CHAPTER - V RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME...
Transcript of CHAPTER - V RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME...
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CHAPTER - V
RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME
STRUCTURE
5.1 INTRODUCTION :
In order to identify the nature of rural occupation, wage level and
income structure of the sample population of agro based industrial units
and agricultural sector under study, various questions were included in
the Questionnaire relating to some of the essential characteristics of the
Agriculturist and agro based industrial workers. The data collected
through the questionnaire has been presented in this chapter. This chapter
is help to the information presented in the previous chapter i.e. cropping
pattern and rural employment. Jointly these two chapters present total
profile of agriculturist, agricultural labour and agro based industrial units
and industrial workers of Kavathe Mahankal Taluka of Sangli districts.
The intention is that it would be in complete to understand without the
other and also to explain the impact of agro based industrial unit’s rural
development. The present chapter investigates the basic characters of the
setting up of agro-based industrial units in or near rural areas; the
occupational pattern of the rural population may be expected to have
undergone some changes over a period of time. The agro-based industries
naturally create employment opportunities for the rural population if they
happen to be located in rural areas. Even if they happen to be located
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nearby urban areas, they may be expected to bring about changes in the
occupational pattern of the rural population.
The changes in the occupational pattern may be different in their
extent in different categories of rural population. For example, the change
may be the least in the agriculturist themselves. But it may be the
maximum in agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers
because of the low wage level in agriculture, when compared with that in
industry, apart from other factors, such as seasonal employment etc.
The impact of agro-based industries on the occupational pattern of
the rural population may also depend on the type of agro-based industries
that are established. Some agro-based industries are likely to be relatively
capital-intensive in which case there would be relatively more white-
collar jobs in such industries than in labour-intensive agro-bases
industries. This would mean relatively greater. Employment opportunities
for the educated unemployed rather than for the uneducated rural
unemployed.
Further, the extent of job opportunities itself would depend upon
the nature of agro-based industries. An attempt has been made to study
the impact of Agro based industrial units on the occupational structure of
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the rural population in sample villages during. 2005-06 to 2009-10, to
bring out the impact of the agro-based industry.
The changes that have come about during the entire period from
2005-06 to 2009-10 have also been studied to have an idea of the changes
that have come about during this period due to agro-based industry.
Therefore, the impact has been studied for the entire period of 2005-06 to
2009-10, in selected villages. This shows the influence of agro-based
industries on the occupational structure of these village.
For this purpose, the methodology adopted has been to study the
villages concerned and the households of agriculturists and agricultural
workers in 2009-10 and consideration their occupations in the earlier
years in comparison with their present occupations to determine the
impact of agro-based industries on their occupational to determine the
impact of agro-based industries on their occupational positions. Another
approach adopted is to take up the employees in and entrepreneurs of,
agro-based industries in 2009-10 and consider their occupations in the
earlier year (i.e., 2005-06) in order to determine their occupational
background.
Thus, the changes in the occupational pattern of the rural
population are discussed. This study gives an idea of the past occupations
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of the respondent rural population, and also whether there was an
improvement in their occupational positions or not. Also, an analysis has
been made to indicate the inter-occupational movement within the farm
sector of the selected villages. Finally, an attempt has been made to
determine the occupations from which the agro-industrial workers and
agro-industrial entrepreneurs were adopted by the year 2009-10.
5.1.1 The selection of sample villages, farmers, agricultural labour
and agro based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal
taluka: - This is given in the table No.5.1 and graph No. 5.1
Table No. 5.1
Sample Villages, Size of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro
Based Industrial Workers in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka
Sr.
No. Name of the Village
Farmers Agricultural
labour
Agro based
industrial workers
Total
No.
Sample
Size 5%
Total
No.
Sample
Size 5%
Total
No.
Sample
Size 10%
1 Agalgaon 104 5 127 6 450 45
2 Kavathe Mahankal 91 4 96 5 786 79
3 Dhulgaon 95 5 205 10 - -
4 Ranjani 110 6 234 12 292 29
5 Shirdhon 103 5 208 11 - -
6 Hingangaon 175 9 207 11 - -
7 Deshing 97 5 121 6 300 30
8 Kuktoli 198 10 225 11 - -
9 Kognoli 103 5 130 6 - -
10 Kuchi 114 6 185 9 - 0
Total 1190 60 1738 87 1828 183
Source: Primary Data based on the field survey.
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There are 17 irrigated and 43 non-irrigated villages in Kavathe
Mahankal taluka. Out of this 10 villages are selected for detailed field
survey. 5 percent farmers, agricultural labour and 10 percent agro based
industrial workers were selected for detail study.
Graph No. 5.1
Sample Size of Farmers, agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka
In this section, the occupational background of agriculturist
agricultural laborers and agro based industrial workers was studied. For
this purpose, 5 percent of the agriculturists, agricultural labour and 10
percent agro based industrial workers. Were selected on the basis of the
stratified random sample technique from the ten villages. This gave us an
idea of the occupational position of these agriculturists agricultural
laborers and agro based industrial workers in 2005-06 and enabled us to
assess the improvement, if any, in the occupational status of these
respondents consequent upon the setting up of different types of agro-
based industrial units in or nearby the villages.
