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Chapter 18: Back to Hong Kong and the Philippines

Melbourne Streamer he rode to leave Europe via Marseilles, France on October

18, 1891.

November 20, 1891 Day he arrived in Hong Kong.

Jose Ma. Basa

Welcomed Rizal when he arrived in Hong Kong.No. 5 D’Aguilar Street,

No. 2 Rednaxola Terrance

Where Rizal opened a medical clinic in order to earn a living.

Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez A Portuguese ophthalmologist in Hong Kong who referrals brought

Rizal numerous clients.

December 1, 1891 Day he wrote to his parents asking permission to go return home.

He received news from his brother-in-law that Don Francisco,

Neneng, Sisa and Paciano and other Calambenos were rusticated.

Father

Brother

Silvestre Ubaldo

Lucia

Josefa

Trinidad

Visited Rizal before Christmas 1891.

His father expressed to Rizal his desire to stay to stay permanently

in Hong Kong.

Lorenzo Miclat Congratulated Rizal for starting anew and pledged support in all his

undertaking.

Alejandrino Informed him of his plan to establish an organization to counter-act

Del Pilar’s lamentable policy, with Rizal as leader.

Linares Rivas Promised Rizal that he would seek an audience with the Minister of

Colonies in Madrid on the agrarian problem of Calamba.

Govantes and Boustead

families

Rizal received letters of sympathy from them.

How the letters from

fellow expatriates

affected Rizal

Restored his self-confidence.

Reawakened his interest in politics.

Led him to re-examine his whole political strategy.

Re-examining his political

strategy

Could have been due to the radical ideas propounded by Luna and

Evangelista of the need for a separatist propaganda and a policy of

separation and independence.

Evangelista According to him, the old corrupt generation of principles had to be

rejected.

Luna According to him, a separatist movement under the guise of

assimilation has to be started.

Blumentritt Rizal to him in his letter that he had lost his hope in Spain and La

Solidaridad, and that he came to the realization that nothing can be

expected from peaceful advocacy of reforms.

Said that “whoever begins a revolution should have at least the

probability of success”.

Four Condition necessary for a revelation to succeed:

o

A part of the army and the navy should rebel

o

The metropolis should be at war with another country.

o

There were money and munitions

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o

Some foreign country were to lend official or secret support

to the insurrection

Governor-General

Valeriano Weyler

The butcher of Cuba

North Borneo or Sabah Where Rizal planned to make a Filipino colony

He visited the place in March 7, 1892 and negotiated with theBritish authorities in charge of the North Borneo Company

His mission was a success as the British authorities offered him

10,000 acres of land free of charges for 999 years.

Jaena, Luna, Bautista, Blumentritt and his other friends in Europe

were delighted upon hearing the plan and expressed their support

to the endeavor.

Manuel Hidalgo Rizal’s brother-in-law who was not in favor of the project.

Said there was no need to leave the Philippines considering the

sacrifices they had given for the country.

Settling in Borneo should be their last course only when all efforts

at securing the welfare of the country had been consummated butproved futile.

Governor Eulogio

Despujol

Replaced Weyler

Rizal wrote him a congratulatory letter with an offer of cooperation

with his leadership in the country on December 23, 1891.

No response to his letter, Rizal wrote another one on March 21,

1892.

Did not accept Rizal’s request because:

o

The colony lacked workers

o

That leaving the country and cultivating a foreign soil would

mean becoming unpatriotic to Spain.

Frazier Smith Edited Rizal’s article in the Hong Kong Telegraph.

Ang Mga Karapatan Nang

Tao

Rizal’s version of the Rights of Man, a historic document proclaimed

by the French Revolution of 1789.

A la Nacion Espanola

(To The Spanish Nation )

Rizal’s appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs done to the landless

peasants of Calamba.

Sa Mga Kababayan (To

My Country)

Rizal’s exposition on the Calamba agrarian problem.

