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Transcript of Chapter Twenty-One The World at War Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th...
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Chapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One
The World at WarThe World at WarChapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One
The World at WarThe World at War
Culture and ValuesCunningham and Reich and Fichner-
Rathus, 8th Ed.
Culture and ValuesCunningham and Reich and Fichner-
Rathus, 8th Ed.
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World War I begins in 1914 Panama Canal opens Germans use poison gas and sink the Lusitania The October Revolution brings communism to Russia in 1917 United States enters World War I in 1917 The war ends in 1918 Women receive the right to vote in Britain in 1918 Prohibition begins in the United States in 1919 1920 ce – 1929ce Women receive the right to vote in the United States in 1920 Fascists rise to power in Italy Lindbergh makes the first solo flight from the United States
to Europe in 1927 Television images are transmitted from Washington, DC, to
New York City in 1927 Fleming discovers penicillin in 1928 First sound movie is produced in 1928
World War I begins in 1914 Panama Canal opens Germans use poison gas and sink the Lusitania The October Revolution brings communism to Russia in 1917 United States enters World War I in 1917 The war ends in 1918 Women receive the right to vote in Britain in 1918 Prohibition begins in the United States in 1919 1920 ce – 1929ce Women receive the right to vote in the United States in 1920 Fascists rise to power in Italy Lindbergh makes the first solo flight from the United States
to Europe in 1927 Television images are transmitted from Washington, DC, to
New York City in 1927 Fleming discovers penicillin in 1928 First sound movie is produced in 1928
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1929 ce – 1939ce The U.S. Stock market crashes in 1929 The Great Depression begins The analog computer is invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1930 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is first elected president in 1932 Roosevelt declares, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself” Prohibition ends in 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany in 1933 The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) Golden Gate Bridge opens in 1937 Japan invades China in 1937 1939 ce – 1941ce Hitler invades Poland in 1939 Einstein alerts Roosevelt of the need to develop an atom bomb in 1939 The Netherlands, Belgium, and France are all taken by German blitzkrieg in 1940 Hitler invades Russia in 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war on Dec. 7,
1941 1941 ce – 1945ceThe United States defeats Japanese fleet at Midway in 1942 The Soviet Union defeats Germany at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943 The Allies land in Normandy on June 6, 1944 Germany surrenders in 1945 The United States drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 World War II ends
1929 ce – 1939ce The U.S. Stock market crashes in 1929 The Great Depression begins The analog computer is invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1930 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is first elected president in 1932 Roosevelt declares, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself” Prohibition ends in 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany in 1933 The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) Golden Gate Bridge opens in 1937 Japan invades China in 1937 1939 ce – 1941ce Hitler invades Poland in 1939 Einstein alerts Roosevelt of the need to develop an atom bomb in 1939 The Netherlands, Belgium, and France are all taken by German blitzkrieg in 1940 Hitler invades Russia in 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war on Dec. 7,
1941 1941 ce – 1945ceThe United States defeats Japanese fleet at Midway in 1942 The Soviet Union defeats Germany at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943 The Allies land in Normandy on June 6, 1944 Germany surrenders in 1945 The United States drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 World War II ends
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The Great War (World War I)The Great War (World War I)
Drastic loss of lifeSociopolitical consequences
October RevolutionHitler’s National Socialist movement
Cultural consequencesTransportation, communicationEntertainment
Drastic loss of lifeSociopolitical consequences
October RevolutionHitler’s National Socialist movement
Cultural consequencesTransportation, communicationEntertainment
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Art Out of the AshesArt Out of the Ashes
Max Beckman (1884-1980)Humankind’s descent into cruelty and
madnessNight (1918-1919)
Pablo PicassoExpressed the “brutality and darkness
” of the age
Max Beckman (1884-1980)Humankind’s descent into cruelty and
madnessNight (1918-1919)
Pablo PicassoExpressed the “brutality and darkness
” of the age
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Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas,
Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas,
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Max Beckman, Departure1932-33
Oil on canvastriptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X
39 1/4"
Max Beckman, Departure1932-33
Oil on canvastriptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X
39 1/4"
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Art as Protest: GuernicaArt as Protest: Guernica
Picasso’s protest against inhumanity
Hope in the face of horrorInspired by destruction of war
Social, pivotal documentExpressionistic, CubistTechnical experimentation
Picasso’s protest against inhumanity
Hope in the face of horrorInspired by destruction of war
Social, pivotal documentExpressionistic, CubistTechnical experimentation
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21.3 Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 193721.3 Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937
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The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation
Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)Photography
Dorothea Lange
Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)Photography
Dorothea Lange
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21.4 Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936
21.4 Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936
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Modernist temperWilliam Butler Yeats (1865-1939)T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)
Necessity of cultural continuityThe Wasteland Four Quartets
James Joyce (1882-1941)Cultural stability found through artEpiphany, autobiographyAlienated artistStream of consciousness
Modernist temperWilliam Butler Yeats (1865-1939)T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)
Necessity of cultural continuityThe Wasteland Four Quartets
James Joyce (1882-1941)Cultural stability found through artEpiphany, autobiographyAlienated artistStream of consciousness
LiteratureLiterature
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LiteratureLiterature
Franz Kafka (1883-1924)“Kafkaesque”Guilt, loss, oppression, violence
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Writer, critic (Bloomsbury Group)Social, economic, and intellectual
discrimination against women
Franz Kafka (1883-1924)“Kafkaesque”Guilt, loss, oppression, violence
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Writer, critic (Bloomsbury Group)Social, economic, and intellectual
discrimination against women
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LiteratureLiterature
Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)Babbitt (1922)“a chicken in every pot…”Mindless materialism
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)Brave New World (1932)Technology as tool for totalitarian
control
Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)Babbitt (1922)“a chicken in every pot…”Mindless materialism
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)Brave New World (1932)Technology as tool for totalitarian
control
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The Visual ArtsThe Visual ArtsThe Visual ArtsThe Visual Arts
Abstract Art291 GalleryGeorgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986)The Armory Show
Marcel DuchampCharles Demuth (1883-1935)
Destijl or NeoplasticismTheo van Doesburg (1883-1931)Constantine Brancusi
Abstract Art291 GalleryGeorgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986)The Armory Show
Marcel DuchampCharles Demuth (1883-1935)
Destijl or NeoplasticismTheo van Doesburg (1883-1931)Constantine Brancusi
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21.5 Georgia O ’Keeffe, White Iris, 1924
21.5 Georgia O ’Keeffe, White Iris, 1924
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21.6 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (No. 2), 1912
21.6 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (No. 2), 1912
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Charles Demuth,
My Egypt, 1927. Oil on
composition board,
35 ¾″ × 30″ Whitney
Museum of American Art, New
York, New York.
Charles Demuth,
My Egypt, 1927. Oil on
composition board,
35 ¾″ × 30″ Whitney
Museum of American Art, New
York, New York.
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I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
, 1928
Charles Demuth
(American
, 1883–1935)
Oil on cardboard; 35 1/2 x
30 in.
I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold
, 1928
Charles Demuth
(American
, 1883–1935)
Oil on cardboard; 35 1/2 x
30 in.
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Theo von Doesburg, The Cow (composition), 1917Gouache, oil, and charcoal on paper
Theo von Doesburg, The Cow (composition), 1917Gouache, oil, and charcoal on paper
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Theo van Doesburg,
Composition, 1929.
Oil on canvas, 11
⅞″ × 11 ⅞″ Philadelphia
Museum of Art,
Theo van Doesburg,
Composition, 1929.
Oil on canvas, 11
⅞″ × 11 ⅞″ Philadelphia
Museum of Art,
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Constantin Brancusi, Bird in Space, 1924. Polished bronze, 56 ½″ high, including base .
