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Transcript of Chapter036
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Chapter 36: Introduction to the Nervous System
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nervous SystemNervous System
• Responsible for coordinating body functions; Responding to changes, stimuli in internal and external environments
– Brain; Spinal cord; Peripheral nerves
• Two Anatomic Divisions
– Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Basic Structure
– Neuron: Sensory; Motor
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Neuronal AnatomyNeuronal Anatomy
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
• Brain
– Cerebrum; Cerebellum
– Brain stem: Midbrain; Pons; Medulla oblongata
– Protection
• Skull
• Membranes (meninges): Dura mater; Arachnoid; Pia mater
• Spinal cord; Cauda equina
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Brain StructureBrain Structure
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Brain VentriclesBrain Ventricles
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System• Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs
– I: Olfactory nerve
– II: Optic nerve
– III: Oculomotor nerve
– IV: Trochlear nerve
– V: Trigeminal nerve
– VI: Abducens nerve
– VII: Facial nerve
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
• Cranial Nerves (Cont’d)
– VIII: Vestibulocochlear
– IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve
– X: Vagus nerve
– XI: Accessory nerve
– XII: Hypoglossal nerve
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
QuestionQuestion
Is the following question true or false?
There are 12 cranial nerves.
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
AnswerAnswer
True.
There are 12 cranial nerves within the peripheral nervous system.
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
• Spinal Nerves
– 31 pairs
• 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
– Two roots
• Dorsal and ventral
– Dermatome distribution
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DermatomesDermatomes
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Sympathetic nervous system
• Expenditure of energy
• Catecholamines: Epinephrine; Norepinephrine; Dopamine
– Parasympathetic nervous system
• Conservation of energy
• Acetylcholine
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
QuestionQuestion
Is the following statement true or false?
One of the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is the expenditure of energy.
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
AnswerAnswer
False.
One of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system is the expenditure of energy. The parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy.
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AssessmentAssessment
• History
– Symptoms; Trauma; Medications; Allergies; Personal, Family medical history
• Physical Examination
– Cranial nerves; Motor function; Sensory function
– Level of consciousness: Conscious; Somnolent or lethargic; Stuporous; Semicomatose; Comatose
– Pupils; Neck; Vital signs
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
AssessmentAssessment
• Diagnostic Tests
– Imaging procedures
• Computed tomography; MRI; PET; Single photon emission CT; Contrast studies
• Electroencephalogram; Brain scan
• Electromyography; Nerve conduction studies
• Echoencephalography
– Lumbar puncture
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nursing Process: Neurologic Testing Nursing Process: Neurologic Testing • Assessment
– Level of comprehension; Allergies; Weight; Vital signs
• Diagnosis, Planning, and Interventions
– Knowledge deficit: Unfamiliarity with diagnostic procedures
– Allergy to contrast dye
– Meningeal irritation
• Evaluation of Expected Outcome
– Comprehension of procedure, purpose; Reduced complications
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End of Presentation