La Liga Filipina Also known as the Philippine League

He laid down the basis in Hong Kong and said he would establish it

when he returns to the Philippines.

Jose Ma. Basa assisted in drafting its constitution.

Goals:

o

The Unification of the whole archipelago into vigorous,

compact body.

o

Mutual protection in every want and necessity.

o

Defense against all forms of violence and injustice

o

Stimulation of instruction, agriculture and commerce.

o

Undertaking of study and application of reforms

Unus Instar Omnium Motto of La Liga Filipina

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Means “One Like All”

Three Levels of

Organizational Councils in

La Liga Filipina

Popular

Provincial

Supreme

Each will consist of a chief, fiscal, treasurer, secretary and members.

Supreme Council

Composed of the chiefs of the provincial councils Control the La Liga.

Membership of La Liga Depends on passing certain tests and unanimous endorsement by

the popular council of the town where the applicant hails from.

Pay a monthly due of ten centavos which would be used in:

o

Supporting a member or his son who had no financial

means but studious and with remarkable aptitude for study.

o

Helping members who were in dire poverty

o

Lending funds to a member who needs financial support for

his farm or industrial venture.

o

Supporting a member in defense of his rights

o

Opening stores to cater to the needs of the members atreduced prices.

Privileges:

o

Financial material and moral assistance from his council and

the organization

o

An assurance that fellow members shall support him in his

business or profession as long as the same to others.

o

Full support from La Liga in case of trouble or injustice.

o

Financial assistance in any business undertaking when funds

are available.

Despujol His decision to reject the North Borneo Project led Rizal to choose

between Borneo (Peaceful emigration) and Cuba (eventual

revolution).

“Had cast the dice for Rizal”

Hong Kong Where he celebrated his 31st

birthday

Wrote two letters that should be opened only after his death.

o

First was addressed to his family

o

Second to his fellow countrymen

Taken from Epistolario Rizalino Volume 3

Reason for his second

homecoming

To obtain justice and peace for the country

To shoulder the burden of all persecutions against his family

To do what his conscience tells him to do

To prove that reviled Filipinos could die for their conviction.

The Third Letter

Was sent to Despujol informing him that he is returning to the

country and that he is placing himself under protection of the

Spanish colonial government.

Despujol and Spanish

consul-general

Unknown to Rizal, they were setting a trap for him.

Rizal delivered himself to his enemies.

June 21, 1892 Day he and his sister Lucia left Hong Kong with a special passport

issued by the Spanish consulate.

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June 26,1892 Day he and Lucia arrived in Manila

Hotel Oriente in Binondo Where he stayed while Lucia stayed with their sisters.

Rizal Sought Despujol’s audience in Malacanang

The interviews he had with Despujol, resulted to the securing of

permission for the return of his parents and sisters to Manila.

Despujol reiterated his disapproval of Rizal’s North BorneoColonization Project.

Jose Bautista

Manuel Crisostomo

Vincente Gatmaitan

Friends he visited in Bulacan

Informed them of the details of La Liga Filipina

Tiburcio and Cecillio

Hilario

Friends he visited in San Fernando, Pampanga

Became very active members of the revolutionary movement of the

province.

Villafuertes

Punos

Tanedos

Met them in Tarlac

Were convinced that the La Liga Filipina should be organized.

Doroteo Ongjuco(Ongjungco?)

Organized a dinner for Rizal to secure the agreement of:o

Apolinario Mabini

o

Andres Bonifacio

o

Deodato Arellano

o

Timoteo Paez

o

Arcadio del Rosario

o

Juan Zulueta

o

Pedro Serrano Laktaw

o

Moises Salvador

o

Pablo Reinzares Bautista on the urgency of establishing the

La Liga.

La Liga was founded in his home

July 3, 1892

Day Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina.

Calle Ilaya Where La Liga Filipina was founded.

