Chapter4 Solutions 100416082428 Phpapp01
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Chemical Interactions
Chapter 4: Solutions
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Section 4.1
A Solution is a Type of Mixture
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The parts of a solution are
mixed evenly.� A solution is a homogeneous
mixture: all portions have identicalproperties.
� The solute is the substance that isdissolved.
� The solvent dissolves the solute.
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� Solutes, solvents,and solutions canbe liquids, solids, or
gases.� The solute and
solvent can be in
the same or indifferent physicalstates.
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� A suspension is a mixture with largeparticles.
The particles do not dissolve.
The mixture is not a solution.
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Solvent and solute
particles interact.� When a solid dissolves in a liquid, the solute breaks apart.
� Solute particles are surrounded bysolvent particles and are evenlydistributed in the solution.
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� Ionic compounds break up intoindividual ions when they dissolve.
� When covalent compounds dissolve, the molecules separate from eachother, but covalent bonds remainintact and the individual molecules
remain whole.
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Properties of solvents
change in solutions.� A solute changes the physical
properties of a solvent. The freezing point of a solution is
lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
The boiling point of a solution ishigher than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
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Section 4.2
The Amount of
Solute That
DissolvesCan Vary.
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A solution with a high
concentration contains alarge amount of solute.
� The concentration of a solution is theamount of solute dissolved in it at aparticular temperature.
� Solutions can be made more
concentrated by adding solute.� Solutions can be made more dilute by
adding more solvent.
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Degrees of Concentration
Low Solubility High Solubility
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� A saturated solution holds as much of a
given solute as it can at a given temperature.
If it holds more solute than normal, it
is supersaturated.�Very unstable
�Disturbing the solution could cause
excess solute to come out of thesolution as a precipitate.
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� Every substance has a characteristic
solubility, the amount that will dissolvein a certain amount of a certain solventat a given temperature.
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The solubility of a solute
can be changed.� Changes in temperature will change the solubility.
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� The solubilityof liquid and
solid solutesare not usuallyaffected bychanges in
pressure.
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Solubility depends on
molecular structure.� Solubility depends on changes of solute
particles.
� Molecules with regions of electricalcharge (polar molecules) and ionsdissolve in polar solvents such as water.
� Nonpolar molecules (oils) do not havecharged regions and do not dissolve inpolar solvents, but they dissolve innonpolar solvents.
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Section 4.3
Solutionscan be
Acidic, Basic, or
Neutral
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Acids and bases have
distinct properties.� Acids:
A substance that can donate ahydrogen ion to another substancewhen the acid is dissolved in water.
�HCl is an acid and donates a H+ ionin a water solution.
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� Acids also:
Taste sour
React with carbonates to form CO2.
React with many metals.
Turn litmus red.
� Common acids: Milk, beer,
cheese,
sauerkraut,wine, vinegar,lemon juice
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� Bases:
A substance that can accept ahydrogen ion from anothersubstance.
In water, the base NaOH releasesa hydroxide ion, which can accepta hydrogen ion.
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� Bases also:
Taste bitter Feel slippery or
soapy
Turn litmusblue.
� Common bases:
Borax, milk of
magnesia,ammonia, ovencleaner,peroxide
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The strength of acids and
bases can be measured.� Strong acids and bases break apart
completely into individual ions. No complete molecules of the acid or
base remain in the solution
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� Weak acids and bases don·t break
apart completely into ions. It contains both molecules of the
acid/base and its ions.
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� The acidity of a solution is measured on the pH scale.
Acids produce higher hydrogen ionconcentration and have a low pH ²
from 0 ² 7. Bases produce a low hydrogen ion
concentration and have a high pH ²
from 7 ² 14. Solutions of pH 7 are neutral.
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Acids and bases neutralize
each other.� When an acid and base come into contact, they undergo a neutralization reaction.
The hydrogen ion from the acid and thehydroxide ion from the base combine toform water.
The negative ion from the acid and the
positive ion from the base combine to forma salt.
The products of a neutralization reaction ² water and salt ² are both neutral
substances.
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Section 4.4
Metal Alloys are Solid
Mixtures
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Humans have made alloys
for thousands of years.� Alloy: a solid mixture that has many of the characteristics of a solution.
In an alloy, a solid (usually a metal)solute is mixed with a solid metallicsolvent.
Made by melting the metal componentsand mixing them in the liquid state.
The physical properties of the alloy aredifferent from those of the solvent
metal.
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� Two types of alloys:
Substitutional alloy: atoms of onemetal are replaced by the other
metal (brass). Interstitial alloy: (Steel) Carbon
atoms occupy the gaps between
the iron atoms.
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Alloys have many uses in
everyday life.� Automotive - pistons, cylinder blocks and
liners, sliding bearings, wheels.
� Aerospace - actuators and gears,structural elements, bearings and wheels, gas turbines.
� Oil, gas and chemical - valves, pumps,
hydraulic and pneumatic systems.� Cookware - frying pans, saucepans, knifesharpeners.
� Medical - prostheses.
�P
rinting - anilox rolls.