CHAPTER V LAND USE/ LAND COVER ANALYSIS OF HEMAVATHI...

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CHAPTER V

LAND USE/ LAND COVER ANALYSIS OF HEMAVATHI

WATERSHED

5.1. INTRODUCTION

FAO (1993) has defined land as an area of the earth’s surface, including all

elements of the physical and biological environment that influences land use. Land

comprises the physical environment including climate, relief, soils, hydrology and

vegetation, to the extent that, these influence potentials for land use. Indeed, land is an

essential natural resource both for the survival and prosperity of humanity and for the

maintenance of all terrestrial ecosystems. Land has been defined in varieties of ways

by different researcher and organisations working in the field of agriculture and land

reforms. It includes the results of past and present human activities e.g., reclamation

from the sea, vegetation clearance and also adverse results, like soil salinity. Purely

economic and social characteristics however, are not included in the concept of land

these form part of the economic and social context (FAO, 1976; Dent and Young,

1981). Rapidly increasing populations in developing countries in recent years caused

to increase the demand for food and fuel (FAO, 1986) from agriculture. Fresco et al.,

(1994) predicted that, after 2000 population increases and income growth will

increase the demand for food and other agricultural products by over 3% annually.

Land and soils are the ultimate sources of wealth and the foundation on which

civilization is constructed. A main problem is inappropriate land use, which leads to

inefficient exploitation of natural resources, destruction of land resources, poverty and

other social problems and even to the destruction of civilization (Rossiter.D.G. 1994).

A Land quality is a complex attribute of land which acts in a distinct manner in its

influence on the suitability of land for a specific kind of use (Kavetskiy et.al. 2003).

Land Characteristic is a simple attribute of land that can be measured or estimated in

routine survey in any operational sense, including by remote sensing and census, as

well as by natural resource inventory. Examples are slope angle, rainfall, soil texture,

available water capacity, biomass of the vegetation, etc (FAO, 1976).

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Classification is an abstract representation of the situation in the field using

well-defined diagnostic criteria to the classifiers. Sokal.R (1974) defined it as “the

ordering or arrangement of objects into groups or sets on the basis of their

relationships”. Classification is one of the most important steps in handling remote

sensing imagery and represents important input data for geographic information

systems (Oštir 2006). Land use is the human use of land. Land use involves the

management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built

environment such as fields, pastures and settlements. It also has been defined as “the

arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to

produce, change or maintain it” (FAO, 1997 FAO/UNEP, 1999).

Land use practices vary considerably across the world. The United Nations

Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that, “Land

use concerns the products and/or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the

land management actions (activities) carried out by humans to produce those products

and benefits”.

Land cover is a geographical feature which may form a reference base for

applications ranging from forest and rangeland monitoring, production of statistics,

planning, investment, biodiversity, climate change, to control of desertification.

(Gordon, 1980; Millington et al., 1986; Franchek and Biggam, 1992) Land cover is

the physical material at the surface of the earth and it include grass, asphalt, trees,

bare ground, water etc. There are two primary methods for capturing information on

land cover. These are: field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery.

Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used

interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land for socio-

economic activity - urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly

known land use classes. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate

land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension.

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5.2. ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN LAND USE /LAND COVER

STUDIES

Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS techniques are being widely used to assess

natural resources and monitor environmental changes. It is possible to analyse land

use/ land cover change dynamics using remotely sensed data and linking it with socio-

economic or bio-physical data using GIS. The incorporation of RS can help analyzing

this kind of research in variety of ways like land cover mapping, detecting and

monitoring land cover change over time, identifying land use attributes and land cover

change hot spots etc (Lambin.E.F 2001). With the advancement of technology,

reduction in data cost, availability of historic spatio-temporal data and high resolution

satellite images, RS techniques are now very useful for conducting researches like

land cover change detection analysis (Das.T. 2009).

Better assessment of the changes of land cover by using digital analysis of

remote sensing satellite data can help decision makers to develop effective plans for

the management of land (Gordon, 1980; Millington et al., 1986; Franchek and

Biggam, 1992). Current technologies such as geographical information systems (GIS)

and remote sensing provide a cost effective and accurate alternative to understanding

landscape dynamics.

Digital change detection techniques based on multi-temporal and multi-

spectral remotely sensed data have demonstrated a great potential as a means to

understanding landscape dynamics- detect, identify, map and monitor differences in

land use and land cover patterns over period of time, irrespective of the causal factors

(Jensen, J.R. 1996). Recent improvements in satellite image quality and availability

have made it possible to perform image analysis at much larger scale than in the past.

GIS has enormous possible as an environment for the conception of dynamic models

of physical environmental processes.

Identifying the land use land cover classification of the Hemavathi watershed

has be done through the remote sensing data, with the help of GIS software. Final

output maps of the cropping pattern and crop concentration was done through the

GIS.

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5.3. OBJECTIVES

� To study the land use changes in the Hemavathi watershed.

� To analyze the cropping pattern and cropping dynamics (Crop concentration)

of the study area.

5.4. METHODOLOGY

Satellite images are used to identify the land use/ land cover changes of

Hemavathi watershed during the year 2003- 2004 and 2011-2012. Land sat LISS III

23 mt resolution are used for image processing, layers stack, mosaic the images and

classification of the images are done with the help of ERDAS 9.2 software. This

chapter also deals with the cropping pattern of the study area by using the S.S.Bhatia

method, by taking cropping area of each crop, this helps to identify the concentration

of the different crops in the Hemavathi watershed.

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Chart: 5.1: Methodology flow chart for land use land cover and cropping pattern

Satellite Images LISS III, 23 mt resolution (2003-2004 and

2011-2012)

Image Processing

Mosaic

Subset

Classification

Supervise classification

Identifying the feature

Built up land

Agriculture land

Forest land

Barren land etc

Cropping pattern Information

District statistical office

Cropping area

Data from the year 2001-02 to 2011-12

Identify the difference

Crop concentration (2011-12)

Using S.S.Bhatia method Result

Discussion Findings

Using GIS Preparation of maps

Analysis Conclusion

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5.5. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF LAND USE & LAND COVER IN THE

STUDY AREA

The detailed account of land Use/ Land Cover of Hemavathi watershed is

presented in this chapter. The study is based purely on remote sensing data and field

observation. The spatial land uses were classified based on NRSA (National Remote

Sensing Agency, 2003) guidelines with slight modifications and derived 08 land

classes (Level II) which suits for the local condition.

They are Built-up lands, Agricultural lands (Crop land, Plantation crops and

Fallow land), Forest, grassland, water bodies and Barren land in the study area. Table

5.1 and 5.2 are indicating the land use and land cover (2003-2004 and 2011-2012) of

the Hemavathi watershed.

Table No: 5.1: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

LAND USE/ LAND COVER IN THE YEAR OF 2003-2004

Land use/land cover

Zone1

(area hectare)

Area

in percentage

Zone 2

(area hectare)

Area

in

percentage

Zone 3

(area hectare)

Area

in percentage

Agriculture plantation 575 18.97 332 21.95 394 34.19

Agriculture crop 1072 35.37 557 36.83 311 26.98

Agriculture Fallow 849 28.01 236 15.60 4.35 0.37

Barren land 183 6.03 53 3.50 49 4.25

Built up 50 1.65 31 2.05 30 2.60

Forest 123 4.05 215 14.21 331 28.72

Water bodies 178 5.87 87 5.75 19 1.64

Grass land 0 0 0.99 0.065 14 1.21

Source: Land sat LISS III 23.5 mt , Satellite image for the year of 2003-2004

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LAND USE/ LAND COVER IN THE YEAR OF 2011-2012

Land use /land cover

Zone 1

(area in hectare)

Area

in percentage

Zone 2

(area in hectare)

Area

in percentage

Zone 3

(area in hectare)

