Chapter_1_MCI_SS08.pdf

7/28/2019 Chapter_1_MCI_SS08.pdf

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Chapter 1:What is interaction design?


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Chapter 1: What is

interaction desgin Explain the difference between good and poor

interaction design.

Describe what interaction design is and how it relatesto human-computer interaction and other fields.

Explain what usability and user experience is. Describe what is involved in the process of

interaction design.

Outline the different forms of guidance used ininteraction design.

Enable you to evaluate an interactive product andexplain what is good and bad about it in terms of thegoals and principles of interaction design.


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Why is this vending machine

so bad? Need to push

buttonfirst toactivate reader

Normally insertbill first beforemaking selection

Contravenes wellknown convention

From: http://www.baddesigns.com/parking2.html


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Good design

Marble answeringmachine (Bishop,1995)

Based on howeveryday objectsbehave

Easy, intuitive and apleasure to use

Only requires one-step actions toperform core tasks


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Good and bad design

What is wrong withthe Apex remote?

Why is the TiVoremote so muchbetter designed? Peanut shaped to fit

in hand

Logical layout andcolor-coded,distinctive buttons

Easy to locate buttons


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What to design

Need to take into account: Who the users are What activities are being carried out Where the interaction is taking place

Need to optimize the interactions users havewith a product So that they match the users activities and needs


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Understanding users needs

Need to take into account what people aregood and bad at

Consider what might help people in the waythey currently do things

Think through what might provide qualityuser experiences

Listen to what people want and getthem involved

Use tried and tested user-centeredmethods


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Activity

How does making a call differwhen using a:

Cell phonePublic phone box?Consider the kinds of user, type of

activity and context of use


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What is interaction design?

Designing interactive products to support theway people communicate and interact in theireveryday and working lives

Sharp, Rogers and Preece (2007)

The design of spaces for humancommunication and interaction

Winograd (1997)


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Goals of interaction design

Develop usable productsUsability means easy to learn,

effective to use and provide anenjoyable experience

Involve users in the design process


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Which kind of design?

Number of other terms used emphasizing whatis being designed, e.g., user interface design, software design, user-centered

design, product design, web design, experience

design (UX) Interaction design is the umbrella term

covering all of these aspects fundamental to all disciplines, fields, and approaches

concerned with researching and designing computer-based systems for people


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HCI and interaction design


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Relationship between ID, HCI

and other fieldsAcademic disciplines contributing

to ID:

PsychologySocial Sciences

Computing SciencesEngineeringErgonomicsInformatics


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and other fieldsDesign practices contributing to

ID:

Graphic designProduct design

Artist-designIndustrial designFilm industry


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and other fields

Interdisciplinary fields that dointeraction design:HCIHuman FactorsCognitive EngineeringCognitive Ergonomics

Computer Supported Co-operative WorkInformation Systems


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Working in multidisciplinary

teams Many people from different

backgrounds involved

Different perspectivesand ways of seeingand talking about things

Benefits more ideas and designs

generated

Disadvantages difficult to communicate and

progress forward the designs being create


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Interaction design in business

Increasing number of ID consultancies, examples of well known onesinclude:

Nielsen Norman Group: help companies enter the age of theconsumer, designing human-centered products and services

Cooper: From research and product to goal-related design Swim: provides a wide range of design services, in each case

targeted to address the product development needs at hand

IDEO: creates products, services and environments forcompanies pioneering new ways to provide value to theircustomers


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User Interface Design GmbH

www.uidesign.dePhilosophie: Optimale Bedienkonzepte zu entwickeln die zugleich

intuitiv, innovativ und attraktiv sind.

Neue, komplizierte Technologien fr alle Menschenzugnglich machen.