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5.2 Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers
The occupational position of the farmers in selected villages during
2005-06 and 2009-10 have been shown in Table No. 5.2 A and 5.2 B
Table No. 5.2 A
Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers Sr. No. Occupation 2005-06 2009-10
1 Karvathe-Mahakal
I Agriculture 2 3
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1
V Total 4 4
2 Deshing
I Agriculture 3 5
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 2 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 0 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 5 5
3 Shirdon
I Agriculture 4 5
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 0 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 5 5
4 Ranjani
I Agriculture 4 5
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1
V Total 6 6
5 Kuchi
I Agriculture 4 6
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 6 6
Source: Primary data based on the field survey.
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Table No. 5.2 B
Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers
Sr. No. Occupation 2005-06 2009-10
6 Agalgaon
I Agriculture 3 4
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1
V Total 5 5
7 Dhulgaon
I Agriculture 3 4
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 1
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 5 5
8 Hingangaon
I Agriculture 6 8
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 2 1
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 9 9
9 Karoli (T)
I Agriculture 6 8
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 2 1
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 2 1
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 10 10
10 Kangoli
I Agriculture 3 4
II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 1
III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0
IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0
V Total 5 5
Source: Primary data based on the field survey.
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It is observed from the table, 5.2 A and 5.2 B that number of
farmers during 2005-06 in Table 5.2 A and 5.2 B reveals that Kavathe
Mahankal, Deshing, Shridhon, Ranjani, Kuchi, Agalagaon, Dhulagaon,
Hingangaon, Kuktoli & Kognoli was 3, 3,4,4,4,3,3,6,6 and 3 respectively.
The number of farmers during 2009-10 in the same villages was 4, 5, 5, 5,
6, 4, 4, 8, 8 and 4 respectively.
The number of daily wage workers during 2005-06 in these
villages was 01, 02, 01, 01, 01, 01, 01, 02, 02 & 01 respectively. The
number of annual wage workers during 2005-06 was same in Kavathe-
Mahankal, Ranjani, Kuchi, Agalgaon, Dhulgaon, Hingaongoan &
Kangoli i.e. one and in Kuktoli there is 2 agricultural annual wage
workers in 2005-06. The number of entrepreneurship of agro based
industrial units was negative i.e. 0 in all sample villages during 2005-06.
The number of entrepreneurship during 2009-10 in Kavathe-Mahankal,
Ranjani and Agalgaon are same i.e. one. It is clear from the table no.
5.2A and 5.2B that the Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial units
were started after 2006 and developed gradually up to 2009-10 and there
is no daily and annual wage workers during 2009-10. It means
agricultural daily & annual wage workers in 2005-06 were merged in
agricultural occupations during 2009-10.
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5.3 RUEAL WAGE STRUCTURE
The agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is
forming a substantial portion of the weaker sections of Indian population.
In Maharashtra they constitute 26.7 percent of the total workers and 40.4
percent of agricultural workers in 2005-06. This has decreased to 26.5
percentage of the total population and 36.7 percent of workers in 2006-07
the data were collected by the Researcher from all the 10 selected sample
villages in the taluka of Kavathe Mahankal during 2005-06 and 2009-10.
The Govt. of Maharashtra has fixed minimum wages to agricultural
labour and agro based industrial workers in 2008 by their notification in
the of ficial dated 17th January 2008. This is shown in Table No.5.3.
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Table No. 5.3
Minimum Wage Fixed By Govt. of Maharashtra as per official
Gazette No. SWL/89/LMW/134 dated 17th
Jan 2008
Class of Employment
All Inclusive minimum rates of daily
wages
Dry Land Wet Land Garden
Land
1 2 3 4
Class A
1. Ploughing
124.10
132.90
155.60
2. Digging
124.10
132.90
155.60
3. Harrowing
124.10
132.90
155.60
4. Sowing
124.10
132.90
155.60
5. Inter culturing
124.10
132.90
155.60
6. Irrigation or watering
124.10
132.90
155.60
7. Uprooting 124.10
132.90
155.60
Class B
1. Manu ring
113.25 123.65 144.45
2. Transplanting
113.25 123.65 144.45
3. Weeding
113.25 123.65 144.45
4. Reaping 113.25 123.65 144.45
a) Harvesting
113.25 123.65 144.45
b) Threshing 113.25 123.65 144.45
c) Winnowing 113.25 123.65 144.45
5. Picking in case of cotton 113.25 123.65 144.45
Source : Govt. of Maharashtra of ficial gazette dt. 17th Jan. 2008.
The table no 5.3 shows minimum wages.The agricultural wage rates
changed several times in Maharashtra State. The wage was the
remuneration for the work of agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers done in agriculture. The agricultural wage rates in India during
1998-99 show that the states of Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh and Rajasthan were low. The wage rates between Rs.30 to 40
per day for female and Rs.50 to 60 for male agricultural labour and agro
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based industrial workers. In Kerala the wage rate was high i.e. Rs.105.84
to female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers and
Rs.128 to male agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. It
was followed by the states of W.B., Haryana, Goa, T.N., and
Maharashtra. The low agricultural wage rates contribute to the poverty.
The difference in wage rates between male and female agricultural labour
and agro based industrial workers leads the economic conditions of the
family. The states in which agricultural wage differences are low, the
number of female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is
also low. To indicate the wage inequality among the states. The male
agricultural wage is taken ideally. It should be the same to both male and
female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The wage
taken in to account for the Research was the average wage rate of non-
public works in Maharashtra state and Sangli district in general and
Kavathe Mahankal taluka in particular during the survey periods. The
female labour has a visible role in economic life of their family. Females
are responsible for producing and processing food for their families. In
study area the female agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers are participating in each and every activities of agricultural work
irrespective of types of crops. The females are considered unfit for heavy
agricultural work, so there is a wage difference among the male and
female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in the study
area as well as all over the country. The female agricultural wage rate is
low comparing to male agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers. The wage rates are always different in all the states of the
country. During the harvest and post harvest times agricultural wage
rates for both male and female are very high in Maharashtra state as well
as in Kavathe Mahankal taluka. It was Rs.50 per day for female
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers and Rs.80 to male
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agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in study area during
past decade. There is a large amount of increase in wages of male as well
as female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in study
area. Today the daily wage rate is Rs. 150 for males and Rs. 80 for female
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers.