Area

in percentage

Agriculture plantation 642 21.16 360 23.96 407 35.14

Agriculture crop 1267 41.76 598 39.81 319 27.54

Agriculture Fallow 619 20.40 165 10.98 3 0.25

Barren land 150 4.94 45 2.99 35 3.02

Built up 55 1.81 34 2.26 32 2.76

Forest 123 4.05 215 14.31 331 28.58

Water bodies 178 5.86 85 5.65 19 1.64

Grass 0 0 0 0 12 1.03

Source: Land sat LISS III 23.5 mt , Satellite image for the year of 2011-2012


CHANGE DETECTION OF LU/LC (2003-04 AND 2011-12)

Land use/land cover

Zone one

(in %)

Zone two

(in %)

Zone three

(in %)

Agriculture plantation +2.19 +2.01 +0.95

Agriculture crop +6.39 +2.98 +0.56

Agriculture Fallow -7.61 -4.62 -0.12

Barren land -1.09 -0.51 -1.23

Built up +0.16 +0.21 +0.16

Forest 0 0 0

Water bodies -0.01 -0.1 0

Grass 0 0 -0.09

Source: Land sat LISS III 23.5 mt, Satellite image for the year 2003-2004 & 2011-2012

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Map No: 5.1: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED: LAND USE LAND COVER

IN THE YEAR OF 2003-04

Map No: 5.2: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED: LAND USE LAND COVER IN

THE YEAR OF 2011-12

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5.5.1. Built-Up land

Built-up Land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land

covered by structures, included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip

developments along highways, transportation, power and communications facilities

and areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centres, industrial and

commercial complexes and institutions that, in some instances, is isolated from urban

areas. As development progresses, land having less intensive or nonconforming use

may be located in the midst of Built-up areas and will generally be included in this

category. Agricultural land, forest, wetland, or water areas on the fringe of Built-up

areas will not be included except where they are surrounded and dominated by urban

development.

In this study Built up area included the urban and rural area of the watershed.

According to the table 5.1 Built up area in the zone one is 50 hectare with account for

1.65 percent of the total area. In zone two, the Built up area is 31 ha which is 2.05

percent of the total area and in zone three, it is 30 ha i.e., 2.60 percent of the total

area. In the year, 2011-2012 (table no 5.2) Built up area in zone one is 55 ha, 1.81

percent of the total area, 34 ha in zone two and in the zone three is 32 ha , which is

2.26 and 2.76 percent of the total area respectively.

5.5.2. Agricultural Land

Concept of land is very vague and agricultural land is only a part of this

pocket cultivation and agricultural production activities are to be carried out. In this

piece, the cultivation and production process impact to land resources causes change.

Land and soil are two completely different concepts, but sometimes it is very

confusing when only concerning to agricultural activities. Land has a much broader

meaning than soil and soil is indeed a part of the land and soil quality is a subset of

land quality (Kavetskiy et al, 2003).

Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and controlled use of living

organisms and the environment to improve the human condition. ‘Agricultural land’ is

the land based upon which agriculture is practiced. Typically occurring on farms,

agricultural activities are undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural

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products. Although agricultural land is primarily required for the production of food

for human and animal consumption, agricultural activities also include the growing of

plants for fibre and fuels (including wood) and for other organically derived products

(pharmaceuticals, etc). In this land cover, agriculture land is classified into level II

categories i.e., Agriculture Cropland, Plantation land and Agriculture Fallow land.

5.5.2. a. Agriculture crop land

The several components of Cropland now used for agricultural statistics

include: cropland harvested, including bush fruits; cultivated summer fallow and idle

cropland; land on which crop failure occurs; cropland in soil- improvement grasses

and legumes; cropland used only for pasture in rotation with crops; and more or less

permanently used for that purpose (Hardy, Belcher and Phillips, 1971).

In the Hemavathi watershed, total agriculture land is 1940 hectare but in zone

one agriculture crop land is 1072 hectare with account for 28.01 percent of the total

area in the year of 2003-2004. However, in the 2011-2012, crop land is 1267 hectare

(41.76%). In zone two, crop land is 36.83 percent (557 hectare in the year of 2003-

04). In 2011-2012 it is 598 hectare (39.81%). Zone three in the year of 2003-04 is

26.98 percent (311 ha). In 2011-2012, the total agriculture crop land is 319 hectare

with account for 27.54 percent. In the year of 2011-12 the agricultural crop land is

increased 9.93 percent when compare to 2003-04 in the study area.

5.5.2. b. Agriculture plantation land

Agriculture plantation land is described as an area under agriculture tree crops,

planted, by adopting certain agricultural management techniques. It includes tea,

coffee, rubber, coconut, areca nut, citrus, orchards and other horticultural nurseries.

However, this area lies in the Western Ghats. The plantations like coffee, areca nut,

coconut etc are grown.

According to the Table 5.1 and 5.2, in zone one, agriculture plantation area is

575 hectare (18.97%). In zone two, it is under 332 hectare (21.95%) and in zone three

it is 394 hectare (34.19%). According to table 5.2, agriculture plantation area is 642

hectares (21.16%) in zone one, 360 hectare (23.96%) in zone two and 407 hectare

(35.14%) in zone three. Even in case of agricultural plantation land 2.96 percent of

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area is increased in 2011-12 compare to 2003-04 this is due to formers are interested

in plantation crops because to get continues income up to 30 to 40 years although it

requires huge capitals. Recently agricultural loan is very much accessible to the

formers by co-operative societies and banks.

5.5.2. c. Agriculture fallow land

Agriculture fallow land is also one type of agriculture land which is taken up

for cultivation but is temporarily allowed to rest, un–cropped for one or more seasons,

but not less than one year. These lands are particularly those in which dividing of

crops takes place during both seasons. This is mainly because of land litigation, crop

rotation and continuous irrigation the agriculture land is kept vacant due to socio

cultural and economic factors.

In the year 2003-2004 the land under agriculture fallow is 1089.35 hectare in

the study area. Out of this, 849 hectare (29.01%) is in Zone one. In Zone two it is 236

hectare (15.60%) and in Zone three it is 4.35 hectare (0.37%), of the total area of the

Hemavathi watershed. In the year 2011-2012, total agriculture fallow land is

decreased from 1089.35 hectare to 789 hectare. Out of this, 789 hectare, 619 hectare

(20.40%) is in zone one, 165 hectare (10.98%) is in Zone two and 3 hectare (0.25%)

is in zone three.

5.5.3. Forest Area

A forest is referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of

trees. As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a

forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to

how and of what the forest is composed (Lund, H. Gyde coord 2006). In Level II

classification, Forest Land is divided into three categories: Deciduous, Evergreen and

Mixed. To differentiate these three categories effectively, sequential data or at least

data acquired during the period when deciduous trees are bare. In this land use land

cover study is concentrate only on level I classification, the study area is partly

covered by the Western Ghats, especially in Chikkamagalur, Mudigre, Sakleshpura

and Somvarpet in these taluks forest area is highly concentrated. There is no much

variation in the forest area in the years of 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 (refer table 5.1 &

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5.2). The variation is found in the grass land. In the year of 2003-2004 the total area

under grass land is 14.99 hectare but it decreased to 12 hectare in the year 2011-2012.

About 2.99 hectare grass area is converted to agriculture cropland in all the three

zones in Hemavathi watershed.

5.5.4. Barren land

Barren Land is land of limited ability to support life and in which less than

one-third of the area has vegetation or other cover. In general, it is an area of thin soil,

sand, or rocks. In unusual conditions, such as a heavy rainfall, occasionally result in

growth of a short- lived, more luxuriant plant cover. Land may appear barren because

of absence of man’s activities. When it may reasonably be inferred from the data

source that the land will be returned to its former use, it is not included in the Barren

category, but classified on the basis of its site and situation. Agricultural land, for

example, may be temporarily without vegetative cover because of cropping season or

tillage practices. When neither the former nor the future use can be discerned and the

area is obviously in a state of land use transition, it is considered to be Barren Land, in

order to avoid inferential errors.

The total barren land in the study area is 285 ha in the year 2003-04. Out of

this, 183 hectare (6.03%) is in zone one. In zone two it is 53 hectare (3.50%) and in

zone three it is 49 hectare (4.29%). In the year of 2011-12 it decreased from 285

hectare to 230 hectare. This is because of the conversion of barren land for plantation

and other crop land use. Out of this 230 hectare, 150 hectare is covered in zone one

and 45 hectare and 35 hectare is covered in zone two and zone three respectively.