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DadaDada
Protest against warNonsense language, dissonant music,
anarchic irreverence Marcel Duchamp
Mobiles, ready-madesL.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
Protest against warNonsense language, dissonant music,
anarchic irreverence Marcel Duchamp
Mobiles, ready-madesL.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
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21.10 Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919
21.10 Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919
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SurrealismSurrealism
SurrealismBreton’s Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)
Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1899)Id, ego, superegoDreams and the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis as philosophyHuman and cultural behaviors
SurrealismBreton’s Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)
Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1899)Id, ego, superegoDreams and the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis as philosophyHuman and cultural behaviors
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SurrealismSurrealism
Salvadore DaliThe Persistence of Memory (1931)
Frida Kahlo Diego in my Thoughts (1949)
Joan Miro (1893-1983)
Salvadore DaliThe Persistence of Memory (1931)
Frida Kahlo Diego in my Thoughts (1949)
Joan Miro (1893-1983)
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21.14 Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 193121.14 Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931
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21.15 Joan Miro, Painting, 193321.15 Joan Miro, Painting, 1933
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21.16 Frida Kahlo, Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo), 1949
21.16 Frida Kahlo, Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo), 1949
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The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance
African American writers, artists, intellectuals, musicians
Themes of African American experienceRoots, racism, culture, religion
W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963)African American self-identity, cultural
identity, racial identity Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)
African American writers, artists, intellectuals, musicians
Themes of African American experienceRoots, racism, culture, religion
W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963)African American self-identity, cultural
identity, racial identity Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)
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21.17 Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, ca. 1927
21.17 Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, ca. 1927
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21.18 Jacob Lawrence, The Life of Harriet Tubman, No. 4, 1939-1940
21.18 Jacob Lawrence, The Life of Harriet Tubman, No. 4, 1939-1940
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Figurative Art in the United States
Figurative Art in the United States
Grant Wood (1891-1942)Midwestern regionalismAmerican Gothic, (1930)
Edward Hopper (1882-1967)Nighthawks (1942)Unmistakable American city
Grant Wood (1891-1942)Midwestern regionalismAmerican Gothic, (1930)
Edward Hopper (1882-1967)Nighthawks (1942)Unmistakable American city
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Grant Wood, American
Gothic, 1930. Oil on
beaverboard, 30 ¾″ × 25 ¾″
Grant Wood, American
Gothic, 1930. Oil on
beaverboard, 30 ¾″ × 25 ¾″
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Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942.
Oil on canvas. 33 ⅛″ × 60″
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942.
Oil on canvas. 33 ⅛″ × 60″
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FilmFilm
Busby BerkeleySalvadore Dali and Luis Brunel
Unchien AnalouThe Wizard of OzGone With the WindPropaganda as high art
Radio, filmEducate, persuade, shape public opinion
Busby BerkeleySalvadore Dali and Luis Brunel
Unchien AnalouThe Wizard of OzGone With the WindPropaganda as high art
Radio, filmEducate, persuade, shape public opinion
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FilmFilmFilmFilm
Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948)Strike! (1924), Ivan the Terrible (1944,
1946)Class struggle, the working class,
socialismAlexander Nevsky with Prokofiev
(1938)Potemkin and the October Revolution
(1925)
Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948)Strike! (1924), Ivan the Terrible (1944,
1946)Class struggle, the working class,
socialismAlexander Nevsky with Prokofiev
(1938)Potemkin and the October Revolution
(1925)
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FilmFilm
Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003)Triumph of the Will (1936)
Documentary of 1934 Nazi congressGlorification of Nazi virtues
Olympia (1938)Documentary of the 1936 Berlin
OlympicsHomage to Hitler vs. beauty of sport
Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003)Triumph of the Will (1936)
Documentary of 1934 Nazi congressGlorification of Nazi virtues
Olympia (1938)Documentary of the 1936 Berlin
OlympicsHomage to Hitler vs. beauty of sport
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Music in the Jazz AgeMusic in the Jazz Age
