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Transcript of Chapter1
What is Corrections?
Chapter 1
History of Corrections
Continuously rising crime rates through the 70s-90s
Tough on crime stance Continued to rise through 2008
American Corrections Today
Currently more than 3,200 death row inmates
140,000 + life sentences
Prisons and jails= 2.3 million inmates
As of 2011, numbers of inmates have begun to decrease as well as those on probation
Figure1.1: Correctional Populations in the United States, 1980–2011
© Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
American Corrections Today
7.5 million Americans are in the correctional system---jail, prison, community corrections
1:28 males 30 or older have been in prison
11% males, 2% females born this year will be incarcerated
The Purpose of Corrections
Corrections
Variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management
of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses
The Purpose of Corrections
Social Control
Helps Define the Limits of Behavior
Punishment
Change offenders through corrective action
Public, private organizations
State, local, federal governments
Community and closed settings
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
System
Police, prosecutors, courts, corrections
Goals
Punishment Protection
Discussion Question
Have correctional goals of fair punishment and community protection been maintained over the last 10-20 years? Explain.
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
Interconnectedness
Sentencing Classification Supervision Programming Revocation
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
Interconnectedness
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A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
Environment
Public opinion Fiscal constraints The law
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
Feedback
Learn Grow Improve Trouble obtaining useful feedback
A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections
Complexity
Pretrial drug treatment Electronically monitored home confinement Work centers Private, nonprofit residential treatment
programs
Discussion Question
What if... correctional spending on the state level was cut to a minimum, allowing only violent and repeat offenders to be housed in correctional facilities, and fines and probation were used for property and less serious crimes? Would this reduce crime? What other impacts would this move have on society?
The Corrections System Today
Federalism
State Level Corrections
California Florida New York Texas
The Corrections System Today
Main Components of Corrections Prison Jail Probation Intermediate sanctions Parole
The History of Corrections In America
The Colonial Period (1620-1776)
“The Great Law” The Quaker Code The Anglican Code
Discussion Question
What if... the modern penitentiary movement had failed and banishment, public punishments, and fines were still the means for dealing with common criminals? Would this be a deterrent for violent crimes and property crimes? Explain.
The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary (1760-1830)
The Penitentiary Act of 1779 Four principles
A secure and sanitary building Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules Abolition of fees charged offenders for their food A reformatory regime
The History of Corrections In America
East State Penitentiary The Pennsylvania System
Five principles Prisoners would not be treated vengefully Solitary confinement would prevent further
corruption In isolation, offenders would reflect on their
transgressions and repent Solitary confinement would be punishment Solitary confinement would be economical
The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary
The New York (Auburn) System Congregate System
Isolation at night Workshops in the day
The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary
Debating the Systems
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Discussion Question
What if… the Pennsylvania style of corrections had won out in the 1800s and isolation was still used today? Would this reduce recidivism if economically possible? What other impacts might it have on society?
The History of Corrections In America
The Arrival of the Penitentiary
Prisons in the South and West
Lease system
Anticontract Law of 1887
The History of Corrections In America
The Reformatory Movement Alexander Maconochie—mark system
Cincinnati, 1870 National Prison Association: Declaration of Principles
Elmira Reformatory Zebulon Brockway
Three grade system of classification Indeterminate sentence
The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Progressives
The Positivist School—social, economic, biological, psychological factors
The Medical Model Social deficiencies Psychological deficiencies Biological deficiencies
The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Community Model
Civil rights movement War on poverty Vietnam War President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and
Administration of Justice Attica
The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
The Decline of Rehabilitation Public concern about rising crime rates Studies challenge treatment programs
Martinson
Correctional discretion
The History of Corrections In America
Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Emergence of Crime Control
Determinate sentencing Incarceration Risk containment Intensive supervision probation Mandatory penalties Evidence-based corrections
The Correctional Challenge
Patterns
Ideas Learn
from history
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