The minimum wages Act of 1948 was extended to cover agricultural
labour and agro based industrial workers. The State Governments are
empowered to fix the minimum wages for agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers. The minimum wages are fixed keeping in view
the total cost of necessary good and services standard of living of the
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The first five year
plan recommended that the fixing of wages for agricultural labour and
agro based industrial workers may be carried out in a phased manner, The
low wage rate in the different states under minimum wages for a part of
the state also in stead of fixing minimum wages rates for the whole state.
Through legislation the minimum wages have been fixed in A.P., M.P.,
U.P., H.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, Punjab, W.B., T.N., Maharashtra, Kerala,
Delhi, and Tripura. The minimum wage rates differ from state to state. It
is observed that in advanced states the minimum wages are high and in
backward states like Bihar, M.P. and Rajastan the minimum wages in
agricultural sector are low compared to other states of the country.
5.3.1 Wage Structure in Study Area
The wage structure of agricultural labours in selected villages and
agro based industrial workers in selected agro based industries are
shown in table no 5.4 A and 5.4 B.
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Table No. 5.4 A
The Wage Structure of Agricultural Labours in Selected Villages
Sr.
No. Village
Wage Rate Per Day (2009-
10)
Male Female Children
1 Agalgaon 150 125 50
2 Kavathe
Mahankal
200 125 75
3 Dhulgaon 125 90 40
4 Ranjani 185 125 75
5 Shirdhon 185 125 75
6 Hingangaon 125 90 40
7 Deshing 200 125 75
8 Kuktoli 150 100 50
9 Kongnoli 150 100 50
10 Kuchi 150 100 50
Table No.5.4 A shows that wage rate is highest in Kavathe
Mahankal and Deshing villages due to setting up agro based industries in
both villages. There is lowest wage rate in Dhulgaon and Hingangaon
because of absence agro based industries and majority of population in
these villages were agricultural labours. The wage rates were very high in
the villages covered by agro based industries. It may be absorbed from
the table that the wage rate is near by same in all villages during 2009-
10.
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Table No. 5.4 B
Wage Structure of Agro Based Industrial Workers
Sr.
No. Agro Based Industry
Wage Rate Per
Month (2009-10)
Skilled
Worker
Unskilled
Workers
1 Sugar Factory 27000 15000
2 Jolly Board Plywood
Industry
25000 7000
3 Maize Industry 20000 7000
4 Grape Processing Unit 15000 4500
Table No.5.4 B reveals that in Sugar Factory Rs. 27000 wage per
month for skilled workers and Rs.15000 for unskilled workers. In Jolly
Board Plywood industry Rs.25000 per month wage for skilled workers
and Rs.7000 for unskilled workers.In Jolly Maize industry Rs.20000 per
month wage for skilled workers and Rs.7000 for unskilled workers. In
Grape Processing Unit Rs.15000 per month wage for skilled workers and
Rs.4500 for unskilled workers.
It may be observed that the wage rate is high in sugar factory than
others because Sugar Factory capital intensive and big size. In Grape
Processing Unit wage rate is lower as compared to other industries
because of the seasonal nature of this industry.
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5.3.2 Difficulties in Effective Implementation of Minimum Wages Act
There are many difficulties in the implementation of Minimum
Wages Act to agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The
following are the some of the important difficulties for effective
implementation of minimum wages to agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers.
1. The large size of agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers
sector. The size of agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers has increased from 27.5 industry in 1951, 31.5 industry in
1961, 47.7 industry in 1971, 55.5 industry in 1981, 74.6 industry in
1991.78.3 in 2001 It is not an easy task to implement an Act of
Minimum Wages covering a large number of agricultural labour and
agro based industrial workers who are scattered through out the
country. As we know India is a rural country nearly 78 percent of the
total population is living in rural areas. Till today the rural population
is illiterate and ignorant.
2. Lack of unionism among agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers. In India, Maharashtra state, Sangli district and in study are
till today the agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are
un-united. They are not having any registered labour union to fight
for the justice. As long as the agricultural labour and agro based
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industrial workers will not be united and form the labour union they
will not get minimum wages for their work. The National
Commission on Labour of 1969 was of the view that the fixation of
uniform minimum monetary remuneration for the country as a whole
is neither feasible nor desirable. The Indian labour conference of
1985 advocated the national minimum wages was the least rate. It is
not increased despite of 60 years Indian freedom.
3. The poor economic condition of agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers in study area will not allow the agricultural labour
and agro based industrial workers to go on indefinite strike. The
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are always much
worried about their livelihood because they are purely depending on
their wages only. It was also noticed from the survey conducted by
the researcher that majority of the agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers belongs to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe
category who are very poor and they are not in a position to get
satisfied their minimum basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.
Their economic condition is potable plus their population is very high
due to many domestic reasons.