Ambrosio Salvador Elected president of La Liga

Agustin de la Rosa Elected Fiscal

Bonifacio Arevalo Elected Treasurer

Deodato Arellano Elected Secretary

Mabini

Bonifacio

Arellano

Paez

Adriano

Del Rosario

Dizon

Noted members of La Liga Filipina

Despujol Questioned Rizal about the owner of the pillows and the mats in his

luggage, as they were questionable handbills in them and Rizal

answered that they belong to her sister Lucia.

Ordered his aide-de-camp to arrest Rizal and incarcerate him in Fort

Santiago.

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Released his gubernatorial decree ordering the deportation of Rizal

to Dapitan on July 7, 1892

Charges against Rizal Publication and introduction of various anti-monastic books and

handbills.

Traveling through different provinces without the permit from the

Governor-General. Finding his luggage the pamphlet Pobres Frailes or Poor Friars.

Which mocked the religious orders

Dedication of the El Filibusterismo to the memory of Gomburza

Rizal’s attempts at de-Catholicizing and denationalizing the Filipino

people

o

Without due process, Despujol rendered the verdict on

Rizal.

Rizal Was detained in Fort Santiago for 9 days.

Left Manila for Dapitan on July 15, 1892, where he would be

spending the next four years of his life.

With his deportation, the Liga died its natural death.La Liga split into two

branches

Rightist: Cuerpos de Compromisarios

Leftist: Katipunan or KKK

Chapter 19: Practical Nationalism in Dapitan

Cebu Steamer that arrived on Dapitan in July 17, 1892

Dapitan The place had long been a politico-military outpost of the Spaniards

in the Philippines.

One of the forefronts of Spanish culture, religion and civilization in

Muslim Mindanao.

Headed by a politico-military commander and with a parish priest,

tasked with the conversion of the island into Catholicism.

Swampy with unplanned streets, but found the land its land fertile.

Town looked desolated because it had no potable water and

lighting system.

People dying of disease with no provided medical help services.

Economy was ties to primitive agriculture with an undeveloped

fishing industry.

Trade was conducted but was controlled by the Chinese.

Jesuit Mission House Where Rizal was suppose to reside, but opted not to stay because

of the conditions made by Fr. Pastells

Father Obach

The parish priest of Dapitan

He was supposed to watch over Rizal in the Jesuit Mission House.

Father Pablo Pastells Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines

Coniditions of Father

Pablo Pastells

To make public retraction of his religious errors

To issue public statements unmistakably pro-Spanish

To undergo the spiritual excerises of St. Ignatius

To make a general confession of his past life

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To lead a model religious and pro-Spanish life.

Captain Ricardo Carnicero The politico-military commander of the town.

Received Rizal as a prisoner

Stayed with him temporarily.

Rizal was able to get along with him because he was a free thinker

Found Rizal as a man of commendable qualities and goodpersonality

Gave Rizal all the liberties except to leave and gave him free rein to

help improve Dapitan.

Require Rizal to report to the military outpost once a week

Became good friends with Rizal and frequently exchanged views.

Philippines would be the

happiest place in the

world if they were

granted the following

reforms

Representation in the Spanish Cortes

Securization of the parishes

Reformation of the administration in all its branches.

Encouragement of primary instruction and elimination of friar

intervention

Granting teachers of both sexes better salaries. Division of government jobs equally between Spanish and Filipinos.

Making the administration moral

Creation of schools of arts and trades in provincial capitals

Freedom of speech and the press

Freedom if religion.

A Don Ricardo Carnicero Poem Rizal wrote in appreciation of Carnicero’s kindness and

generosity.

Talisay Where he was able to build a home after two months in Dapitan.

Won the Spanish lottery with P6,200 as prize.

He was fond of buying lottery tickets when he was in Universidad

Central de Madrid and finally won for the first time. Bought 70 hectares and constructed a house made of nipa and

bamboo with a veranda at the front and to one side of the side.

Build four or five additional houses for pupils and patients

He built his home, a school and a clinic

Where he mostly won the admiration, respect and recognition of

the people of Dapitan and the Captain.