5.5.5. Water bodies

Water is one of the most essential components required for the survival of

mankind and other living beings. It is important only next to oxygen. It is the most

important element required for metabolic activity in human beings and animals. A

lake is a body of relatively still liquid (prototypically water) of considerable size,

localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land apart from a river or other outlet that

serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean and

therefore are distinct from lagoons; lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams,

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which are usually flowing. However, most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and

streams. The total water body of the study area is 284 hectare. It is interesting to note

that in zone two, the water bodies are decreased from 87 hectare (5.75%) to 85

hectare (5.65%). This is because of encroachment of the area under water bodies for

settlements and agricultural.

5.5.6. Conclusion

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization.

Measuring the extent of an urban area helps in analyzing population density and urban

sprawl and in determining urban and rural populations.

The agriculture plantation area has gradually increased from 2003 to 2011, to

the extent of 2.26 percent in zone one, 2.01 percent in zone two and in zone three it is

around 0.94%. In the two study periods agriculture fallow land has decreased. The

fallow land was converted to agriculture plantation and crop land. The remaining

barren i.e., 55 hectare of land, is covered with agricultural plantation and crop land.

5.6. CROPPING PATTERN OF THE HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

5.6.1. INTRODUCTION

Cropping pattern means the proportion of various crops in an area of land at a

specific time period. It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangements of

crops and fallows in an area. Since land resources are limited, emphasis has to be

placed on increasing production for each unit area of land within a specific time

frame. The cropping system is an important component of any farming system. It is

the proportion of area with various crops at a specific period of time. Crop rotation is

the process of growing different crops in succession, on a piece of land, in a specific

period of time. The main objective is to get maximum profit, by using minimum

investment, without impairing the soil fertility. Change in a cropping pattern from one

year to the next can occur by changing the relative acreage of existing crops and by

introducing new crops and by cropping existing crops. Cropping pattern is the

proportion of area with various crops, inclusive of changes over space and time. The

cropping patterns of a region are closely influenced by the geo-climatic, socio-

economic, historical and political factors (Hussain, M. 1996). Patterns of crop land

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use of a region are manifestation of the combined influences of physical and human

environment. Differences in attitude towards the rural land in the level of prosperity

and technology have produced changes in emphasis. Their effects on both landscape

and land use studies are likely to be far reaching (Coppock, 1968).

Weather plays a decisive role in determining the existing cropping pattern.

This also depends on terrain, topography, slope, soils and availability of water for

irrigation, as well as, the use of pesticides, fertilizers and mechanization. Totally

cropping pattern means the production of area under various crops at a certain period

of time. It is a dynamic concept because no cropping pattern can be considered as

ideal for all times, at a particular region. It changes in space and time, with a view to

meet requirements and is governed largely by the physical as well as cultural and

technological factors. The changes in cropping patterns in a particular span of time

clearly indicate the changes that have taken place in the agricultural development.

These changes are brought about by socioeconomic influences. “In most of the

situations, the physical environment reduces the choice of certain crops altogether or

by reducing their level (Morgan, W.B. and Munton R.J.C. 1971). In the present

chapter, the overall cropping pattern of the study region is outlined, followed by the

discussion on the area under individual crops. This also throws light on crop

concentration in the study region.

5.6.2. ANNUAL AREA VARIATION OF SELECTED CROPS (from 2001-02 to

2011-12)

Table no 5.4 indicates the annual area variation of selected crops in the study

area. Paddy, ragi, jowar, maize, sugarcane, coffee and tobacco are considered as

selected crops because these crops shares more than 85 percent of set sown area. This

table clearly indicates that, both positive and negative changes occurred in the study

period.

5.6.2.a. Paddy

Paddy is the main food crop in the southern part of Karnataka. But, the area

under paddy cultivation gradually decreases in the study region. Table no 5.4

indicates that the area under paddy has decreased in zones one and two.

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AREA VARIATION OF SELECTED CROPS (Area in Hectares)

Zones Year Paddy Ragi Jowar Maize Sugarcane Coffee Tobacco 1

2001-02 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 2002-03 -1001.8 1864.29 472.16 167.15 4753.24 0 1272.2 2003-04 -19557 8687.73 838.62 730.67 3856.67 0 719.27 2004-05 -27278 7042.71 1398.76 1255.21 685.6 0 717.99 2005-06 -10687 4564.52 1142.21 6952.66 7789.95 0 1248.35 2006-07 -9370.7 -6970.1 498.82 11758.9 7606 0 1515.92 2007-08 -7722.5 -24316 113.65 15157.5 6843.97 0 1637.95 2008-09 -7043.6 -21496 12.79 17499.4 4504.77 0 1635.54 2009-10 -7472.9 -21123 112.69 19319.8 5623.1 0 1721.9 2010-11 -7789.2 -18689 -87.49 21265.4 7470.49 0 1744.64 2011-12 -10024 -22162 -337.11 20082.7 4769.65 0 2739.74

2

2001-02 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2002-03 -11375 -66.96 32.73 -80.04 146.63 442.65 Nil 2003-04 -3629.4 -562.1 134.79 803.88 450.44 683.81 29.04 2004-05 -6935.8 -4048.9 674.99 3164.24 527.48 1935.23 13.85 2005-06 -6624.5 -5876.2 123.39 5912.95 308.28 2845.39 14.94 2006-07 -6548.4 -8262 79.14 7771.51 4.23 3941.83 108.25 2007-08 -5912.6 -11281 73.99 11291 -34.51 3874.21 122.68 2008-09 -6362.4 -12059 115.48 11182.7 -35.37 17145.6 90.07 2009-10 -6500 -13089 22.57 11185 -90.8 4285.12 148.38 2010-11 -7030.7 -14439 64.12 12192.1 -75.97 4405.35 65.27 2011-12 -6359.2 -15626 43.39 11802.1 -173.14 4580.83 362.82

3

2001-02 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2002-03 223.55 14.5 0 -28.56 0 116.11 Nil 2003-04 -217.1 17.62 0 -31.53 0 319.66 Nil 2004-05 -570.59 30.58 0 -35.65 0 280.48 Nil 2005-06 1538.04 -13.06 0 -4.2 0 1133.2 Nil 2006-07 -1202.3 -24.38 0 -10.51 0 1394.34 21 2007-08 -1323.5 -47.31 0 42.01 0 1702.51 28.36 2008-09 -1252.5 -31.32 0 73.53 0 1767.06 31.51 2009-10 -1204.7 -60.1 0 157.57 0 1799.91 40.96 2010-11 -1079.6 -61.56 0 126.07 0 2109.39 42.01 2011-12 -972.31 -73.83 0 226.1 0 2440.7 54.41

Source: District Statistical Glance, Computed by the author.

Maximum decreases were recorded in the year 2004-05 in both the zones,

whereas in zone three, the paddy area cultivation increased in the years 2002-03 and

2005-06 and decreased in the remaining years. This is because paddy requires more

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water but in the study periods gradually rainfall is decreasing although this area is

irrigated by Hemavathi and Yagachi dams the water supply from these dams to

agricultural crops is gradually decreasing. So the formers invariably instead of

growing paddy they give preference for less water consuming crops like maize.

5.6.2.b. Ragi

Ragi is the second most important food crop in this region. In zone one, the

ragi area increased from 2003-03 to 2005-06 and in zone three, also, it increased from

2002-03 to 2004-05. From 2005-06 onwards, the ragi cropping area decreased in both

the zones. In zone two, the area’s growing ragi gradually decreased during the period

of study. Mainly because the per hectare yield of ragi is less when compare to other

food crops.

5.6.2.c. Jowar

Jowar is an important crop in this area. The jowar crop area clearly indicates

that there is a tendency of both increasing and decreasing. In the zone one jowar area

increases occurred from 2002-03 to 2009-10. After 2010, the total jowar area

cultivation decreased. In zone two, the jowar area increased. The highest positive

change is noticed in the year 2004-05 and the lowest positive change occurred in

2009-10.