Gestaltung/Realisierung nachAnforderungen und Wnschedes Kunden(Zielgruppe)


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What do professionals do in theID business?

interaction designers - people involved in the design of allthe interactive aspects of a product

usability engineers - people who focus on evaluatingproducts, using usability methods and principles

web designers - people who develop and create the visualdesign of websites, such as layouts

information architects - people who come up with ideas ofhow to plan and structure interactive products

user experience designers (UX) - people who do all theabove but who may also carry out field studies to inform the

design of products


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The User Experience

How a product behaves and is used bypeople in the real world the way people feel about it and their pleasure and

satisfaction when using it, looking at it, holding it,and opening or closing it

every product that is used by someone has a userexperience: newspapers, ketchup bottles, recliningarmchairs, cardigan sweaters. (Garrett, 2003)

Cannot design a user experience, onlydesign fora user experience


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Why was the iPod user

experience such a success?


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Good DesignsAffordance, Mapping, Visibility, Feedback

http://www.apple.com/


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What is involved in the process

of interaction design Identifying needs and establishing

requirements for the user experience

Developing alternative designs to meetthese Building interactive prototypes that can be

communicated and assessed

Evaluating what is being built throughout theprocess and the user experience it offers


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Core characteristics of

interaction design Users should be involved through the

development of the project

Specific usability and user experiencegoals need to be identified, clearlydocumented and agreed at the beginning ofthe project

Iteration is needed through the core activities


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Why go to this length?

Help designers:understand how to design interactive

products that fit with what people want,

need and may desireappreciate that one size does not fit alle.g., teenagers are very different to grown-ups

identify any incorrect assumptions they mayhave about particular user groupse.g., not all old people want or need big fonts

be aware of both peoples sensitivities andtheir capabilities


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Are cultural differences

important? 5/21/1960 versus 21/5/1960?

Which should be used for internationalservices and online forms?

Why is it that certain products, like theiPod, are universally accepted by peoplefrom all parts of the world whereas

websites are reacted to differently bypeople from different cultures?


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Designed to bedifferent for UK and UScustomers

What are the differencesand which is which?

What should Annasappearance be likefor other countries,like India, South Africa,

or China?

Anna, IKEA online sales agent


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Usability goals book Interaction

Desgin Have good utility (functionality) Effective to use (effectiveness) Efficient to use (efficiency) Safe to use (e.g. preventing errors)(safety) Easy to learn (learnability) Easy to remember how to use

(memorability)


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Activity on usability

How long should it take and howlong does it actually take to:Using a DVD to play a movie?Use a DVD to pre-record two

programs?Using a web browser tool to create a

website?


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User experience goals

satisfying aesthetically pleasing enjoyable supportive of creativity engaging supportive of creativity pleasurable rewarding exciting fun

entertaining provocative helpful surprising motivating enhancing sociability emotionally fulfilling challenging

boring annoying

frustrating cutsey


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Usability and user experience

goals Selecting terms to convey a persons feelings,

emotions, etc., can help designers understandthe multifaceted nature of the user experience

How do usability goals differ from userexperience goals?

Are there trade-offs between the two kinds ofgoals?

e.g. can a product be both fun and safe? How easy is it to measure usability versus user

experience goals?


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User Experience Design


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Design principles

Generalizable abstractions for thinking aboutdifferent aspects of design

The dos and donts of interaction design What to provide and what not to provide at

the interface

Derived from a mix of theory-basedknowledge, experience and common-sense


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Normans Design Principles

Affordance: wahrgenommeneEigenschaft eines Objektes, die einenEindruck von der Bedienung vermittelt

Constraints: schrnken mglicheBedienhandlungen eines Objektes ein

Mapping: Beziehung zwischenBedienhandlung und dem (internen)Zustand eines Objektes

Visibility: sichtbarer Zustand desObjektes und mglicherBedienhandlungen

Feedback: Art und Weise, wie Objektauf Bedienhandlungen reagiert, wieschnell es reagiert und wie BenutzerReaktionen wahrnehmen undinterpretieren kann


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Visibility This is a control panel for an elevator

How does it work?

Push a button for the floor you want?

Nothing happens. Push any otherbutton? Still nothing. What do youneed to do?