Improvements Rizal

wanted to make in

Dapitan

Conceptualized and implemented plans for beautifying the town.

Drew a sketch of the public plaza with suggested improvements and

had it approved by Governor Carnicero

He facilitated the putting up of lampposts at every corner of town

with the help of the people Supply water for drinking and irrigation, he directed the

construction of a water system.

Opened a school for boys with the Atenean system of education

with Rizal as the teacher and thought them that a sound body

makes a sound mind.

Father Sanchez Arrived in Dapitan and helped Rizal construct a huge relief map of

Mindanao out of stones, earth and grass.

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Rizal’s former teacher at Ateneo Municipal.

Rizal’s teaching method Learning was related to the actual situations in Dapitan particularly

in Talisay.

Included involvement in community development as part o the

curriculum of the school he established in the area.

As a Doctor…

Rizal practiced his profession in his new home and had numerouspatients.

Offered his services free for those who were financially incapable of

paying a doctor, many sick people started consulting him.

Dona Teodora Came on August 1893, she traveled to Dapitan with Trining to have

her eyes operated by Rizal.

Trade and Commerce Rizal organized an association of farmers to improve farm

production and generate higher income.

Encouraged the residents of the town to engage in the buying and

selling of goods and products particularly copra and hemp.

Thought fishermen to use fishnets in fishing and even invited

fishermen from Calamba to teach the townsmen of Dapitan newmethods of fishing.

Sarda’s Book Triggered the debate between Rizal and Fr. Pastells about religion

Sent by Fr. Pastells with the advice that Rizal had to abstain from

his foolishness of viewing religion from the prism of individual

judgment and self-esteem.

Fr. Pastells Was 41 when Rizal was 31.

Superior or the highest ranking Jesuit in the Philippines

His purpose was to bring back Rizal to the fold of Catholic faith, but

Rizal wanted to know if he could go back to his old faith without

violence to his conscience and convictions.

His exchange of correspondence with Rizal was marked by mutualcordiality and respect.

Main arguments of Rizal

and Fr. Pastells

Rizal

o

Rejects faith and upholds reason as the sole norm of

knowledge.

o

Believes in God by reason, not by faith and rejects the

Christian revelation running counter to reason:

The Bible as a mere classical writing

Miracles are impossible

Christ is merely a great man

Church is the best religious bodies but not divine

o

Believes in God’s living revelation of nature.

Pastells

o

Counters reason, damaged by its original sin, must be

supported by faith; that revelation is verified by prophecies

and miracle

o

His argument is from authority: the church, which

prophesies dogmas, is worthy of belief as it is a divine

institution founded by Jesus Christ who proved himself as

God’s son by miracles and rising from the dead.

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Elements of Rizal’s

rationalist rhetoric on

religion

The primacy of conscience

A firm belief in God

Boundless trust in the Divine Providence

The profound experience of God as a loving Father

A sense of mission

Strength of conviction Daily recourse to prayer

An openness to dialogue

Ending of the debate Was a stalemate.

Josephine Leopoldine

Bracken

Traveled from Hong Kong with her uncle, Mr. Tauffer , who was

suffering from an eye ailment.

She and her uncle had an invitation card from Julio Llorenta

Was 19 year old and was so beautiful and possessing all the

enticement of womanhood

Rizal saw in her the qualities which made him attracted to Nelly

Boustead and fell in love with her.

Rumors spread that she was not the adopted daughter of Mr.Tauffer but a café singer in a Hong Kong restaurant.

Fifth and youngest child of an Irish schoolmaster in the Pembroke

Detachment at the Victoria Barracks in Hong Kong.

When her mother died giving birth to her, she was given to Tauffers

The third wife of Mr. Tauffer hated her so much, she decided to live

in a convent, but later Mr. Tauffer begged her to return because his

current wife was starving him.