5.6.2.d. Maize

In zone one, total maize crop area increased. The highest increase was

recorded in the year, 2010-11. In zone two, also, there's an increase, except during the

year, 2002-03. Beyond this year, the total area of maize was increased. The highest

positive change in the area growing maize crops was found in 2010-11. In zone three,

the maize crops in the area increased from 2007-08 to 2011-12 and decreased from

2002-03 to 2006-07. The greatest positive change, in the maize areas was observed in

the year, 2011-12. The greatest negative change in the maize area was observed in

2004-05. The lowest negative change in this maize crop area occurred in 2005-06.

Totally the area under maize is gradually increasing because it is less labour intensive

as well as the use of maize is expanding because the buy products number from the

maize is increasing day by day and also the cost for this crop is relatively less.

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5.6.2.e. Sugarcane

Sugarcane is one of the commercial crops in this region. This crop is

concentrated in zone one and zone two. In zone one, the area growing sugarcane has

increased in 2005-06, but decreased in 2004-05. In zone two, the sugarcane areas

changed both positively and negatively, from 2002-03 to 2006-07. The total area

increased after 2006-07. The greatest positive change occurred in the year, 2004-05

and the greatest negative change occurred in the year, 2011-12. In zone one, the total

sugarcane cropping areas increased, compared to the sugarcane cropping areas in zone

two, this is because zone one has more area irrigation.

5.6.2.f. Coffee

Coffee is a dominant crop in zone three, because this zone is situated in the

Western Ghats. The area’s growing coffee is increased in zones two and zone three. In

zone two, the greatest positive changes were recorded in the year 2011-12. Total areas

growing coffee crops gradually increased from 2002-03 to 2011-12 in zones two and

three. Mainly because it is one of the income oriented plantation crop the formers in

these areas gradually encroached forest land for cultivation of coffee crops.

5.6.2.g. Tobacco

The total areas growing tobacco crops increased in all three zones. In zone

one, the highest positive change can be observed in the year, 2011-12 i.e., 2739.74

hectares. In zone three, tobacco cultivation began and continued after 2005-06. This

crop was concentrated on, only in Somvarpet taluk. (refer table 5.8c).

5.6.3. AREA INDICES OF SELECTED CROPS (from 2001-02 to 2011-12)

The year 2001-02 is considered as the base year for comparing and reviewing

areas for the selected crops during the periods under study.

5.6.3.a. Paddy

The index number, of the paddy areas, was below 100 percent during the

period under study. Table 5.5 shows that the indices of paddy areas have decreased up

to 28.17 percent in zone one, in the year 2004-05. Below 50 percent indices were

observed in the years 2003-04 and 2004-05. In zone two, the area’s growing paddy,

120

decreased by 44.43 percent in 2002-04, whereas, in zone three, the paddy areas

decreased by 87.26 percent when compare to the base year.


INDICES OF AREA UNDER SELECTED CROPS

Zone Year/Crops Paddy Ragi Jowar Maize Sugarcane Coffee Tobacco

1

2001-02 100 100 100 100 100 Nil 100 2002-03 97.37 103.14 192.49 103.46 195.03 Nil 1199.35 2003-04 48.5 114.63 264.27 115.51 177.11 Nil 1125.19 2004-05 28.17 111.86 374 126.65 113.7 Nil 1123.29 2005-06 71.86 107.69 323.74 247.63 255.75 Nil 1879.17 2006-07 75.33 88.26 197.71 349.68 252.07 Nil 2260.52 2007-08 79.67 59.03 122.26 421.84 236.83 Nil 2434.44 2008-09 81.46 63.78 102.5 471.57 190.06 Nil 2431 2009-10 80.33 64.41 122.07 510.23 212.42 Nil 2554.08 2010-11 79.49 68.51 82.87 551.54 249.35 Nil 2586.49 2011-12 73.61 62.66 33.97 526.43 195.35 Nil 4004.73

2

2001-02 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2002-03 44.43 99.69 111.65 98.53 140.16 102.97 129.04 2003-04 82.27 97.37 147.98 114.82 223.39 104.6 113.87 2004-05 66.12 81.02 340.28 158.34 244.5 113.05 114.94 2005-06 67.64 72.46 143.92 209.02 184.45 119.15 208.28 2006-07 68.01 61.28 128.17 243.3 101.15 126.53 222.68 2007-08 71.12 47.12 126.33 308.19 90.55 126.08 190.07 2008-09 68.92 43.47 141.1 306.2 90.32 127.9 248.38 2009-10 68.25 38.65 108.03 306.24 75.13 128.47 248.63 2010-11 65.65 32.32 122.82 324.81 79.19 129.65 168.27 2011-12 68.93 26.75 115.44 317.62 52.57 130.83 460.87

3

2001-02 100 100 Nil 100 100 100 100 2002-03 98.15 110.22 Nil 94.57 Nil 100.45 Nil 2003-04 98.21 112.42 Nil 94 Nil 101.25 Nil 2004-05 95.28 121.55 Nil 93.22 Nil 101.1 Nil 2005-06 87.26 90.8 Nil 99.21 Nil 104.44 Nil 2006-07 90.04 82.82 Nil 98 Nil 105.47 121 2007-08 89.04 66.65 Nil 92.01 Nil 106.68 128.36 2008-09 89.63 77.92 Nil 86.01 Nil 106.93 131.51 2009-10 90.02 57.64 Nil 70 Nil 107.06 140.96 2010-11 91.06 56.61 Nil 76 Nil 108.27 142.01 2011-12 91.95 47.96 Nil 56.96 Nil 109.57 154.41


121

5.6.3.b. Ragi

Indices of the ragi areas were registered above 100 percent from 2002-03 to

2005-06 in zone one, whereas in the remaining years, it was below 100 percent. In

zone three, the index number was above 100 percent in the periods of 2002-03 to

2004-05, whereas in zone two, it is recorded below 100 percent during the study

periods.

5.6.3.c. Jowar

In zone one, indices of the jowar areas recorded below the 100 percent mark

from 2010-11 and 2011-12, whereas it was above 100 percent, in the remaining years.

In the zone two, the index number of jowar areas was not below 100 percent during

the study period. The highest indices number of jowar areas was recorded in the year

2004-05 and the lowest indices number was recorded in the year 2009-10 i.e., 340.28

percent and 33.97 percent respectively.

5.6.3.d. Maize

In zone one, the index number of maize areas was not below 100 percent

during the study period, whereas in zone two it is below 100 percent in the year,

2002-03. The remaining years show above 100 percent. The highest index number

was recorded in the year, 2010-11. In zone three, indices of area under maize were

recorded below 100 percent during the study periods.

5.6.3.e. Sugarcane

In zone one; sugarcane is one of the most dominant crops. The index number

for sugarcane areas was not decreased below 100 during the study periods. The

highest positive index number was recorded in the year 2005-06. In zone two, the

index number for sugarcane areas was below 100 percent, from 2007-08 to 2011-12,

whereas, it was registered above 100 percent, in the remaining years.

5.6.3.f. Coffee

The index number for coffee areas gradually increased during the study period

(2001-02 to 2011-12) in zone two and zone three because these two zones are having

favourable conditions for coffee cultivation.

122

5.6.3.g. Tobacco

The index number for tobacco areas was not below 100 percent during the

study period in all the three zones. The highest indices number was recorded in the

year, 2011-12 in the three zones.

5.6.4. MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, CO-EFFICIENT OF VARIABILITY OF SELECTED CROPS

Table 5.6 shows mean, standard deviation and co-efficient of variability of

selected crops in Hemavathi watershed. In zone one, the highest average area was

recorded for ragi i.e., 50852.57 hectares.