It is not visible as to what to do!From:www.baddesigns.com


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Visibilityyou need to insert your room card in the slot by the buttons toget the elevator to work!

How would you make this action more visible?

make the card reader more obvious

provide an auditory message, that says what to do (whichlanguage?)

provide a big label next to the card reader that flasheswhen someone enters

make relevant parts visible make what has to be done obvious


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What do I do if I am wearing

black?Invisible automatic

controls can make it

more difficultto use


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Feedback

Sending information back to the user aboutwhat has been done

Includes sound, highlighting, animation andcombinations of these

e.g. when screen button clicked on provides sound orred highlight feedback:

ccclichhk


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Visibility und Feedback


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Constraints

Restricting the possible actions that can beperformed

Helps prevent user from selecting incorrectoptions

Physical objects can be designed to constrainthings e.g. only one way you can insert a key into a lock


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Logical or ambiguous design?

Where do you plug themouse?

Where do you plug thekeyboard?

top or bottom connector? Do the color coded icons

help?

From: www.baddesigns.com


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How to design them more

logically(i) A provides direct

adjacent mappingbetween icon andconnector

(ii) B provides colorcoding to associatethe connectors withthe labels

From: www.baddesigns.com


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Logical Constraints


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Mapping

Relationship between controls andtheir movements and the resultsin the world

Why is this a poor mapping ofcontrol buttons?


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Mapping

Why is this a better mapping?

The control buttons are mapped betteronto the sequence of actions of fast

rewind, rewind, play and fast forward


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Mapping

Quelle:

Norman D., The Design ofEveryday Things, Basic Books,New York, 1990


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Consistency

Design interfaces to have similar operationsand use similar elements for similar tasks

For example:

always use ctrl key plus first initial of the commandfor an operation ctrl+C, ctrl+S, ctrl+O

Main benefit is consistent interfaces are easierto learn and use


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Internal and external

consistency Internal consistency refers to designing

operations to behave the same within anapplication

Difficult to achieve with complex interfaces External consistency refers to designingoperations, interfaces, etc., to be thesame across applications and devicesVery rarely the case, based on different

designers preference


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Keypad numbers layout

A case of external inconsistency

1 2 34 5 67

8

9

7 8 9

1

2

3

4 5 6

0 0

(a) phones, remote controls (b) calculators, computer keypads


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Affordances: to give a clue

Refers to an attribute of an object that allowspeople to know how to use it e.g. a mouse button invites pushing, a door handle

affords pulling

Norman (1988) used the term to discuss thedesign of everyday objects

Since has been much popularised ininteraction design to discuss how to designinterface objects e.g. scrollbars to afford moving up and down, icons

to afford clicking on


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What does affordance have to

offer interaction design? Interfaces are virtual and do not have affordances like

physical objects

Norman argues it does not make sense to talk aboutinterfaces in terms of real affordances

Instead interfaces are better conceptualized asperceived affordances

Learned conventions of arbitrary mappings between actionand effect at the interface

Some mappings are better than others


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Affordance

Physical affordances:How do the following physical objects

afford? Are they obvious?


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Affordance

Virtual affordancesHow do the following screen objects

afford?

What if you were a novice user?Would you know what to do with them?


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Usability principles

Similar to design principles, exceptmore prescriptive

Used mainly as the basis forevaluating systems

Provide a framework for heuristicevaluation


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Usability principles (Nielsen 2001)

Visibility of system status Match between system and the real world User control and freedom Consistency and standards Help users recognize, diagnose and recover from errors Error prevention Recognition rather than recall Flexibility and efficiency of use Aesthetic and minimalist design Help and documentation


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Usability ISO 9241 Part 11

Usability(Gebrauchstauglichkeit):

Extent to which a product can beused by specified users to achievespecified goals witheffectiveness, efficiency and

satisfaction in a specified contextof use.