4. The agricultural productivity is low. The agricultural productivity of
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is low in terms
of labour. The equipments used are simple and are not effective in
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raising labour productivity, So to restyle the payment of minimum
wages to agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers who
are scattered all over the country and who are not well organized.
5. There is a practice of payment of customary wages to agricultural
labour and agro based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal taluka.
The agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers will not get
at least minimum wages because of customary wages and perquisites,
hence the minimum wage rate is not insisted upon in some areas of
Kavathe Mahankal taluka. In some dry agricultural villages the
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers will get
sometimes perquisites amount only and not wage amount.
6. The minimum wages in agriculture are not revised periodically. In
Kavathe Mahankal taluka the minimum wages are not revised by any
reasons. The wages are the same and remained constant from last 5
years. No Govt. policy, Govt. legislation compelled the landlords and
big farmers to revise the agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers wage rates. No body is punished by the Govt. in Kavathe
Mahankal taluka so far as for not making payment to agricultural
labour and agro based industrial workers by the revised rate of wages
by considering the living index of the agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers.
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7. Absence of machinery for enforcement of the Act. No machinery or
of ficer is appointed by the Govt. of Maharashtra to implement the act
effectively. There is an absence of machinery to enforce the minimum
wages act in Kavathe Mahankal taluka. Therefore majority of the
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are getting
wages below the minimum wage level.
5.4 INCOME STRUCTURE
The level of income is one of the important factors to determine the
standard of living of the families in the society. According to Keynes as
income increases the effective demand in the country will increases and
finally leads to the large output and employment. It is the income may be
annual or per capita income or monthly income became the index to
know the community’s status of life. Therefore in this section of the
chapter an analysis is made on the income level of the farmers,
agricultural laboures and agro based industrial workers.
The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in
Kavathe Mahankal taluka are working under sever constraints like poor
quality of land, lack of finance/ financial strains, erratic rainfall, absence
of organized method of working, lack of knowledge of improved farming
practices, illiteracy and ignorance of both farmers, agricultural labour and
agro based industrial workers . So naturally the income both monthly and
annually is very low. The income of farmers and agricultural labours has
been shown in following tables on the basis of field survey conducted in
sample villages of Kavathe Mahankal taluka.
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Table No. 5.5
Income Level of Farmers and Agricultural Laborers in selected villages of Kavathe Mahankal Taluaka During 2009-10
Sr.
No
Name of
Village
Farmers Agricultural Laborers
Sample
No. (5%)
Average Size of
House-
hold
Total
No.
Wage/ Per day
Per
M/F Rs.
No. Days
Worked
Annual Income
M/F Rs.
Sample
No. (5%)
Average Size of
House-
hold
Total
No.
Wage/ Per day
M/F Rs.
No. Days
Worked
Annual Income
Per
M/F Rs.
1 Agalgaon 6 4.50 104 80-50 275 22000
13750 6 4.50 127 80-50 275
22000
13750
2 Kavathe
Mahankal 4 4.00 91 80-50 275
22000
13750 5 4.00 96 80-50 275
22000
13750
3 Dhulgaon 5 5.33 95 80-50 275 22000
13750 10 5.33 205 80-50 275
22000
13750
4 Ranjani 6 3.14 110 80-50 275 22000
13750 12 3.14 34 80-50 275
22000
13750
5 Shirdhon 5 4.08 103 80-50 275 22000
13750 11 4.08 208 80-50 275
22000
13750
Total
25
503
44
870
Source; Primary data based on field survey.
Table no.5.13 reveals that in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka the agricultural annual wage income per male and female sample farmer and
agricultural labour was Rs.22000 and Rs.13700 respectively. The monthly income of male respondent was Rs.2200 and female respondent
was Rs.1375. And per day average income of male and female was Rs.80 and 50 respectively in all the sample irrigated villages.
It indicates that the annual income of both male and female respondents of the sample villages were comparatively high among irrigated
villages of the taluka.
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Table No. 5.6
Income Level of Farmers and Agricultural Laborers in selected villages of Kavathe Mahankal Taluaka During 2009-10
Farmers Agricultural Laborers
Sr.
No
Name of
Village
Sample
No.
(5%)
Average
Size of
House-
hold
Total
No.
Wage/
Per day
M/F Rs.
No. Days
Worked
Annual
Income
Per M/F
Sample
No.
(5%)
Average
Size of
House-
hold
Total
No.
Wage/
Per day
M/F Rs.
No. Days
Worked
Annual
Income
Per M/F
Rs.
1 Hingangaon 9 4 175 70-40 225 15750
9000 11 5 207 70-40 225
15750
9000
2 Deshing 5 3 97 70-40 225 15750
9000 6 6 121 70-40 225
15750
9000
3 Kukatoli 10 5 198 70-40 225 15750
9000 11 4 225 70-40 225
15750
9000
4 Kognoli 5 6 103 70-40 225 15750
9000 6 5 130 70-40 225
15750
9000
5 Kuchi 6 5 114 70-40 225 15750
9000 9 4 185 70-40 225
15750
9000
Total 35 687
43 868
Source: Primary data based on field work. Table no.5.14 reveals that in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka the agricultural annual wage income per male and female sample farmer and agricultural labour was
Rs. 15750 and Rs.9000 respectively. The monthly income of male respondent was Rs.1575 and female respondent was Rs.900. And per day average income
of male and female was Rs.70 and 40 respectively in all the sample non-irrigated villages. It indicates that the annual income of both male and female
respondents of the sample villages were comparatively low among irrigated villages of the taluka. While considering the price index of goods and services of
basic needs the respondents in the taluka in both irrigated and non-irrigated sample villages, the income level was very low.
