Chapter7 axialskeletonmarieb
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Transcript of Chapter7 axialskeletonmarieb
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repetitio est mater studiorum– repetition is the mother of learning
Superficial, big, important
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Chapter 7, Bones, Part 1:
The Axial SkeletonSkullSpineSternum RibsAuditory ossiclesHyoid Bone
Goal: Learn and locate the bones and
markings of the axial skeleton
thorax
Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
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Bones of the Skull
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Bones of the Skull, cont’d
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Cranial Bones, AKA
calvarium
vs.
Facial Bones
Bones of the Skull, cont’d
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Bones of the Calvarium
Frontal (forehead)
– Anterior fossa of base of skull
– Frontal Crests
More prominent in male
– Frontal sinuses
Parietal (2)
– Sutures
Occipital– Foramen Magnum
– Occipital Condyles articulate with
C1
– Occipital Crest
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Bones of the Calvarium, cont’d
Temporal (4 parts): – Squamous (very thin),
– Mastoid (means breast-like) processSmall sinus
– Petrous Houses inner ear
Acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
– Zygomatic process
– Styloid Process
―In one of these, the squamosal section of the temporal bone had been
crushed, and another showed a jagged hole through the parietal bone.‖
The Bounty Trilogy, 1788
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Bones of the Calvarium floor
Sphenoid– Sella turcica houses pituitary
gland
Ethmoid (sieve)
– Cribriform plate for olfactory nerve
– Crista galli
– Part of nasal septum
Frontal
Temporal– Petrous part
Occipital– Foramen magnum
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Facial bones
Maxilla (2)
– Alveolar margin for teeth
– Maxillary sinus
– Anterior portion of hard palate
Palatine (2)
– Posterior aspect of hard palate
Nasal (2)
Inferior Nasal conchae (2)
– Will be covered in Respiratory
System
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Facial bones, cont’d
Zygomatic (2) AKA cheek bones
– Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Lacrimal (2)– Lacrimal sac
Vomer– Part of nasal septum
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Facial bones, cont’d
Mandible– Mandibular condyles
(TMJ)
– Mandibular notch
– Coronoid process
– Ramus
– Angle
– Mental foramen
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Sutures and Fontanels
Fibrous Articulation, no
movement, fused in
adulthood
– Lambdoidal—betw occipital
and parietal
– (mid) Saggital --- betw parietals
– Coronal– betw frontal and
parietals
– Squamous – betw parietals and
temporals
Anterior and Posterior
Fontanels
– ―Soft spot‖ of Newborn
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Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Narrow passageways from each
sinus provide communication with
nasal cavity
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Sinusitis
-itis = inflammation
Bacterial, viral, fungal,
allergic
Swelling causes poor
drainage and pressure
differentials
– Sinus headache
Treatment might include
decongestants, e.g.,
pseudephedrine
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Hyoid Bone
Inferior to the
mandible
Superior to the larynx
Supports many
cervical muscles
Supports the larynx
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The Vertebral Column
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
4 Coccygeal (usually)
Curvatures:
Cervical, Thoracic,
Lumbar, Sacral
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A ―Typical‖ Vertebra
Body and intervertebral disks
Spinous Process
Intervertebral Foramina
Articular processes/facets
Superior
Inferior
Vertebral (neural) Arch
Pedicles and Laminae
Vertebral Canal/foramen
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Cervical Vertebrae (C1 – C 7)
C1 = Atlas (no body)
C1-C2 – site of rotation
C2 = Axis (dens)
C3 - C6 are similar
Note the transverse foramina in each cervical vertebra– Vertebral Artery/Vein
C7 has the vertebra prominens
C1
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Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 - T12)
Large Spinous Processes
Articulations for ribs, both superior and inferior
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Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)
Body
Spinous Process
Lamina
Articular Facets
Transverse Process
Pedicle
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Intervertebral Articulation
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Intervertebral Disk
Nucleus Pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus– Fibrocartilage
See Fig. 8-9
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Disc Problems
Most common sites for disc problems: – C5 - C6
– L4 - L5
– L5 - S1
Laminectomy ( surgical removal vertebral
arch by shaving laminae to access disc)
Fig 7.14
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Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
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Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (3-5 fused)
Sacroiliac joint
Sacral Foramina
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Thoracic (Rib) Cage
Protection and muscle attachments
Ribs – 12 pairs– 1 - 7 are ―true‖ ribs, with attachment to the sternum
– 8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all
Costal Cartilages
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Thoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’d
Sternum– Manubrium
Clavicular Notch
– Body
– Xiphoid
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Cliffs of Moher, Co Clare, Ireland