Table No: 5.6: IN HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, COEFFICIENT VARIABILITY OF

SELECTED CROPS (2001 TO 2012 AREA IN HECTARES)

Zones Crops Mean S.D C.V. (In %)

1

Paddy 27755.74 9410.59 33.90 Ragi 50852.57 20719.47 40.74 Jowar 861.74 625.15 72.54 Maize 15089.96 8890.94 58.91 Sugarcane 9881.83 4348.17 44 Coffee 0 0 0 Tobacco 1390.31 743.34 53.46

2

Paddy 15259.51 3119.25 20.44 Ragi 13575.43 6193.28 45.62 Jowar 404.96 248.05 61.25 Maize 12261.92 5455.54 44.49 Sugarcane 458.41 276.12 60.23 Coffee 17685.35 1830.50 10.35 Tobacco 114.05 102.88 90.2

3

Paddy 11239.42 721.03 6.41 Ragi 119.22 38.95 32.67 Jowar 0 0 0 Maize 572.02 84.27 14.73 Sugarcane 0.199 0.443 24.4 Coffee 26666.33 887.27 3.32 Tobacco 36.38 11.85 32.5

Source: District Statistical Glance, Computed by the author

123

The lowest average area was confined to jowar crops i.e., 861.74 hectares. The

second dominant crop average area was occupied by paddy (27755.74 hectares)

during 2001-02 to 2011-12. In zone two and zone three, coffee has the highest

average area i.e., 17,685.35 hectares in zone two and 26,666.33 hectares in zone three.

Tobacco has the lowest average area in zone two. In zone three; sugarcane has the

lowest average area.

The co-efficient of variability of area under selected crops varies from 3.32 percent to

90.2 percent during the period of study. In zone one, the highest variability was

recorded in the jowar area, from 2001-02 to 2011-12. Very low variability was

recorded in the paddy area. In zone two and zone three, the highest variability was

recorded in the tobacco area, as well as the ragi area. Coffee was recorded as low

variability in zone two and zone three, during the study periods.

5.6.5. CHANGING CROPPING PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA

The cropping pattern in the study region keeps on changing from time to time

in consonance with change in agricultural prices, government polices and other

physical and non physical factors. These cropping patterns are also governed by

economic, social and personal factors, as well as natural factors, which include

physiographic and climatic conditions. Changes in aggregate cropping patterns in the

study region during the period from 2001-02 to 2011-12 are presented in table 5.7.

The average area under different crops and the relative share of each crop in grass

cropped areas has been developed for the study of cropping pattern.

5.6.5.a. CROPPING PATTERN IN 2001-02 to 2005-06

Areas under land cultivation in zone one were 5,29,744.96 hectares, in zone

two they were 3,02,760.13 hectares and in zone three, they were 1,90,776.35 hectares,

during 2001-02 to 2005-06. Taking the selected crops in the Hemavathi watershed

region under consideration, table no5.7 indicates that during the study period,

cropping areas have changed.

According to this table, ragi is the first dominating crop in zone one. Out of

the total cropped area, 60.04 percent of the area was covered by ragi and 23.95

percent of the area was covered with paddy. It means that paddy was the second

124

dominating crop followed by ragi. The jowar crop covered 1.19 percent, of the total

area, maize covered 6.16 percent and sugarcane covered 7.92 percent, while tobacco

covered 0.72 percent ,of the total area, in the study area.


VARIATIONS IN CROPPING PATTERN (AREA IN HECTARES)

Zones Crops 2001-02 to 2005-06 2006-07 to 2011-12

1

Paddy 126889.88 (23.95%)

178423.47 (28.12%)

Ragi 318072.29 (60.04%)

241305.99 (38.03%)

Jowar 6353.84 (1.19%)

3125.3 (0.49%)

Maize 32649.12 (6.16%)

133340.51 (21.01%)

Sugarcane 41963.04 (7.92%)

66827.09 (10.53%)

Tobacco 3816.79 (0.72%)

11476.67 (1.80%)

2

Paddy 83768.5 (27.66%)

84086.2 (23.72%)

Ragi 96100.5 (31.74%)

53229.3 (15.01%)

Jowar 2370.48 (0.78%)

2084.19 (0.58%)

Maize 36917.3 (12.19%)

97963.9 (27.63%)

Sugarcane 3257.95 (1.07)

1784.59 (0.50%)

Coffee 80179.3 (26.48%)

114359.54 (32.26%)

Tobacco 166.1

(0.05%) 937.88 (0.26%)

3

Paddy 58248.1 (30.53%)

65385.55 (27.94%)

Ragi 758.87 (0.39%)

552.57 (0.23%)

Maize 2526.19 (1.32%)

3766.1 (1.60%)

Sugarcane 0 2.19

(0.00093%)

Coffee 129243.19 (67.74%)

164086.41 (70.11%)

Tobacco 0 218.28 (0.09%)


125

In zone two, ragi was also the dominating crop during 2001-02 to 2005-06 i.e.,

31.74 percent (96,100.5 hectares). The second dominating crop was paddy.

Out of the total cropped area 27.66 percent of the area was covered by paddy.

Next to paddy, 24.48 percent of the area was covered by coffee. This crop was also

one of the most dominating crops in this zone. The jowar, maize and sugarcane crops

covered 0.78 percent, 12.19 percent and 1.07 percent, respectively. The smallest

hectare area was covered with tobacco i.e., 0.05 percent during the period of study.

In zone three, coffee is the most dominating crop. Out of the total cropped

area, 67.74 percent of the area was covered by coffee and 30.53 percent of the area

was occupied by paddy. During the period of study, the remaining crops covering the

study areas were ragi (0.39 %) and maize (1.32% %) respectively.

5.6.5.b. CROPPING PATTERN IN 2006-07 TO 2011-12

Gross cropped area in zone one had increased from 5,29,744.96 hectares in

2001-2006 to 6,34,499.03 hectares in 2006-2012, thus, recording a growth of

1,04,754.07 hectares. The areas with paddy, maize, sugarcane and tobacco, also,

increased, whereas the total areas with ragi and jowar crops decreased from 2001-06

to 2006-12. The largest cropped area i.e., 2, 41,305.99 hectares, was ragi. There had

been a remarkable change in maize cultivation, paddy, sugarcane and tobacco. The

difference in area, of these crops is 1,00,691.39 hectares, 51,533.59 hectares,

24,864.05 hectares and 7,659.88 hectares, respectively from the first quinquennial to

the second study period. In zone two, the gross cropped area increased by 51,685.47

hectares. The total coffee and maize areas grew tremendously i.e., 34,180.24 hectares

and 61,046.6 hectares. An upward shift occurred in the areas of coffee, maize and

tobacco crops i.e., 5.78 percent, Other crops showed negative changes in their areas,

during the second study period i.e., paddy 3.94 percent ragi 16.73 percent, jowar 0.21

percent and sugarcane 0.57 percent. In zone three, the gross cropped area increased by

43,234.75 hectares during the years, 2001-06 to 2006-12. In this zone, the coffee areas

increased i.e., 34,843.22 hectares. In the first quinquennial, there is no land record for

sugarcane and tobacco crop areas, whereas, in the second study period, land was

being cultivated for growing these crops. The areas of the remaining crops, such as

126

paddy and ragi, decreased i.e., 2.59 percent and 0.16 percent, respectively, while, the

maize crops showed a slight increase in their area, during the second period.

5.6.6. TALUK WISE TRENDS IN AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS

Table 5.8.a, 5.8.b, 5.8.c clearly indicate the trends in areas, of various selected

crops, within various zones amongst the taluks, during the years, 2001-02 to 2011-12.

5.6.6.a. Paddy

Paddy is the most dominant food crop in this region. More than 60 percent of

the gross cropped area is paddy areas in S.R.Patna, while 50 percent to 60 percent are

paddy areas in K.R.Pete and K.R.Nagara taluks, during 2006-12. Less than 50 percent

of the gross cropped area was registered as paddy, in Arsikere, Chennarayapatna,

Hassan, Holenarasipura and Nagamangala taluks during the same period. There was

less than 5 percent increase in paddy areas in K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, S.R.Patna and

Pandavapura taluks, from 2001-02 to 2011-12. Less than 5 percent decreases in areas

covered by paddy were observed in Arsikere, Chennarayapatna and Holenarasipura

taluks. There were decreases of more than 5 percent in the paddy areas of K.R.Nagara

taluk, during the study period and there were increases of more than 5 percent in the

paddy areas of taluk of Hassan. In zone two and zone three, all the taluks registered

paddy lands as occupying less than 50 percent of the gross cropped areas, in the years

2006-12. The highest negative change of more than 5 percent paddy area, was

recorded in Belur taluk. (Zone two).