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5.4.1 CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF FARMERS AGRICULTULAR
LABOURS AND AGRO BASED INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
The standard of living of the farmers, agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal taluka was very low. The
income of farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers
was low so the standard of living was low, consumption pattern was low.
In many villages of the study area farmers, agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers are living below the poverty line. The per capita
income of these farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial
workers was low. They are not consuming luxurious goods and services.
In our study will also tried to examining to income level of agricultural
labour, agro-based industrial labour and farmers concerned with daily
wage level, no of day’s worked etc. The consumption pattern of farmers,
agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is shown in table
no.5.7 which is prepared on the basis of Socio-Economic Survey of 2009
in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka and field Work by the researcher.
The data is presented with reference to Income Group wise
classification of household by size of the family Per-capita income and
expenditure. The analyses is based on the actual collection of data with
the help of sample survey covering 330 sample households bealonging to
Kavathe Mahankal Taluka of Sangli District. The field survey was
conducted in the period of year 2009-10.
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Table No.5.7
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages with Land
Income Group
Average Size Of
Family
(Nos)
Per Capita
Income
(Rs.)
Per Capita
Expenditure
(Rs.)
Below Rs. 16000 - - -
Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.50 1767.77 1500.22
Rs. 16501 to 17000 6.00 1745.00 1562.00
Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.33 2120.94 1960.41
Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.14 2311.41 1912.99
Rs. 18000 and above 8.08 2311.62 1955.18
Source : Primary data based on the field work.
Graph No. 5.2
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages with Land
Table No. 5.7 and graph No. 5.2 shows that the average family of
4.50 percent has per capita income of Rs. 1767.77 and have Rs.1500.22
per capita expenditure. The 6.14 member family has Rs. 2311.41 per
capita income of Rs. 1912.99 per capita expenditure.
Rs. 16501 to
17000 (1562.00)
Rs. 16001 to
16500 (1500.22) Below Rs.
16000 (00) Rs. 18000 and
Above (1955.18)
Rs. 17501 to
18000 (1912.99) Rs. 17001 to
17500 (1960.41)
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Table No. 5. 8
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages without
Land
Income Group
Average Size
Of Family
(Nos)
Per Capita
Income
(Rs.)
Per Capita
Expenditure
(Rs.)
Below Rs. 16000 3.00 1990 1894.75
Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.85 1876.11 1704.17
Rs. 16501 to 17000 6.50 1681.38 1639.44
Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.37 2000.9 1893.64
Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.66 2000 1848.29
Rs. 18000 and above 9.25 2050.83 1803.13
Source : Primary data based on the field work.
Graph No. 5.3
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages without
Land
Rs. 16501 to 17000, (1639.44)
Rs. 16001 to 16500, (1704.17)
Below Rs. 16000 (1894.75)
Rs. 18000 and above, (1803.13)
Rs. 17501 to 18000, (1848.29)
Rs. 17001 to 17500, (1893.64)
176
Table 5.9
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages with Land
Income Group
Average Size Of
Family
(Nos)
Per Capita
Income
(Rs.)
Per Capita
Expenditure
(Rs.)
Below Rs. 16000 3.80 1987.89 1701.68
Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.62 1976.83 1740.28
Rs. 16501 to 17000 4.75 1638.31 1813.64
Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.25 1975.4 1883.57
Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.00 2000 1926.66
Rs. 18000 and above 8.75 1992.91 1886.62
Overall 5.28 2000 1880.92
Source : Primary data based on the field work.
Graph No. 5.4
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro Based
Industrial Workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages with Land
Table No. 5.9 and graph No. 5.4 shows that the average family of
3.80 has per capita income of Rs. 1987.89 and has Rs.1701.68 per capita
expenditure. The 4.62 member families have Rs. 1976.83 per capita
income and Rs. 1740.28 per capita expenditure. Like wise the other
groups represent the respective per capita income, per capita expenditure
and percentage of consumption to income respectively showed as above.
Rs. 16501 to 17000 , (1813.64)
Rs. 16001 to 16500 , (1740.28)
Below Rs. 16000, (1701.68)
Rs. 18000 and above, (1886.62)
Rs. 17501 to 18000 (1926.66)
Rs. 17001 to 17500, (1883.57)
177
Table No. 5.10
Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro
Based Industrial Workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages
without Land
Income Group
Average Size
Of Family
(Nos)
Per Capita
Income
(Rs.)
Per Capita
Expenditure
(Rs.)
Below Rs. 16000 3.00 1837.33 1714.23
Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.43 1812.18 1708.71
Rs. 16501 to 17000 5.14 1968.67 1840.41
Rs. 17001 to 17500 7.57 1873.44 1703.13
Rs. 17501 to 18000 15.00 1872.93 1632.00
Rs. 18000 and above - - -
Source: Primary data based on the field work.
178
5.4.2 INCOME EXPENDITURE AND SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS
The income of farmers, agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers is shown in table no. 5.8.
Table No. 5. 11
Income of The Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro Based
Industrial Workers Families Keeping and Not Keeping Milk Animals
in Irrigated and Non Irrigated Villages in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka
(Per family in Rs.)
Sr.