African-American experience, heritageIntonations, rhyhms“Blue note” / the BluesRagtime (Scott Joplin)
From New Orleans to Chicago12-bar bluesCall-and-Response, Scatting
African-American experience, heritageIntonations, rhyhms“Blue note” / the BluesRagtime (Scott Joplin)
From New Orleans to Chicago12-bar bluesCall-and-Response, Scatting
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Music in the Jazz AgeMusic in the Jazz Age
SwingDuke Ellington (1899-1974)
Orchestra virtuoso, prolific composerExtended jazz idiom to larger arena
George Gershwin (1898-1937)Jazz in symphonic, operatic worksRhapsody in Blue (1924)Porgy and Bess (1935)
SwingDuke Ellington (1899-1974)
Orchestra virtuoso, prolific composerExtended jazz idiom to larger arena
George Gershwin (1898-1937)Jazz in symphonic, operatic worksRhapsody in Blue (1924)Porgy and Bess (1935)
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Ballet: Collaboration in ArtBallet: Collaboration in Art
Artistic integration:setting, movement, music, narrative
Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe (1909)Vast musical commissionsParade (1917):
Diaghilev, Cocteau, Satie, Picasso
Artistic integration:setting, movement, music, narrative
Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe (1909)Vast musical commissionsParade (1917):
Diaghilev, Cocteau, Satie, Picasso
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ArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitecture
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)The BauhausBauhaus style synonymous with
“modern”Frank Lloyd Wright
Naturalistic style
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)The BauhausBauhaus style synonymous with
“modern”Frank Lloyd Wright
Naturalistic style
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Walter Gropius, technical wing, Bauhaus School, 1925–1927. Dessau, Germany.
Walter Gropius, technical wing, Bauhaus School, 1925–1927. Dessau, Germany.
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Frank Lloyd Wright,
Kaufmann House
Fallingwater1936. Bear
Run, Pennsylvania
.
Frank Lloyd Wright,
Kaufmann House
Fallingwater1936. Bear
Run, Pennsylvania
.
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World War IIWorld War IIWorld War IIWorld War II
German blitzkriegInvasion of the Soviet UnionHolocaustPearl Harbor
German blitzkriegInvasion of the Soviet UnionHolocaustPearl Harbor
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Margaret Bourke-White, The Living Dead at Buchenwald, April 1945, 1945. Photograph.
http://life.time.com/history/buchenwald-photos-from-the-liberation-of-the-camp-april-1945/#19
http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide
Margaret Bourke-White, The Living Dead at Buchenwald, April 1945, 1945. Photograph.
http://life.time.com/history/buchenwald-photos-from-the-liberation-of-the-camp-april-1945/#19
http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide
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Alfred Eisenstaedt, The Kiss, August 14, 1945.
Photograph.
Alfred Eisenstaedt, The Kiss, August 14, 1945.
Photograph.
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Chapter Twenty-One: Discussion Questions
Chapter Twenty-One: Discussion Questions
What aspects of the “modernist temper” can be found in the works of the Harlem Renaissance writers and African American Jazz musicians? What are the personal and cultural expressions found behind these artistic forms? Explain, citing specific examples.
In light of the “modernist temper,” why were Freud’s theories so popular? In what sense does psychoanalytical theory abandon the explanation of human motivation that has been long held by Western Europeans? What does this shift in understanding signal about the 20th century? Explain.
Consider the ways in which film was used in the early 20th century as propaganda. In what ways does the cinematic medium continue to serve in this way? What types of cultural, social, and political values are asserted through popular film and other visual media of the 21st century? Explain.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with Huxley’s assertion that technology makes individuals dependent on totalitarian forces? Do you feel that our dependency on technology puts us at risk as a culture? …as a free people? Explain.
What aspects of the “modernist temper” can be found in the works of the Harlem Renaissance writers and African American Jazz musicians? What are the personal and cultural expressions found behind these artistic forms? Explain, citing specific examples.
In light of the “modernist temper,” why were Freud’s theories so popular? In what sense does psychoanalytical theory abandon the explanation of human motivation that has been long held by Western Europeans? What does this shift in understanding signal about the 20th century? Explain.
Consider the ways in which film was used in the early 20th century as propaganda. In what ways does the cinematic medium continue to serve in this way? What types of cultural, social, and political values are asserted through popular film and other visual media of the 21st century? Explain.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with Huxley’s assertion that technology makes individuals dependent on totalitarian forces? Do you feel that our dependency on technology puts us at risk as a culture? …as a free people? Explain.