5.6.6.b. Ragi

In zone one, the total area growing ragi was 59.54 percent in 2001-06 and

38.03 percent in the years, 2006-12. The highest negative change was recorded in the

taluk of Hassan i.e., 43.18 percent. Out of the total cropped area, there was a less than

1 percent ragi crop, recorded in Nagamagala taluk. The remaining taluks recorded

negative changes, during the study period. In zone two and zone three, the change was

negative. The highest negative change occurred in Arkalgud taluk and the lowest

negative change was observed in the taluk of Chikkamagalur. The total cropped area

decreased from 31.74 percent to 15.01 percent. In zone two and in zone three, it

decreased from 0.39 percent to 0.23 percent, during the study period.

127

5.6.6.c. Jowar

1.19 percent of the gross cropped area grew jowar, in the years, 2001-06 and

0.49 percent of the gross cropped area grew jowar in the years, 2006-12. In zone one

and in zone two 0.07 percent of the area had jowar crops and in zone three, 0.58

percent of the area had jowar crops. In zone one, it is observed that Chennarayapata,

Hassan, Holenarasipura, K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna and

K.R.Nagara had less than 1 percent of the area in jowar crops, during the years,

2006-12; whereas, 1.49 percent positive change occurred in the taluk of Arsikere. In

zone two, the total cropped area under jowar decreased 0.19 percent, during the study

period. In Belur taluk, a positive increase was recorded, in the total cropped area. The

remaining taluks recorded negative changes.

5.6.6.d. Maize

In zone one, the total percentage of cropped area of maize was 6.09 percent in

2001-06 and 21.01 percent in 2006-12. Less than 2 percent was observed in the taluks

of K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, S.R.Patna, Pandavapura and K.R.Nagara. The highest

cropped area of maize was grown in Hassan taluk i.e., 52.15 percent during the period

of 2006-12. In zone two, Chikkamagalur taluk had recorded that less than 5 percent of

the cropped area was in maize and the remaining taluks recorded that more than 30

percent of the total cropped area was in maize, from 2006-07 to 2011-12. The highest

positive change was recorded in the taluk of Arkalgud, during the period of study.

In zone three, only the Somvarpet taluk cultivated maize crops. Within the

total area, there's an increase of 6.21 percent to 7.57 percent, from 2001-06 to 2006-12

(table 5.8.c). However, in zone one, the Pandavapura taluk had recorded a negative

change i.e., 0.015 percent, less than 1percent. A positive change occurred with the

taluks of K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, S.R.Patna and K.R.Nagara. In zone two, the

recorded change revealed a ‘less than 2 percent’ positive change in Chikkamagalur

taluk, during the study period (table 5.8.b).

5.6.6.e. Sugarcane

Sugarcane has occupied 41,963 hectares of the total cropped area in 2001-06 and

66,827.05 hectares in 2006-12, in zone one.

128

Table No: 5.8.a: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED TRENDS IN AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN ZONE ONE -2001 to 2012 (AREA IN HECTARES)

Zone Taluks/ Crops Years Arsikere

Chenna rayapatna Hassan

Hole narasipura K.R.Pete

Naga mangala

Pandava pura

S.R. Patna

K.R. Nagar Total

1

Paddy

2001-06 122.7 14221.32 12875.74 26397.29 55779.6 921.32 14022.6 313.02 6694.62 131348.29 % 2.76 15.24 6.72 30.86 51.51 12.93 39.15 63.68 72.55 24.52 2006-12 93.93 16028.2 21757.73 29343.33 86294.4 1108.99 20407.8 438.79 2950.24 178423.47 % 2.16 12.76 12.11 29.03 54.46 13.75 39.41 68.34 59.42 28.12 Vol. Of Change -0.59 -2.48 5.38 -1.82 2.94 0.82 0.26 4.65 -13.13 3.59

Ragi

2001-06 3924.6 62665.44 147559.34 48681.91 33253.7 6013.75 15388.1 80.22 1310.9 318877.88 % 88.30 67.19 77.10 56.91 30.71 84.39 42.96 16.32 14.20 59.54 2006-12 3341.75 72513.21 60932.72 37598.18 45386.5 6872.44 13900.2 86.75 674.22 241305.95 % 77.06 57.73 33.92 37.2 28.64 85.25 26.84 13.51 13.58 38.03 Vol. Of Change -11.23 -9.45 -43.18 -19.71 -2.06 0.85 -16.12 -2.81 -0.62 -21.51

Jowar

2001-06 248.85 1239.08 2537.13 1230.2 64.759 116.64 889.89 11.31 39.29 6377.149 % 5.59 1.32 1.32 1.43 0.059 1.63 2.48 2.3 0.42 1.19 2006-12 307.73 971.72 1500.65 128.78 0 49.24 153.9 3.37 9.86 3125.25 % 7.09 0.77 0.83 0.12 0 0.61 0.29 0.52 0.19 0.49 Vol. Of Change 1.49 -0.55 -0.49 -1.31 -0.059 -1.02 -2.18 -1.77 -0.22 -0.69

Maize

2001-06 142.07 2066.74 27354.78 2703.89 336.81 4.6 17.52 0.092 26.56 32653.06 % 3.19 2.21 14.29 3.16 0.31 0.06 0.048 0.018 0.28 6.09 2006-12 590.18 22873.25 93687.87 14656.68 1444.05 7.073 17.56 0.47 63.34 133340.473 % 13.61 18.21 52.15 14.50 0.91 0.087 0.033 0.0732 1.27 21.01 Vol. Of Change 10.41 15.99 37.86 11.34 0.60 0.023 -0.015 0.054 0.98 14.91

129

Zone Taluks/ Crops Years Arsikere

Chenna rayapatna Hassan

Hole narasipura

K.R. Pet

Naga mangala

Panda vapura

S.R. Patna

K.R. Nagar Total

1

Sugarcane

2001-06 6.37 13062.93 1042.68 3031.75 18845.8 69.16 5496.14 86.85 321.29 41963 % 0.14 14 0.54 3.54 17.4 0.97 15.3462 17.67 3.48 7.83 2006-12 1.5 13198.35 1732.3 8765.89 25320.2 23.73 17297.1 112.66 375.37 66827.05 % 0.034 10.50 0.96 8.67 15.98 0.29 33.4071 17.54 7.56 10.53 Vol. Of Change -0.108 -3.49 0.41 5.12 -1.42 -0.67 18.0609 -0.12 4.07 2.69

Tobacco

2001-06 0 0 0 3483.43 0 0 0 0 834.2 4317.63 % 0 0 0 4.072 0 0 0 0 9.041 0.80 2006-12 1.17 2.6 13.73 10567.53 0 0 0 0 891.62 11476.65 % 0.026 0.002 0.0076 10.45 0 0 0 0 17.95 1.80 Vol. Of Change 0.026 0.002 0.0076 6.38 0 0 0 0 8.91 1

Total cropped area

2001-06 4444.59 93255.51 191369.67 85528.47 108281 7125.47 35814.2 491.49 9226.86 535537.011 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2006-12 4336.26 125587.33 179625 101060.39 158445 8061.47 51776.5 642.04 4964.65 634498.843 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


130

Table No: 5.8.b: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED TRENDS IN AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN ZONE TWO 2001-2012

(AREA IN HECTARES)

Zone Taluks/ Crops Years Alur Arkalgud Belur Chikkamagalur Total

2

Paddy

2001-06 30281.37 17575.48 22911.34 13000.26 83768.5 % 35.40 37.22 19.77 24.07 27.66 2006-12 34775.78 16443.65 18794.8 14071.97 84086.2 % 32.86 37.32 13.57 21.26 23.72 Vol. Of Change -2.53 0.10 -6.19 -2.80 -3.945

