repetitio est mater studiorumrepetitio est mater studiorum– repetition is the mother of learningrepetition is the mother of learning

Superficial, big, important

The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton (Part 1):(Part 1):SkullSkullSpineSpineSternum thoraxSternum thoraxRibsRibsAuditory ossiclesAuditory ossiclesHyoid BoneHyoid Bone The Appendicular The Appendicular

Skeleton (Part 2):Skeleton (Part 2):The appendages, i.e., The appendages, i.e.,

everything elseeverything else

Chapter 7 Bones, Part 1

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Cranial Bones, AKA calvarium

vs.

Facial Bones

Bones of the CalvariumBones of the Calvarium

FrontalFrontal (forehead) (forehead)– Anterior fossa of base of skullAnterior fossa of base of skull– Frontal CrestsFrontal Crests

More prominent in maleMore prominent in male

– Frontal sinusesFrontal sinuses

ParietalParietal (2) (2)– SuturesSutures

OccipitalOccipital– Foramen MagnumForamen Magnum

– Occipital Condyles articulate with Occipital Condyles articulate with CC11

– Occipital CrestOccipital Crest

Bones of the Calvarium, cont’dBones of the Calvarium, cont’d

Temporal (4 parts): Temporal (4 parts): – Squamous (very thin),Squamous (very thin),– Mastoid (means breast-like) processMastoid (means breast-like) process

Small sinusSmall sinus

– Petrous Petrous Houses inner earHouses inner earAcoustic meatusAcoustic meatusJugular foramenJugular foramen

– Zygomatic processZygomatic process– Styloid ProcessStyloid Process

“In one of these, the squamosal section of the temporal bone had been crushed, and another showed a jagged hole through the parietal bone.”The Bounty Trilogy, 1788

Bones of the Calvarium floorBones of the Calvarium floor

SphenoidSphenoid– Sella turcica houses pituitary Sella turcica houses pituitary

glandgland

Ethmoid Ethmoid (sieve) (sieve) – Cribriform plate for olfactory Cribriform plate for olfactory

nervenerve– Crista galliCrista galli– Part of nasal septumPart of nasal septum

FrontalFrontalTemporalTemporal– Petrous partPetrous part

OccipitalOccipital– Foramen magnumForamen magnum

Facial bonesFacial bones

Maxilla (2)Maxilla (2)– Alveolar margin for teethAlveolar margin for teeth– Maxillary sinusMaxillary sinus– Anterior portion of hard palateAnterior portion of hard palate

Palatine (2)Palatine (2)– Posterior aspect of hard palatePosterior aspect of hard palate

Nasal (2)Nasal (2)

Inferior Nasal conchae (2)Inferior Nasal conchae (2)– Will be covered in Respiratory Will be covered in Respiratory

SystemSystem

Facial bones, cont’dFacial bones, cont’d

Zygomatic (2) Zygomatic (2) AKA cheek bonesAKA cheek bones– Zygomatic process of temporal boneZygomatic process of temporal bone

Lacrimal (2)Lacrimal (2)– Lacrimal sacLacrimal sac

VomerVomer– Part of nasal septumPart of nasal septum

Facial bones, cont’dFacial bones, cont’d

MandibleMandible– Mandibular condyles Mandibular condyles

(TMJ)(TMJ)– Mandibular notchMandibular notch– Coronoid processCoronoid process– RamusRamus– AngleAngle

Sutures and FontanelsSutures and Fontanels

Fibrous Articulation, no Fibrous Articulation, no movement, fused in adulthoodmovement, fused in adulthood– Lambdoidal—betw occipital and Lambdoidal—betw occipital and

parietalparietal

– (mid) Saggital --- betw parietals(mid) Saggital --- betw parietals

– Coronal– betw frontal and Coronal– betw frontal and parietalsparietals

– Squamous – betw parietals and Squamous – betw parietals and temporalstemporals

Anterior and Posterior Anterior and Posterior FontanelsFontanels– ““Soft spot” of NewbornSoft spot” of Newborn

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Frontal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Maxillary

Narrow passageways from each sinus provide communication with nasal cavity

SinusitisSinusitis

-itis = inflammation-itis = inflammation

Bacterial, viral, fungal, Bacterial, viral, fungal, allergicallergic

Swelling causes poor Swelling causes poor drainage and pressure drainage and pressure differentialsdifferentials– Sinus headacheSinus headache

Treatment might include Treatment might include decongestants, e.g., decongestants, e.g., pseudephedrinepseudephedrine

Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

Inferior to the Inferior to the mandiblemandible

Superior to the larynxSuperior to the larynx

Supports many Supports many cervical musclescervical muscles

Supports the larynxSupports the larynx

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

7 Cervical7 Cervical

12 Thoracic12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar5 Lumbar

5 Sacral (fused)5 Sacral (fused)

4 Coccygeal (usually)4 Coccygeal (usually)

Curvatures:Curvatures:Cervical, Thoracic, Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, SacralLumbar, Sacral

A “Typical” VertebraA “Typical” Vertebra

Body and intervertebral disks

Spinous Process

Intervertebral Foramina

Articular processes/facetsSuperiorInferior

Vertebral (neural) ArchPedicles and Laminae

Vertebral Canal/foramen

Cervical Vertebrae (CCervical Vertebrae (C11 – C – C 77))

CC11 = Atlas (no body) = Atlas (no body)CC11-C-C22 – site of rotation – site of rotationCC22 = Axis (dens) = Axis (dens)CC33 - C - C66 are similar are similarNote the Note the transverse transverse foraminaforamina in each cervical in each cervical vertebravertebra– Vertebral Artery/VeinVertebral Artery/Vein

CC77 has the vertebra has the vertebra prominensprominens

C1

Thoracic Vertebrae (TThoracic Vertebrae (T11 - T - T1212))

Large Spinous ProcessesArticulations for ribs, both superior and inferior

Lumbar Vertebrae (LLumbar Vertebrae (L11 - L - L55))

BodyBody

Spinous ProcessSpinous Process

LaminaLamina

Articular FacetsArticular Facets

Transverse ProcessTransverse Process

PediclePedicle

Intervertebral ArticulationIntervertebral Articulation

Intervertebral DiskIntervertebral Disk

Nucleus PulposusNucleus PulposusAnnulus FibrosusAnnulus Fibrosus– FibrocartilageFibrocartilage

See Fig. 8-9

Disc ProblemsDisc Problems

Most common sites for disc problems: Most common sites for disc problems: – C5 - C6C5 - C6– L4 - L5L4 - L5– L5 - S1L5 - S1

Laminectomy ( surgical removal vertebral ( surgical removal vertebral arch by shaving laminae to access disc)arch by shaving laminae to access disc)

Fig 7.14

Damage to the Intervertebral DiscsDamage to the Intervertebral Discs

Sacrum (5 fused)Sacrum (5 fused)Coccyx (3-5 fused)Coccyx (3-5 fused)

Sacroiliac jointSacroiliac joint

Sacral ForaminaSacral Foramina

Thoracic (Rib) CageThoracic (Rib) Cage

Protection and muscle attachmentsProtection and muscle attachmentsRibsRibs – 12 pairs – 12 pairs– 1 - 7 are “true” ribs, with attachment to the sternum1 - 7 are “true” ribs, with attachment to the sternum– 8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all

Costal CartilagesCostal Cartilages

Thoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’dThoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’d

SternumSternum– ManubriumManubrium

Clavicular NotchClavicular Notch

– BodyBody– XiphoidXiphoid

Cliffs of Moher, Co Clare, Ireland