9.2 Outward productsThe products that are sent from ‘Tipra’ bazaar to different locations are the outward

products for the bazaar.

The major inward & outward products of ‘Tipra’ bazaar along with their transfer

destinations and the locations from where they are brought in are listed below

Inward Production

Location

Orange Sylhet Dhaka, India

Grapes Dhaka

Banana‘Bangla kola’‘Sagor Kola’‘Chinic Champa

ChittagongSonargaonRangpur

Apple DhakaLichi Bogra

Outward Production

Location

Khadi Dhaka, ChittagongBatic Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet

etcRoshmalai Dhaka,

Chittagong, Sylhet etc

Cauliflower DhakaTomato DhakaCabbage Dhaka

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FARMER WHOLE SELLER

WHOLE SELLER

END USER

RETAILER

Diagram 7.4b Distribution Channel for local marketVegetable: Tomato

FARMER WHOLE SELLER

END USER

RETAILER

Diagram 7.4a Distribution Channel for local market Vegetable: Bean


Table7.4: Inward & outward products

Various medium of transports are used for transferring the products into or out from the

bazaar. Some of these products are brought in by the retailers others by the middlemen.

We have seen from our analysis that what sort of products are brought in to the Tipra

bazaar and what are send to other locations depend on the possible cost saving. Locally

produce or manufactured products that are not available in other places or the products

where cost savings are possible through trading out are exported to other markets or

location.

7.10 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSISThe value chain analysis explains the flow of materials from raw materials through

finished goods to disposal or recycling along with associated flows of value. We have

done value chain analysis to identify the current activities and its out come at every

stage, and to identify any in-efficiency to resolve the problem and make it more efficient

and cost effective.

7.10.1 Value chain analysis of ‘Tomato’ we have performed the value chain analysis of tomato. The value chain of tomato is

portrayed in the following flowchart -

Diagram7.5: Value chain of “Tomato”

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INPUT SELECTION

SeedsFertilizerPesticides

PRODUCTION

Power tillerDeep tube wellTransplantation

PROCESSING ACTIVITIESLaborPackaging

DISTRIBUTION

MiddlemenWhole seller


All costs incurred and shown here are related to cultivation of tomato at 1 bigha land . In

1 bigha land 32 maunds of tomato can be produced.

7.10.1.1 Input selection The costs associated in this section are-

Seeds : Tk. 1200

Fertilizers: TSP – Tk. 3000, Urea– Tk. 900, MP– Tk. 2500

Pesticides : Tk. 160

Total cost incurred in this phase is Tk. 7760

7.10.1.2 Production process

In the production use of power tiller is needed twice which costs Tk. 200 . in this phase

seeds are planted in the field.for irrigation purpose service of deep tubewell is necessary

which costs tk.100. then for further transplanting cost of tk. 750 is incurred. Total cost

incurred in this phase is Tk. 650.

7.10.1.3 Processing activities

At this phase service of two labors is needed which costs Tk. 240 and further costs of Tk.

200 are incurred for packaging. The total cost incurred in this phase is Tk. 440

7.10.1.4 Distribution

After performing necessary processing activity the tomatoes are taken to the whole seller

or the beparis or the middle men for sale. In this phase an additional cost of tk.200 is

incurred. The tomatoes then reach the end users through operations of the distribution

channel which has been displayed in a previous section.

The total costs associated with the value chain for tomato is TK. 9050.

The fields in the rural are aware segmented. If larger single field or land were

available tomatoes could be produced in more cost effective way. Also the increased

availability of fertilizers would ensure greater efficiency.

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7.11 Bargaining powerWe hade made an effort to identify the bargaining power of buyers and sellers respective

to various range of products and also tried to find out the rationale behind the bargaining

power. Our findings can be portrayed by the following diagram-

Diagram7.6: Bargaining power

From our market analysis we found that there are certain factors that affect the bargaining

power of the buyers and sellers. The most important of this seem to be the demand-

supply situation. If there’s only limited suppliers of the good than the suppler definitely

has the upper hand and he can gain significant profit by charging a higher price. The

market demand of the product also determines who has the beneficial bargaining power.

we have seen in our assigned market the same scenario – the suppliers of jewelry

products and footwear has an upper hand as the no. of suppliers is low as only a few

stores offers this products. The numbers of readymade garment store are also a few so the

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BARGAINING POWER

Jewelers, footwear Ready made garments Meat products (beef, mutton)

Grocery Vegetables etc.