Ragi

2001-06 23992.93 23822.75 40497.98 7786.86 96100.5 % 28.05 50.45 34.95 14.41 31.74 2006-12 9412.11 12885.21 25170.33 5761.58 53229.2 % 8.89 29.24 18.18 8.70 15.01 Vol. Of Change -19.15 -21.20 -16.76 -5.71 -16.724

Jowar

2001-06 203.18 405.24 308.99 1453.04 2370.45 % 0.23 0.85 0.26 2.69 0.78 2006-12 4.87 136.54 565.3 1377.46 2084.17 % 0.004 0.30 0.40 2.08 0.58 Vol. Of Change -0.23 -0.54 0.14 -0.60 -0.19

Maize

2001-06 10702.52 5161.88 20670.81 382.03 36917.2 % 12.51 10.93 17.841 0.70 12.19 2006-12 33046.73 13342.57 49480.82 2093.73 97963.9 % 31.23 30.28 35.75 3.16 27.63 Vol. Of Change 18.72 19.35 17.90 2.45 15.44

Sugarcane

2001-06 138.28 72.97 2622.48 424.2 3257.93 % 0.16 0.15 2.26 0.78 1.07 2006-12 37.02 79.1 1137.66 530.8 1784.58 % 0.034 0.17 0.82 0.80 0.50 Vol. Of Change -0.12 0.025 -1.44 0.016 -0.57

Coffee

2001-06 20191.94 181.64 28845.87 30959.81 80179.3 % 23.60 0.38 24.89 57.32 26.48 2006-12 28526.76 239.6 43257.37 42335.79 114360 % 26.96 0.54 31.25 63.97 32.26 Vol. Of Change 3.35 0.15 6.35 6.65 5.78

Tobacco

2001-06 14.61 151.49 0 0 166.1 % 0.017 0.32 0 0 0.05 2006-12 9.74 928.13 0 0 937.87 % 0.009 2.10 0 0 0.26 Vol. Of Change -0.0078 1.78 0 0 0.20

Total cropped area

2001-06 85524.83 47219.96 115857.47 54006.2 302760 100 100 100 100 100 2006-12 105803.27 44054.8 138406.28 66171.33 354445 100 100 100 100 100


131

Table No: 5.8.c: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

TRENDS IN AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN ZONE THREE

2001-2012 (AREA IN HECTARES)

Zone Taluks/ Crops Years Mudigere Sakleshpura Somvarpet Total

3

Paddy

2001-06 16037.21 30141.12 12069.71 58248.04

% 28.72 31.96 29.68 30.53

2006-12 18656.64 32782.2 13946.7 65385.54

% 26.47 28.80 28.03 27.94

Vol. Of Change -2.24 -3.16 -1.64 -2.59

Ragi

2001-06 5.54 108.17 645.15 758.86

% 0.009 0.11 1.58 0.39

2006-12 0 44.36 508.2 552.56

% 0 0.038 1.02 0.23

Vol. Of Change -0.009 -0.075 -0.56 -0.16

Maize

2001-06 0 0 2526.19 2526.19

% 0 0 6.21 1.32

2006-12 0 0 3766.1 3766.1

% 0 0 7.57 1.60 Vol. Of Change 0 0 1.35 0.28

Sugarcane

2001-06 0 0 0 0

% 0 0 0 0

2006-12 0 2.19 0 2.19

% 0 0.0019 0 0.0009

Vol. Of Change 0 0.0019 0 0.0009

Coffee

2001-06 39781.93 64037.99 25423.25 129243.17

% 71.26 67.91 62.51 67.74

2006-12 51803.83 80973.68 31308.88 164086.39

% 73.52 71.15 62.93 70.11

Vol. Of Change 2.25 3.23 0.41 2.37

Tobacco

2001-06 0 0 0 0

% 0 0 0 0

2006-12 0 0 218.28 218.28

% 0 0 0.43 0.093

Vol. Of Change 0 0 0.43 0.093

Total cropped area

2001-06 55824.68 94287.28 40664.3 190776.26

100 100 100 100

2006-12 70460.47 113802.43 49748.16 234011.06

100 100 100 100 Source: District Statistical Glance, Computed by the author.

132

The highest negative change was found with the Chennarayapatna taluk i.e.,

3.49 percent. Positive change of less than 5 percent occurred with the taluks of

K.R.Nagara and Hassan. Pandavapura taluk recorded the highest positive change i.e.,

18.06 percent during the study period. In zone two, Alur and Belur taluks recorded

negative changes i.e., 0.12 percent and 1.44 percent, respectively. The remaining

taluks of Arkalgud and Chikkamaglaur recorded positive changes, during the study

period. In zone three, only the Sakleshpura taluk have cultivated sugarcane, during

2006-2012. Zero percent of the area was cultivated in sugarcane crops, by the other

taluks, from 2001-2006. In the years, 2006 - 2012, the total cropped area had

increased in volume i.e., 2.19 hectares (0.0019 percent).

5.6.6.f. Coffee

Coffee is one of the dominant crops in zone two and zone three. The total area

growing coffee crops had not decreased in both the zones, during the study period. In

zone two, there was an increase of more than 60 percent of the coffee cultivation in

the total cropped area, as recorded with the taluk of Chikkamaglaur. 1 percent of the

positive change occurred with the taluk of Arkalgud, from 2001-12. In zone three, the

total cropped area growing coffee, was 67.74 percent in 2001-06 and 70.11 percent in

2006-12. A lesser positive change was noticed with the Somvarpet taluk i.e., 0.41

percent (table 5.8.c), whereas the Mudigere and Sakleshpura taluks recorded a

positive volume of change slightly more than 2 percent during the study period.

5.6.6.g. Tobacco

The total cropped tobacco was less during the study period, in all the zones. In

zone one, the total volume of change was only 1 percent from 2001-02 to 2011-12.

In the years 2001-06 only the Holenarasipura and K.R.Nagara taluks had recorded

growth of tobacco cultivated areas. However, in 2006-12, other taluks such as the

Arsikere, Chennarayapatna and Hassan, recorded tobacco crops as being less than 1

percent of the total cropped areas. More than 5 percent of positive change had

occurred with the taluks of Holenarasipura i.e., 6.38 percent and K.R.Nagara i.e., 8.91

percent, during the study period. In zone two, only two taluks had cultivated tobacco

crops. Total volumes of negative changes were recorded with the taluk of Alur i.e.,

0.0078 percent, whereas total volume of positive changes was recorded with the

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Arkalgud taluk i.e., 1.78 percent. In zone three, from 2006-2012, the Somvarpet taluk

cultivated tobacco and the total cropped area amounted to 0.43 percent.

5.7. CROP CONCENTRATION

Concentration generally means the clustering of a particular element, to a

recognizable degree, in an area. Crop concentration exhibits, when viewed together,

are superimposed crop sections that depict concentrated areas that do not overlap. The

study of crop concentration is helpful in many ways in deriving relevant conclusions

about crop distribution. The higher the crop concentration index, the higher is the

level of interest in the production of that crop. It helps in making important decisions

regarding marketing, storage and trading of the crop produce.

In terms of types of concentration, crops may be identified by a single nucleus

to multiple nuclei and by high density to low density distribution. Changes in the

pattern of concentration may throw light on the expansion and contraction of its high

density areas and on the changing core of the crop. The spatial variations in the degree

of concentration are largely determined by the interaction between various factors

such as physiographic, climatic, hydrological, socio-economic and techno-

organizational etc.

The spatial variations in the degree of crop concentration areas are found to be

the result of the different interactions, such as physiographic climatic, hydrological,

socio-economic and technological factors in the organization of an area. In order to

determine the zone wise concentration of crops, S.S.Bhatia’s method is used for the

calculation of the location quotient. There have been significant variations in the area

patterns of the crop concentration in the study area. The indices of crop concentration

area calculated in the year 2011-12 are given in the tables below.