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ISO 9241 Part 11 Usability

bzw. Gebrauchstauglichkeit Effektivitt: Genauigkeit und Vollstndigkeit, mit der Benutzer ein bestimmtes

Ziel (Aufgabe) unter Verwendung des Computers erreichen. Messbar, Erfassung der Richtigkeit/Vollstndigkeit des erzielten

Arbeitsergebnisses (z.B. Grad der Zielerreichung in Prozent).

Effizienz: Der im Verhltnis zur Genauigkeit und Vollstndigkeit eingesetzteAufwand, mit dem Benutzer ein bestimmtes Ziel (Aufgabe)erreichen.

Messbar, Erfassung der Bearbeitungszeit,Tastenanschlgen,Dialogschritte, etc.

Zufriedenstellung: Persnliche Zufriedenheit und die Akzeptanz der Nutzung. Messbar, Befragung der Benutzer (z.B. subjektive Ratings auf Skalen).


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ISO 9241 Teil 10 Grundlagen derDialoggestaltung

Aufgabenangemessenheit Der Benutzer soll bei der Erledigung seiner

Arbeitsaufgaben untersttzt werden, seine Aufgabeneffektiv und effizient zu erledigen

Selbstbeschreibungsfhigkeit Jeder einzelne Dialogschritt ist durch Beschreibungenoder Rckmeldungen unmittelbar verstndlich oder er

wird auf Anfrage des Benutzers erklrt.

Steuerbarkeit Der Benutzer soll in der Lage sein, den Dialogablauf zu

steuern, das heit Ablauf, Richtung und Geschwindigkeit

zu beeinflussen, bis er sein Ziel erreicht hat.


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9241 Teil 10 Erwartungskonformitt Der Dialog entspricht den Kenntnissen des Benutzers

aus seinem Arbeitsgebiet, seiner Ausbildung und seinerErfahrung. Auerdem ist der Dialog konsistent.

Fehlertoleranz Trotz erkennbar fehlerhafter Eingaben kann das

beabsichtigte Arbeitsergebnis mit keinem oderminimalem Korrekturaufwand des Benutzers erreichtwerden.

Individualisierbarkeit Der Benutzer kann den Dialog an seine Arbeitsaufgabe,

sowie seine individuellen Fhigkeiten und Vorliebenanpassen.

Lernfrderlichkeit Der Benutzer wird beim Erlernen der Anwendung

untersttzt und angeleitet.


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AufgabenangemessenheitDer Dialog sollte dem Benutzer

nur solche Informationenanzeigen, die imZusammenhang mit derErledigung der Arbeitsaufgabestehen.

Informationen wie Wochentageoder das Datum sowieFormatierungen in Farbe oderForm werden nur angezeigt,wenn sie die Erledigung derArbeitsaufgabe erleichtern.

Die angezeigte Hilfe-Funktionsollte von der Aufgabeabhngen.

Wenn der Anwender beimEditieren die Hilfe aufruft wirdbeispielsweise eine Liste derEditierbefehle zur Erluterungangezeigt.

Alle Aufgaben, die sinnvollerweiseautomatisch vomDialogsystem erledigt werdenknnen, sollen auch vondiesem ausgefhrt werden umden Anwender zu entlasten.

Die Positionsmarke wird beimBetreten eines Formulars aufdas erste Eingabefeldpositioniert. Start undInitialisiervorgnge laufenautomatisch ab.


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SelbstbeschreibungsfhigkeitNach jeder Handlung des Benutzers

sollte das Dialogsystem dort, woes zweckmig ist, eineRckmeldung geben.

Werden Daten eingegeben, sollen sieoder die nderungen, die sieverursacht haben unmittelbarangezeigt werden. Damit wird demBenutzer geholfen, zu verstehen,was in der Anwendung geschiehtund was er beeinflussen kann.

Wenn die Ausfhrung einer Handlungschwerwiegende Folgen habenkann, sollten vor der Ausfhrungdiese erlutert werden und eineBesttigung verlangt werden.