No. Particulars
Income Of The Farmers, agricultural
labour and agro based industrial workers
Families Keeping And Not Keeping Milk
Animals
Farmers Agricultural
Labours
Agro-Based
Industrial
Workers
1 Net cash income from
crop production
11778.00
(34.32) - -
2 Net cash income from
milk production
11885.00
(34.63)
1573
(10.46)
11780
(46.26)
3 Agricultural wage
income
10500.00
(30.59)
13300
(88.50)
13494
(53)
4 Non- agri-cultural
wage income
153.00
(0.44)
155
(1.03)
190
(0.74)
5 Total income 34316.00
(100.00)
15028
(100)
25464
(100)
Source: Primary data based on the field work.
Table no 5.11 reveals that total income of farmers, families, keeping
and non-keeping, milk animals is Rs.34316. The highest income of the
farmers in occupations of agricultural and milk production i.e. 34.32 of
income from crop production and 34.63% income from milk production,
the agricultural wage income was 30.59% and only 0.44% non-
agricultural wage income.
179
The total income agricultural worker families, keeping and non-
keeping, milk animals is Rs.15028, in this 88.50% income is agricultural
wage income, 10.46% income from milk production and only 1.03% non-
agricultural wage income. Net income from crop production is nil.
The total income agro-based industrial worker families, keeping and
non-keeping, milk animals is Rs.25464. In this 53% is agricultural wage
income, 46.26% income from milk production and only 0.74% non-
agricultural wage income. Net income from crop production is nil.
The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers
household cultivate a piece of land. They have the problems of fodder for
their cattle. There may be two problems for not keeping milk animals
observed the researcher during field work/ serve.
1) The problem of housing for the animals
2) The problem of marketing of milk.
But both of these problems can be overcome by initiative of the
government. Free house sites or economy houses are the need of all
farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers . The milk
producer’s co operative can also be organized by the government or by
voluntary organizations.
The table no.5.11 reveals that the farmers, agricultural labour and agro
based industrial workers households without land are mainly dependent
upon wage income. The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based
industrial workers who depend on wage have income of Rs. 34316 and
Rs.15028 in taluka respectively.
180
5.4.3 Per-Capita Income of Farmers Agricultural Labours and Agro Based Industrial Workers in Selected Villages
During 2009-10 – This is shown in table no.5.12
Table No.5.12
Per-Capita Income of Farmers Agricultural Labours and Agro Based Industrial
Workers in Selected Villages during 2009-10
Per Capita
Income
No. of Household in Irrigated
Villages
No. of Household in Non-
Irrigated Villages Total
With Land Without Land With Land Without Land
Below 16000 8 (7.69) 13 (19.40) 18 (21.42) 25 (33.33) 64 (19.39)
16001 to 16500 16 (15.38) 14 (20.89) 28 (33.33) 21 (28.00) 79 (23.93)
16501 to 17000 30 (28.84) 20 (29.85) 17 (20.23) 20 (26.66) 87 (26.36)
17001 to 17500 20 (19.23) 10 (14.92) 12 (14.25) 9 (12.00) 51 (15.45)
17501 to 1800 30 (28.84) 10 (14.92) 9 (10.71) - 49 (14.84)
Total 104 (31.51) 67 ( 20.30) 84 (25.45) 75 (22.72) 330 (100)
181
Table No 5.12 reveal that 24 (23.07%) households i.e. agricultural
labour and agro based industrial labour have an annual per capita income
below 16500 with land and 27 (40.29%) without land. In the per capita
income range between 16501 to 17000 there are 30 (28.84%) farmers,
Agricultural Labour and agro based industrial worker with land and 20
(29.85%) without land. 20 (19.23%) households with land and 10
(14.92%) households in the range of per capita income 17000 to 17500.
30 (28.84%) households with land and 10 (14.92%) households without
land have a per capita income of Rs. 17501 to 18000.
Household in non-irrigated shows that about 54.75% i.e. 46
farmers agricultural labours and agro based industrial workers with land
and 61.33% i.e. 46 without land have a per capita income less 16500. In
the range of 16501 to 17000 there are 20.23% i.e. 17 households with
land and 26.66% i.e. 20 without land. 14.24 i.e. 12 household with land
and 12 % i.e. 9 households without land have per capita income between
Rs.17001 to 17500. Only 10.71% i.e. 9 households in the range of per
capita income 17501 to 18000 with land. There is no single household
have per capita income of Rs. 17501 to 18000 without land.
5.5 Changes in the Occupational Pattern of Agricultural Worker Households
In order to bring out the impact of agro-based industries on the
changes in the occupations of agricultural workers in rural areas, 20
percent of the agricultural workers' households of the selected villages
were analyzed in terms of their occupations in earlier year(s). The total
working population of respondent households, as in 2009-10, was
considered for this purpose. An analysis was also made of the percentage
of working population employed in agro-based industries located in and
around the villages. Further, the changes in the attitudes of agricultural
workers to farm-based and traditional occupations have been discussed.
182
Changes in the Occupational Pattern of the Working Population of the Agricultural Workers' Households in
selected Villages in Kavathe-Mahankal Taluka between 2005-06 and 2009-10. This is shown in table no.5.13.
Table No. 5.13
Sr.
No.