Rizal’s family did not trust her especially her sisters, who thought

that she was an emissary of the friars with evil plans and asked Rizal

not to eat any food that she might have prepared without having

Josephine taste it first. Rizal accepted her despite her sisters’ warning and asked her to be

his life partner.

When she took refuge in the house of Rizal’s mother, she was a

total stranger to his family, but they accepted her because Rizal

loved her and welcomed her as Rizal’s fiancée, but a month after,

Josephine was back in Dapitan with Rizal.

She made Rizal’s life bearable in Dapitan.

Mr. Tauffer Treated Josephine like she was his own daughter.

Rizal asked his permission to marry Josephine but instead of being

happy he raged in fury.

Lose hope of regaining his eyesight despite the fact that Rizal was

able to regain a little eyesight.

Did not want Josephine to marry because she was the only one he

had left to him in this world.

Seized a razor to slash his throat either because he was doomed to

blindness or parental selfishness.

Rizal was able to prevent him from killing himself.

Left Dapitan and insisted that Josephine accompany him, but she

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later took refuge in Rizal’s mother’s house with a letter of

introduction from Rizal.

Father Obach Rizal experienced difficulties with him, who insisted that a

retraction was necessary before any marriage between Rizal and

Josephine.

Referred the matter of Rizal’s marriage to the Bishop of Cebu After Marriage Josephine delivered prematurely a baby boy who died a few hours

after birth, which was a consequence of a quarrel with Rizal.

Josephine decided to leave for Hong Kong via Manila

When she came back Rizal was irritated by her return but because

he loved her so much he welcomed her back with open arms.

Hymn to Talisay A poem which he intended to be a collage song for the pupils he

was teaching in Talisay.

Was used as evidence against him at his trail

Mi Retiro or My Retreat Portrays his serene life in his place of rustication

Wrote the poem in response to his mother’s request that he should

revive his interest in poetry writing. Expressed his acceptance of his fate for he believed that justice

would prevail in the end

As a Exile Did not forget his high sense of honor

Evidenced by his constant reminders to his pupils of the importance

of good conduct and behavior.

Juan Sitges Military commander that replaced Carnicero

Restricted his exercise of freedom he enjoyed during Carnicero’s

time.

Under him we can see Rizal demonstrating the values of obedience,

self-control and discipline.

Rizal in Dapitan hasbecome the first (to)…

Introduce social and environmental engineering Rural doctor

Professional to engage in business

Practitioner of the town planning and beautification

Introduce the principles of livelihood and self-reliance programs

Show the way to community development

Ophthalmic surgeon sought by patients from foreign land

Set up a precursor of the modern community school with him as the

first community teacher.

Systematic collector of Philippine shells, butterflies, reptiles and

other fauna and flora in Mindanao

Sanitary engineering and public heath work Filipino doctor with a social conscience who charged fees according

to the patient’s ability to pay.

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Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896

Carnicero The politico-military commander of Dapitan sympathized with Rizal

and assured him of possible support from his friends in Madrid.

Despujol Aware that Rizal came to love Dapitan and that Rizal and Carnicero

became good friends.

Directed Carnicero to convince Rizal to put down into writing his

intention of staying in Dapitan.

On October 25, 1892, Rizal sent a letter to him that stated his

intention of staying in Dapitan to devote himself in agriculture

provided he would be given full freedom with assurance that he

would not abuse the same.

Turned down Rizal’s appeal for lifting his banishment order.

Rizal threatened him that he would be writing his friends in Madrid

of the banishment order should not be lifted.

He responded by ordering Carnicero to ensure no letters from Rizal

will reach their destination.

Federico Ochando

Replaced Despujol on May 24, 1893

Juan Stiges Replaced Carnicero as the politico-military commander of Dapitan.

Rumors spread that he was ordered by Ochando to shoot Rizal the

moment he attempts to escape.

Required Rizal to report to his office thrice a day

Prohibited Rizal to leave the town or walk beyond the streets of

Dapitan without his permission.