Kann das Lschen von Daten nichtrckgngig gemacht werden, sollauf diese unwiderrufliche Folgehingewiesen werden und eineBesttigung verlangt werden.

Rckmeldungen und Erluterungensollten sich in ihrer Terminologie

aus dem Arbeitsgebiet statt ausden technischen Eigenschaften desDialogsystems ableiten.

Statt einer Meldung mit einennumerischen Fehlercode der USB-

Verbindung sollte daraufhingewiesen werden, dass derDrucker nicht angeschlossen ist.


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SteuerbarkeitDie Geschwindigkeitdes

Dialogablaufs sollte nicht vomDialogsystem bestimmtwerden sondern unter derKontrolle des Benutzersstehen.

Eingaben werden erst dannendgltig bernommen, wennder Benutzer die Gltigkeit mitder (Enter)-Taste besttigt.

Das Dialogsystem sollte demBenutzer die Kontrolle darbergeben, wie der Dialogfortgesetztwerden soll.

Mit den Pfeiltasten kann nicht nurzum nchsten Eingabefeldsondern zu einem beliebigenEingabefeld gesprungenwerden.

Soweit mglich solltenDialogschritte wieder

rckgngig gemacht werden.

Lschungen und nderungen ingeschriebenem Text knnen

wieder ungeschehen gemachtwerden.


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ErwartungskonformittDas Verhalten des

Dialogsystems und dieInformationsdarstellungsollen einheitlich sein.

Zustandsmeldungen werdenimmer an der gleichen Stelleausgegeben. DieTerminologie ist konsistent inallen Meldungen undBezeichnungen

nderungen undFunktionsaufrufe werden aufeinheitliche Art und Weiseherbeigefhrt.

Dialoge werden immer mit dergleichen Taste beendet. Hilfewird mit der (F1)-Tasteaufgerufen.

Der Dialog sollte dieTerminologie des Anwendersund der Arbeitsaufgabeverwenden.

Die richtigen Fachausdrckewerden konsistentverwendet.


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FehlertoleranzDas Dialogsystem sollte den

Benutzer dabei untersttzen,Eingabefehlerzu entdeckenund zu vermeiden.

Das Dialogsystem prft aufZiffern, falls nur Ziffern erlaubtsind und weist den Benutzerbei der Eingabe auf Fehler hin.

Fehler sollten dem Benutzer zu

Korrekturzwecken erlutertwerden.

Das Dialogsystem zeigt nicht nur

den Fehler an sondern gibt aufVerlangen auch Informationenber Ursache undMglichkeiten der Korrektur.

Wenn Fehler automatischkorrigiertwerden knnen,sollte das Dialogsystem den

Benutzer auf den Fehler hin-weisen und einenKorrekturvorschlag machen.

In einer Textverarbeitung machtdie RechtschreibprfungVorschlge, die der Benutzer

einfach bernehmen odermodifizieren kann.


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IndividualisierbarkeitDas Dialogsystem sollte eine

Anpassung an Sprache,kulturelle Eigenheiten undindividuelles Wissen undErfahrung des Anwendersermglichen.

Die Sprache des Anwenders solltein allen Meldungen, Mens undBeschreibungen einstellbarsein.

Fr krperlich eingeschrnkteBenutzer sollte eineAnpassung des Dialogsystemsmglich sein.

Fr Sehbehinderte sollte dieSchriftgre einstellbar seinoder die Farben angepasstwerden knnen.

Der Umfang von Erluterungenbei Fehlermeldungen oder

Hilfeinformationen sollteentsprechend demKenntnisstand des Benutzerseinstellbar sein.

Der Grad an Detaillierung kannglobal oder pro Dialog

eingestellt werden.


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Key points

Interaction design is concerned with designinginteractive products to support the way peoplecommunicate and interact in their everydayand working lives

It is concerned with how to create quality userexperiences It requires taking into account a number of

interdependent factors, including context ofuse, type of activities, cultural differences, and

user groups It is multidisciplinary, involving many inputsfrom wide-reaching disciplines and fields

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