Name of
Villages Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006 Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006
Agricultural
Agricultural
Annual Wage
Work
Agricultural
Daily Wage
Work
Employ
ment
agro
based
Industry
Employ
ment in
tertiary
Activity
Total Agricultu
ral
Agricultu
ral
Annual
Wage
Work
Agricultur
al Daily
Wage
Work
Employm
ent agro
based
Industry
Employm
ent in
tertiary
Activity
Total
1 Agalgaon 1 2 3 - - 6 2 1 1 2 - 6
2 Kavathe-
Mahankal 1 - 2 1 1 5 2 - 1 1 1 5
3 Dhulgaon 2 3 5 - - 10 4 2 4 - 10
4 Ranjani 2 4 5 1 12 3 2 3 3 1 12
5 Shirdhon 2 2 4 1 2 11 2 1 2 2 4 11
6 Hingangaon 3 3 5 - - 11 4 2 3 2 - 11
7 Deshing 1 2 2 1 - 6 1 1 2 2 - 6
8 Kuktoli 3 4 4 - - 11 5 2 2 2 - 11
9 Kangnoli 1 3 2 - - 6 2 2 2 - - 6
10 Kuchi 2 3 4 - - 9 2 2 2 2 1 9
Total 18 26 36 4 3 87 27 15 22 16 7 87
(20.68) (29.88) (41.37) ( 5.59) (3.44) (100) (31.03) (17.24) (25.28) (18.39) (8.04) (100)
183
Table No. 5.13 reveals that in 2005-06, 20.68% agricultural
occupation 29.88% agricultural annual wage work, 41.37% agricultural
daily wage work and only 4.49% and 3.44% employment in agro-based
industry and tertiary activity respectively. It reveals highest was in
agricultural daily wage work i.e. 36 out of 87 (41.37) and lowest in
tertiary activity. It can be seen that in all selected villages in Kavathe
Mahankal Taluka workers engaged in agriculture were near by same. In
Ranjani and Kuktoli village the agricultural annual wage workers were
highest in Dhulgaon, Ranjani, Hingangaon village agriculture daily wage
workers were highest. This is because lack of irrigation facilities and non-
development of agro-based industries.
In 2009-10, 31.03% workers were engaged in agriculture
occupation, 17.24% agricultural annual wage works, 25.28% agricultural
daily wage works, 18.39% employment in agro-based industries and
8.04% employment in tertiary activities. The share of employment in
farm based occupation of agricultural annual wage work and daily wage
work declined from 29.88% to 17.24% and 41.37% to 25.28%
respectively during 2005-06 and 2009-10. Increase in agriculture
occupation from 20.68% to 31.03% during the same period. Increase in
employment agro-based industries and tertiary activity from 4.59% and
3.44% to 18.39% to 8.04% respectively during 2005-06 and 2009-10.
184
The shift in occupation to agricultural due to the regular cultivation
of two crops consequent upon the provision of the irrigation facility. The
change in occupation to employment in agro-based industries and tertiary
activity was influenced by two factors i.e. higher wages than agricultural
sector and the earning of a regular monthly income.
5.6 Occupational Background of agro-based industrial Workers :-
In this topic it is proposed to review the occupational background
of the workers employed in selected four agro-based industries. In the
present analysis, the occupational structure of the workers employed in
agro-based industries units has been studied with reference to the four
agro-based industries located at Kavathe-Mahankal taluka. It is proposed
to analyse the previous occupations of the workers employed in agro-
based industries in year 2005-06 and 2009-10. This analysis is expected
to throw light on the occupational background of agro-based industrial
workers in 2005-06 and 2009-10. In order to define this occupational
background, it is intended to study how the agro- based industries
workers merged from other occupations during 2005-06 and 2009-10.
5.6.1. Occupational Background of the workers in Sugar Factory:-
Occupational background or occupational positions of workers
employed in sugar factory in Kavathe-Mahankal has Shows in the table
no.5.14
185
Table No.5.14
Occupational Background of Workers Employed in Sugar Factory in
Kavathe-Mahankal between 2005 and 06-2009-10
Sr.
No. Occupation
2005-
06
2009-
10
1 Non agricultural daily wage work 17
(21.51)
4
(5.06)
2 Full time employed in agro-based
industries
27
(36.70)
37
(46.83)
3 Agricultural daily wage work 10
(12.65)
7
(8.86)
4 Own Business (Small & Cottage
industries)
13
(16.45)
16
(20.25)
5 Employment in tertiary activity 10
(12.65)
22
(27.84)
Total 79
(100)
79
(100)
The table no 5.14 gives an idea of occupational background of the
workers employed in the sugar factory in Kavathe Mahankal. In 2005-06,
21.51% workers were non agricultural daily wage workers, 36.70% full
time engaged in sugar factory, 12.65% agricultural daily wage work,
16.45% engaged in there own business (small & cottage industries) and
12.65% employed in tertiary activity.
In 2009-10 non agricultural daily wage workers 5.06%, full time
employees in sugar factory 46.83, agricultural daily wage work 8.86%
and 20.25% engaged in there own business and 27.84% employment in
tertiary activity. It can be observed from this table that there is decrease in
non-agricultural daily wage worker and agricultural daily wage workrs
186
and increase in all other occupations in 2009-10. There is due to
development of sugar factory and provided irrigation faculties.
It is clear that from the foregoing analysis that the workers relying
on different occupation in 2005-06 become full time workers in the sugar
factory by 2009-10. It may therefore be concluded that the importance of
farm-based occupations has been gradually declining following the
emergence of agro-based industrial units.
5.6.2 Jolly Board Plywood industries in Deshing -
Occupational background or occupational positions of workers
employed in Jolly Board Plywood Industries in Deshing During 2005-06
and 2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.15
Table No.5.15
Occupational Background of Workers Employed in
Jolly Board Plywood Industries in Deshing
Sr.