5.7.1. CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE ONE

Table 5.9 and the map 5.3 show the distribution of paddy concentration in

zone one. According to the table, Arsikere, Hassan and Nagamangal taluks have low

levels of paddy crop concentration. Chennarayapatna taluk has medium level of crop

concentration and the remaining taluks such as the Holenarasipura, K.R.Pete,

S.R.Patna, Pandavapura and K.R.Nagara have high paddy crop concentration. A

134

medium levels of ragi crop concentration was recorded with the taluks of Hassan,

Holenarasipura, K.R.Pete, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna and K.R.Nagara. Arsikere,

Channarayapatna and Nagamangala taluks have high levels of ragi crop concentration

in the study region.

Map 5.4 shows the sugarcane crop concentration in zone one. Taluks such as

the Arsikere, Hassan, Nagamangala and K.R.Nagara, have low levels of sugarcane

crop concentration while Holenarasipur and Chennarayapatna have medium levels of

crop concentration. K.R.Pete, Pandavapura and S.R.Patna taluks have high levels of

sugarcane crop concentration.

As far as the maize crop, K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna,

K.R.Nagara taluks recorded low level of concentration. The medium maize levels of

concentration are noticed in Arsikere, Chennarayaptna and Holenarasipura taluks. The

Hassan taluk recorded high levels of crop concentration of maize. In the case of

jowar, we observe high levels of jowar crop concentration in Arsikere,

Chennarayapatna and S.R.Patna taluks. The remaining taluks, such as the

Holenarasipura, Hassan, K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Panadavapura and K.R.Nagara

taluks recorded low levels of crop concentration (Map 5.5)

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Map No: 5.3: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

PADDY CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

136

Map No: 5.3a: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

PADDY CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

137


RAGI CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

138


RAGI CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

139

Map: 5.5: HEMAVATHI WATERSHED

JOWAR CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES-2013

140


JOWAR CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

141


MAIZE CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

142


MAIZE CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

143


SUGARCANE CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

144


SUGARCANE CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

145


COFFEE CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

146


COFFEE CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

147


TOBACCO CROP CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES 2011-12

148


TOBACCO CROP CONCENTRATION 2011-12

149


CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE ONE (2011-12)

Crops Low (< 0.5) Medium (0.5 to 1) High (> 1)

Paddy

Arsikere Hassan Nagamangala, Chennarayapatna,

Holenarasipura, K.R.Pete, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna, K.R.Nagara

Ragi

Hassan, K.R.Pete, Holenarasipura, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna, K.R.Nagara

Arsikere, Chennarayapatna Nagamangala

Sugarcane Arsikere, Nagamangal, K.R.Nagara, Hassan,

Chennarayapatna, Holenarasipura

Pandavapura, Holenarasipura S.R.Patna, K.R.Pete,

Maize

K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna, K.R.Nagara

Arsikere, Chennarayapatna, Holenarasipura Hassan

Jowar

Holenarasipura, Hassan, K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Pandavapura, K.R.Nagara

Arsikere, Chennarayapatna. S.R.Patna

Tobacco

Arsikere, Chennarayapatna,Hassan, K.R.Pete, Nagamangal, Pandavapura, S.R.Patna

Holenarasipura, K.R.Nagara

Source: Computed by the author.

The Holenarasipura and the K.R.Nagara taluks recorded high levels of tobacco

crop concentration while the remaining taluks, the Arsikere, Chennarayapatna,

Hassan, K.R.Pete, Nagamangala, Pandavapura and Srirangapatna taluks do not have

any tobacco cultivation areas (Map 5.6).

5.7.2. CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE TWO

Table 5.10 shows the crop concentration in zone two. Totally, there are four

taluk groups in this zone. According to this table the Belur taluk recorded low levels

of paddy crop concentration. The remaining three taluks, namely the Alur, Arkalgud

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and Chikkamagalur, have medium levels of paddy crop concentration (Map 5.7). The

Belur and Chikkamagalur taluks have recorded low levels of ragi crop concentration;

Alur and Arkalgud have recorded medium levels of ragi crop concentration.


CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE TWO (2011-12)

Crops Low (<0.5) Medium (0.5 to 1) High (>1)

Paddy Belur

Alur, Arkalgud,

Chikkamangalur

Ragi

Belur,

Chikkamagalur Alur, Arkalgud

Jowar Alur, Arkalgud, Belur Chikkamagalur

Maize Chikkamagalur Arkalgud Alur, Belur,

Sugarcane Alur, Arkalgud, Belur Chikkamagalur

Tobacco

Alur, Belur,

Chikkamagalur Arkalgud

Coffee Arkalgud Alur, Belur Chikkamagalur


Map 5.8 shows the crop concentration of jowar in zone two. Accordingly,

Alur, Arkalgud and Belur taluks recorded low jowar crop concentration levels and

Chikkamagalur recorded high levels of crop concentration. In the case of maize crop

Chikkamagalur taluk recorded low crop concentration, Arkalgud recorded medium

and taluks of Alur and Belur recorded high crop concentration (Map5.9). Alur taluk

have low concentration, Arkalgud and Belur taluks have medium levels of sugarcane

crop concentration. Chikkamagalur taluk recorded having high levels of crop

concentration.

In the case of tobacco, three taluk groups show zero values, because they do

not have any tobacco cultivation area. Alur taluk have low levels of crop

concentration and Arkalgud has a high level of tobacco crop concentration. Map 5.9

shows the coffee crop concentration in zone two. Arkalgud taluk recorded zero value

because there are no coffee plantations there. Alur and Belur recorded medium levels

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of coffee crop concentration and Chikkamagalur recorded high levels of crop

concentration.

5.7.3. CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE THREE

Table 5.11 reveals the paddy crop concentrations in zone three. Totally, three

taluks are in zone three. Somvarpet taluk recorded medium levels of paddy crop

concentration. Mudigere and Sakleshpura recorded high levels of paddy crop

concentration (Map 5.9). The low ragi crop concentration is in Sakleshpura taluk.

Somvarpet recorded high levels of ragi concentration, but, Mudigere recorded zero,

because there are no ragi cropping area (Map 5.9). Only one taluk recorded high

levels of maize crop concentration i.e., Somvarpet. The remaining two taluks do not

have maize cropping areas.


CROP CONCENTRATION IN ZONE THREE (2011-12)

Crops Low (<0.5) Medium (0.5-0.99) High (>1)

Paddy Somvarpet

Mudigere,

Sakleshpura

Ragi Mudigere. Sakleshpura Somvarpet

Jowar

Mudiger, Sakleshpura,

Somvarpet

Maize Mudigere, Sakleshpura Somvarpet

Sugarcane Mudigere, Somvarpet Sakleshpura

Tobacco Mudigere, Sakleshpura Somvarpet

Coffee

Mudigere,

Sakleshpura Somvarpet


Map 5.9 shows the distribution of sugarcane concentration in zone three.

According to this map, Sakleshpura taluk recorded high levels of sugarcane crop

concentration. The remaining two taluks do not have sugarcane cultivated areas.

Somvarpet taluk recorded high levels of tobacco crop concentration. The remaining

taluks, namely, the Mudigere and Saklesphura taluks do not have tobacco cultivated

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areas. Mudigere and Sakleshpura taluks have recorded medium levels of coffee crop

concentration, while Somvarpet recorded high levels of coffee crop concentration.

5.7.4. CONCLUSION

There has been remarkable variation in areas and different crops. All cropped

areas indicate increases and decreases in their areas from 2001-02 to 2011-12. In zone

one, the greatest negative change can be observed in ragi crops, from 2001-02 to

2011-12 and the greatest positive change occurred in the maize crop i.e., 14.19

percent during the study period. In zone two, the highest negative change occurred in

the ragi crop i.e., 16.72 percent and the greatest positive change were in the maize

crop during the study period. In zone three, the greatest negative changes were

recorded in the paddy crops i.e., 2.59 percent and the greatest positive change were

observed in the crops of coffee i.e., 2.37 percent from 2001-02 to 2011-12. In the

study area, the total cropping area of paddy and ragi were reduced or decreased, in the

study period. Maize and tobacco crops were positively increased in the same study

period. This shows that cultivated areas growing food crops are decreasing, year by

year, mainly because farmers are getting less income from cultivation of food crops.

CHAPTER V LAND USE/ LAND COVER ANALYSIS OF HEMAVATHI...

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