Ramon Blanco Replaced the short-lived term of Ochando and took over as

governor general.

Reiterated his appeal for the lifting of his deportation order because

there was no evidence to support the charges imputed on him.

Rizal sent a letter of reconsideration of his situation to him on

February 13, 1894, but could not reply to Rizal because of his

involvement in the Muslim campaign.

Visited Dapitan and called for Rizal on board his vessel.

Promised Rizal that he would be relocated either at Vigan or La

Union and even suggested that he should go to Spain owing to his

poor health, which made Rizal quite happy.

February 1895 When Rizal sought the permission of Blanco in opening an

agricultural settlement at Sindangan Bay, but did not receive a

reply.

Jesuits Tried to win Rizal back to the fold of the Church.

Fr. Obach

The parish priest of Dapitan (Failed)

Fr. Villaclara The Parish priest of Dipolog (Failed)

Fr. Sanchez Former teacher at Ateneo (Failed)

Fr. Pablo Pastells Superior of the Jesuit Order

Sent Rizal a serried of letters convincing Rizal of the flaws of his

religious views which led to his debate with Rizal.

Their debated ended in a stalemate.

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Fr. Juan Ricart Attributed to the failure of the Jesuits could be attributed to

Carnicero, who entertained Rizal’s political and religious views.

Arrival of Josephine

Bracken

Rizal request Fr. Obach to officiate a church wedding to legalize his

union with her.

Fr. Obach told Rizal that he would perform the church wedding

under two conditions:o

Retraction of Rizal’s religious errors

o

A general confession

Rizal didn’t follow the conditions so no church wedding took place.

Friars Closely monitored the attempts of the Jesuits.

Knowing that the Jesuits were failing, they tried to win back Rizal to

Catholicism.

1st

Strategy: Bribery

o

Offered Rizal a professional chair in a university, a landed

estate and P100,000 on the condition that Rizal would

repudiate his Noli and El Fili

o

Maria, his sister tried to urge him to accept but Rizal

responded by saying “what my right hand did, my left hand

will not undo”.

2nd

Strategy: Use of a spy to trap Rizal

o

Pablo Mercado

Real name was Florencio Namanan of Cagayan de

Misamis

Agreed to work for the friars due to the promise of

the Recollects that he shall conferred the title, Friar

curator of the Recollects

o

Was sent by the friars to Dapitan to spy on the activities of

Rizal.

o

His mission was to secure letters and other articles thatwould have showed that Rizal was a separatist.

o

The plan was that he go to Dapitan and offered himself as a

courier of Rizal’s letters and writings for the patriots in

Manila.

o

Rizal being an intelligent man and he could not recall any

relative having the surname Mercado, he detected that he

was an imposter and had him arrested by Commander

Sitges.

Grand Regional Council of

the Philippine Masonry

Reacted to the suggestion of Governor Blanco’s suggestion for Rizal

to leave the country by generating funds for Rizal’s trip to Spain.

They were eager to see Rizal leave because his presence was athreat to the existence of masonry, that the friars would always

blame the masons for all agitation for change in the Philippines.

Friends in Europe Made plans to rescue Rizal

Paez Was commissioned by the propagandist to find a suitable vessel in

Hong Kong or Singapore to rescue Rizal but failed in chartering one.

Basa His plan was he would be working for Rizal’s release through his

friends among the ministers in Madrid.

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Regidor Said that it would be wise to work out for Rizal’s freedom in Manila.

Arrived at the solution: ESCAPE FROM DAPITAN.

If Rizal could not escape, the alternative was to work for his election

as a deputy in Spanish Cortes

Another alternative was to ensure the election of Marcelo del Pilar

to the Spanish Cortes and let him work for Rizal’s liberation. Katipunan Made the last attempt to rescue Rizal.

Plan was Rizal had to be kept in the Philippines for him to freely

lead the revolution.

Bonifacio The Supremo of the Katipunan

Pio Valenzuela Commissioned by Bonifacio to be his emissary to Rizal.