No. Occupation
2005-
06
2009-
10
1 Non agricultural daily wage work 13
(43.33)
4
(13.33)
2 Full time employed in agro-based
industries
7
(23.33)
16
(53.33)
3 Agricultural daily wage work 6
(20) -
4 Own Business (Small & Cottage
industries)
2
(6.66)
2
(6.66)
5 Employment in tertiary activity 2
(6.66)
8
(26.66)
Total 30
(100)
30
(100)
187
Table No. 5.15 evident that the occupational background of the
workers employed in Jolly Board Plywood industry in Deshing during
2005-06 and 2009-10. During 2005-06, 43.33 % worker were non
agricultural daily wage workers, 23.33% Full time engaged in Jolly
Board Plywood industry, 20% agriculture daily wage workers, workers
engaged in their own business and employment in tertiary activity. Were
same i.e. 6.66.
In 2009-10, 13.33% non agricultural daily wage workers, 53.33%
workers full time employed in Jolly Board Plywood industry, 6.66%
workers engaged in there own business and 26.66% employed in tertiary
activity. It can be seen from this table that there is decrease in non-
agricultural daily wage workers in 2009-10. This is no change in their
own business during 2005-06 and 2009-10. An important point to be
noted here is that there is no single worker engaged in agricultural daily
wage work in 2009-10. It means all agricultural daily wage workers in
2005-06 shifted to Jolly Board Plywood industries in 2009-10. There is
increase in full time employment in jolly board and tertiary activity in
2009-10. The share of employment agro-based industrial occupation was
the highest i.e. 53.33% and agricultural daily wage work was lowest i.e.
13.33 in 2009-10. It may therefore, be concluded from the above analysis
that the setting up of the Jolly Board Plywood industry in Deshing
brought about an improvement in the occupational status of the rural
188
population and uplifted than economically. In short it provided
employment to the educated unemployed and reduced the problem of
disguised unemployment in the farm sector.
5.6.3 Maize Processing Industry – Ranjani
Occupational background or occupational positions of workers
employed in Maize Processing Industry – Ranjani During 2005-06 and
2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.16
Table No. 5.16
Occupational Background of Wage Workers Employed Maize
Industry in Ranjani
Sr.
No. Occupation
2005-
06
2009-
10
1 Non agricultural daily wage work 14
(48.27)
7
(24.13)
2 Full time employed in agro-based
industries
5
(17.24)
15
(51.72)
3 Agricultural daily wage work 6
(20.68)
2
(6.89)
4 Own Business (Small & Cottage
industries)
4
(13.79) -
5 Employment in tertiary activity - 5
(17.24)
Total 29
(100)
29
(100)
Table No.5.16 gives an idea of the occupational background of the
workers employed in Maize Processing Industry at Ranjani. During 2005-
06, 48.27%, workers were non agricultural daily wage workers 17.24%.
189
Workers full time employed in Maize Industry. 20.68% agricultural daily
wage workers and 13.79% engaged in their own business. In 2009-10
24.13% non agricultural wage workers, 51.72% full time employed in
Maize industry, 6.89% agricultural daily wage workers and 17.24%
employed in tertiary activity.
It can be observed from this table that there is no single worker
engaged in their own business in 2009-10. It means they merged in to
Maize industry. During 2005-06 employment in tertiary activity was nil,
but in 2009-10, 17.24% workers employed in this activity. Another
important point is that more than 50% decrease in non-agricultural daily
wage and more than 50% increase employment in maize industry. This is
because of development of Maize industry.
It is evident from those facts that the location of an agro-based
industries units in Ranjani not only brought about changes in the rural
occupational structure but improved the economic life of the rural
population by supplementing their income and providing higher wage in
the maize industry which provided employment in the non agricultural
season.
5.6.4 Grape Processing Units – Agalgaon
Occupational background or occupational positions of workers
employed in Grape Processing Units – Agalgaon During 2005-06 and
2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.17
190
Table No. 5.17
Occupational pattern of workers employed in Grape Processing
Units in Agalgaon
Sr.
No. Occupation 2005-06
2009-
10
1 Non agricultural daily wage work 25
(55.55)
10
(22.22)
2 Full time employed in agro-based
industries
15
(33.33)
10
(22.22)
3 Agricultural daily wage work - 25
(55.55)
4 Own Business (Small & Cottage
industries)
5
(11.11)
5
(11.11)
5 Employment in tertiary activity - 5
(11.11)
Total 45 (100) 45
(100)
Table No. 5.17 gives an idea of the occupational position of the
workers in grape processing units in 2009-10 and their previous
occupational positions in 2005-06. In 2005-06, 55.55% workers were non
agricultural daily wage workers, 33.33% agricultural daily wage workers
and 11.11% engaged in their own business.
In 2009-10 non agricultural daily wage worker and agricultural
daily wage workers are same i.e. 22.22% and 55.55% full time employed
in agro-based industry. Employment in tertiary activity and workers
engaged in their own business are same i.e. 11.11%.
During 2005-06 there was no single worker employed in grape
processing units as well as in tertiary activity. There is no change in their
own business during 2005-06 and 2009-10. But in 2009-10 there were
55.55% workers were employed in grape processing unit and 11.11%
workers employed in tertiary activity and this is the positive effect of
191
agro-based industry. Another important point is that there is decrease in
non-agricultural and agricultural daily wage work in 2009-10.
It is thus clear that the grape processing unit located at Agalgaon
place the way for the important occupational status of the workers
particularly that of the women workers employed in it. Further these units
helped in removing the disguised unemployment to a great extent in the
agricultural sector of the neighboring villages.
*******