SELLER BUYER


sellers have the beneficiary bargaining power. Also there is very small no. butcher shop

so the sellers have more relative bargaining power. And also there is high demand for

these goods. In case of grocery items and vegetables a large number of suppliers are

available who offers identical products, so the buyers enjoy the higher bargaining power.

The product category and the price of the product also often determine the relative

bargaining power. In case of some industrial goods and specialty goods we have seen the

sellers enjoying superior bargaining power.

7.12 Factors affecting the prices in the marketThe price of the products or services available in the market is determined by the function

of certain factors. Of these the most dominating are the production cost, parties involved

in the distribution channel, the demand & supply situation and of course the general

economic condition of the country. We have seen the functioning of these factors

determining the product prices in the ‘Tipra bazaar’ also. We have also seen that the

operation of the middles man in distributing the products often out playing other factors,

the action of the beparis, mohajons, arotdars often distorted the reasonable market

equilibrium price. But as the market operations are closely monitored by the army the

level of stock piling and syndication to control the market supply has not been high. But

yet the amount of the middle men in the distribution channel of various products has

often distorted price and the middle men seem to acquire the major portion of profit and

farmers are loosing. We have seen the demand and supply situation in the Tipra bazaar

has significant effect on the price . during the time of our analysis the market was flooded

with vegetables as the winter productions have entered the market from nearby areas. So

seasonality also seems to play its role in determining the price in ‘Tipra bazaar’.. The

country is facing double digit inflation rate which has affected our assigned market too.

The effect of The current economic situation of the country can also be felt in the ‘Tipra

bazaar’ as the consumers were seen complaining about the rise in price of various

necessities specially the grocery products.

7.13 Promotional Activities of the Bazaar

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We have seen use of various measures for promotional purpose in the ‘Tipra Bazaar’

which are described below-

7.13.1 Billboard

Like urban markets the billboards are also used as a major promotional tool in the village

bazaar. We have seen moderate use of billboards in the ‘Tipra’ bazaar. Big billboards of

branded products are also seen here.

7.13.2 Wall written offer & placards

Advertisements in the form of wall written offers are used in a large numbers are used in

‘Tipra’ bazaar. These types of advertisement are of relatively low cost compared to large

billboards and can also attract the notice of the consumers. Brands other than the

renowned and big ones use this advertising tool mostly to attract the consumers. Hanged

placard of new and existing products are used for advertisement and promotion.

7.13.3 Poster

Poster are used in a massive number in the rural market .Along with the big brands,

posters are used for advertisement of locally produced products or newly introduced

service. We have seen posters of renowned brand products like lux, wheel, fair & lovely

used in the tipra bazaar for promotion. Wheel, lux , lifebuoy has enjoyed increased sales

due to their heavy promotion through posters.

7.13.4 Leaflet

Leaflets are quite a good promotional tool for the rural market or bazaar as we have seen

from our study of the ‘Tipra’ bazaar. The leaflets are generally used for locally produced

goods and services. During our analysis the leaflets for ‘Shakti malam’ were being

distributed. also hanged leaflets being used by NIDO which is slowly increasing its sales

in the bazaar. This is also by various tobacco companies.

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7.13.5 Announcements with microphones

Microphone announcements with attention-grabbing wording and exciting pronunciations

have been used in the rural markets for long. This is mostly used to sell uncommon

products like self proclaimed breakthrough medicine that can cure many diseases that

even modern miracles of medical science cant. Also these type of advertisements are used

for wonder pesticides and lottery tickets.

7.13.6 Shelf space & word of mouth

We have seen word of mouth by the shopkeepers, sellers and shelf space used for

promotion in the market by the sellers. This has resulted in gradual increase in sales of

‘arku moshla’.

