Chapter22
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Transcript of Chapter22
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ACCOUNTS
© LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION & KEITH MORRISON
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STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER• Characteristics of the ethogenic approach• Characteristics of accounts and episodes • Procedures in eliciting, analyzing and authenticating
accounts• Network analysis• Discourse analysis• Analyzing social episodes• Account gathering in educational research• Problems in gathering and analyzing accounts • Handling quantitative and qualitative accounts• Strengths and weaknesses of ethogenic approaches• A note on stories
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ACCOUNTS
• Accounts focus on language in context• Speech acts • Ethnomethodology • Conversation analysis • Discourse analysis • Ethnographic paradigm: see situations
through the eyes of participants, their intentionality and their interpretations of situations, their meaning systems and the dynamics of the interaction as it unfolds
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THE ETHOGENIC APPROACH• Synchronic analysis: the analysis of social
practices and institutions as they exist at any one time
• Diachronic analysis: the study of stages/processes by which social practices and institutions are created and abandoned, change and are changed.
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THE ETHOGENIC APPROACH• Concentrates upon the meaning system, the
sequence by which a social act is achieved. • Concerned with speech which accompanies
action. • Founded upon the view that humans tend to be
the kinds of person that their language, traditions, tacit and explicit knowledge tell them they are.
• Ethogenic studies make use of commonsense understandings of the social world.
• The ethogenic study employs an ongoing observational approach that focuses upon processes rather than products.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOUNTS AND EPISODES
• Accounts must be seen within the context of social episodes.
• Accounts serve to explain our past, present and future oriented actions.
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PROCEDURES IN ELICITING, ANALYZING AND AUTHENTICATING ACCOUNTS
• Attention to informants, the account-gathering situation, the transformation of accounts and researchers’ accounts, and control procedures
• Eliciting, analyzing and authenticating accounts
• Experience-sampling: a qualitative technique for gathering and analyzing accounts based on interviews that were themselves prompted by given situations
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NETWORK ANALYSIS
• There are structural regularities – regular patterns) – in social relations between entitities
• These macro-structural relations influence people’s agentic decisions, actions, values and behaviours.
• Network analysis is an attempt to measure and chart these, e.g. through graphic means.
• Relations are context-specific and dynamic.• Two main components:
– Actors – Relations
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NETWORK ANALYSIS ADDRESSES . . .
• The units (the actors)• The relational form
– Dyads, triads, stars, chains etc.– The nature of the relationship – The strength, intensity and frequency of
the relationship• The relational content• The type of tie• The level of data analysis
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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
• The organization of ordinary talk and everyday explanations and the social actions performed in them.
• Discourses are sets of linguistic material that are coherent in organization and content and enable people to construct meaning in social contexts.
• Speech acts: utterances express content and intentions.
• Talk as contextualized dialogue.
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ANALYZING SOCIAL EPISODES
• Quantitative analysis– Factor analysis– Linkage analysis– Multidimensional measurement– Cluster analysis
• Qualitative analysis– Coding– Classifying– Within-site and cross-site analysis
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PROBLEMS IN GATHERING AND ANALYZING ACCOUNTS
• Many meanings present in a social episode• Actors may have biased meanings• Whose meaning(s) predominate/are valid
and reliable