Arrived at Dapitan in July 21, 1986.

Posed as a companion of Raymundo Mata, a blind man who shall be

seeking Rizal’s medical assistance.

Informed Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan and the need for his

support to the revelution.

Rizal

Clearly expressed his rejection of the plan for a bloody revolutionof the Katipunan.

Disapproval of the scheme rested on two grounds:

o

The unpreparedness of the people

o

Lack of funds and weapons

Further stressed the point that pursing the revolution would

tantamount to national suicide.

He also expressed his gratitude for the concern of the Katipunan to

his welfare, but he was not persuaded to escape Dapitan as he had

given his word to the Spanish authorities.

Sindangan Bay Blanco approved Rizal’s letter requesting, but Rizal had already

dropped the idea because he was already leaving for Spain.Blumentritt Regidor requested him to persuade Rizal to volunteer as a doctor

for the Spanish army in Cuba and because it came from him Rizal

acceded the scheme.

Dona Teodora and Don

Francisco

Did not favor Rizal’s decision as the latter will be risking his life since

the revolution is raging on in Cuba that time.

December 17, 1895 Day Rizal applied as a volunteer doctor for the Spanish army in Cuba

through Blanco.

July 30, 1896 Day the correspondence from Blanco about the being a volunteer

doctor reached Rizal.

Espana Steamer Rizal rode to leave Dapitan on July 31, 1896.

Castilla

Arrived in Manila in August 6, 1896 and the transferred to thiscruiser pending the availability of the vessel bound for Spain.

Teodoro Patiño The traitor that led to the discovery of the Katipunan.

Fr. Mariano Gil Patino told him all the organization’s secrets on August 19, 1896

which led in the mass arrest of the Katipuneros and non-

Katipuneros in Manila.

Bonifacio Summoned all the leaders for a meeting to work out the steps the

society will take to cope with crisis

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Historic Cry of

Pugadlawin

Took place wherein Bonifacio asked the Katipuneros if they were

ready to fight the Spaniards whatever be the cost.

All those who attended expressed their willingness to fight to the

last

Bonifacio ordered them to take out their cedulas and tore them to

pieces shouting “Mabuhay ang Philipinas” which marked thebeginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

August 30, 1896 Blanco issued a gubernatorial decree declaring a state of war in

Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga

and Tarlac and placing them under martial rule.

Rizal received the letters of recommendation to Azcaraga and the

colonial minister, which absolved him from the insurrection that

was then raging on.

Isla de Panay Steamer Rizal boarded on September 3, 1896 that ferry him to

Barcelona

Blanco Sent coded telegram and confidential messages with the Ministers

of War and Colonies about Rizal’s arrest.

Rizal was shocked when the captain of Isla de Panay told him he

was to be arrested and detained in the captain’s cabin.

October 3, 1896 Day Rizal reached Barcelona and was heavily guarded at the Isla de

Panay.

Fort Monjuich The prison citadel of Barcelona where Rizal was taken.

Despujol The governor general who decreed his deportation to Dapitan

Told Rizal that he would be shipped back to the Philippines on

board the ship Colon.

Don Pedro Roxas A fellow passenger at the Isla de Panay

Advised him to take advantage of the protection of the British law,

while their ship was temporarily docked at Singapore. Rizal regretted not following his advise because Rizal thought

Blanco was a friend.

Regidor and Lopez Transmitted telegrams to an English lawyer in Singapore to help

Rizal.

Hugh Fort English lawyer that was to rescue Rizal by means of writ of habeas

corpus.

Chief Justice Lionel Cox Did not grant the writ of habeas corpus because it was not within

the jurisdiction of Singaporean authorities based on the existing

international law.

Colon Streamer that carried Rizal and the Spanish troops

A war vesselNovember 3, 1896 Day he arrived in Manila

Fort Santiago Where Rizal was brought and incarcerated.

Chapter+18-20

Documents

Transcript of Chapter+18-20