7.14 ConclusionFrom distant past the village market or rural market has been serving as a strong

phenomena of the rural economy, often it has played the role of center of the economic

activity of the nearby areas. Not only it’s the center of their economic activity but as we

proceeded we learned that it offers a peek into rural lifestyle and the society.

Our analysis of the rural market has been a very educating one, we have learned a lot

fromn our analysis of ‘ Tipra Bazaar’ . we have gained a brief insight in to the structure,

product pricing, distribution channels, value chain, consumer behavior through our

analysis. Through our field work we have found that the locals are now using more

consumer durables and shopping goods than ever. An important discovery was the level

of middlemen working through out the distribution channel who’s affecting the market

price. The market analysis of ‘Tipra Bazaar’ has helped us under standing the general

economic condition of the locality, and gain a better insight into the rural society.

7.15 CASE STUDY

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7.15.1 Respondent no.1Name- Jashim

Age- 35 years Picture7.1: Jashim

Jasim sells spices in the Tipra bazaar. He sells turmeric, garlic, onions, ginger and many

other spices. The trader buys the spices from Comilla . He buys these spices himself from

the whole sellers in Comilla . In this process he has to bear a transportation cost of about

50 taka. He uses bus & rickshaw for transportation. He can sell this product at a price

about 20 to 25 higher then his coast at respective measure of unit. He is happy with his

business.

7.15.2 Respondent no. 2Name- Sabbir Ahmed

Age- 22 years Picture7.2: Sabbir Ahmed

Sabbir Ahmed operates a grocery store in the Tipra bazaar. His shop name is Mojid

Glossary store. He lives near the cantonment. He started by his own business. He started

his business from 2002. He rent this shop and pay 50000 in advance. The rent of his shop

is 5000tk monthly and operation of the shop generates on average electricity cost of about

500-600 taka. His monthly income is 18000 to 20000. The average profit margin is 8%.

The products comes mostly from Comilla city. Rice comes from north Bengal The

manufacturer companies provide the goods to the seller through their distribution

channel. Vans and pickups are used for this purpose. If the date of the product expires

before it’s been sold then the producers take them away from the market themselves.

Also many goods can be returned to the distributors or producers if they can’t be sold..

7.15.3 Respondent no. 3Name- Md. Anserullah

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Age- 37 years Picture7.3: Md. Anserullah

Md. Anserullah runs the ‘ Sathi Bithi bastra bitan’ at the Tipra bazaar. He started his

business from 1998. He was a farmer at past latter on he decided that he will do business.

He borrows some money from his friend and started this clothing business. He rent this

shop for 4000 tk. He buy cloths from Dhaka , Islampur and Norshindi. In the festival

season he earns profit like 20%. He also sells the burial cloth. He monthly earns 20000 tk

to 30000 tk. Anserullah is happy about his business.

7.15.4 Respondent no. 4Name- Abdur Rahim

Age- 25 Picture 7.4: Abdur Rahim

Md. Abdur Rahim is an Egg seller. He buys each egg at 3.30 paisa in base of 100pics and

sells them for 14 to 15tk (hali). Daily profit he has earned 300tk by selling 1000-1200

pies per day. Last 15 years he is in this business. In his family he has four members

consisting with him, her wife and two sons. Having a small family he is happy with his

income.

7.15.5 Respondent no. 5Name- Mohammad Rasel

Age- 40 Picture7.5: Mohammad Rasel

He is a tailor who has a tailor shop name “Sun-moon Tailor”. In his tailoring activities he

stitches different types of cloth for people. In his shop people stitch kamiz 100t k, shirt

100 tk, pant 100 tk, borkha 200 tk, Court 2000 tk. In his shop he has two workers to help

him and their salary is 4000t k each and shop rent is 5000 tk. In his family he has 5

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members he and his wife with 3 children (2 son and 1daughter). He is enjoying his life

both in family and profession.

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Chapter~7 (Lfe G-47 - Individual Work -0420014-) Rural Market (Main)

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Transcript of Chapter~7 (Lfe G-47 - Individual Work -0420014-) Rural Market (Main)