Chapter Three An Introduction to Science. If viewing this in PowerPoint, use the icon to run the...
Transcript of Chapter Three An Introduction to Science. If viewing this in PowerPoint, use the icon to run the...
Chapter Three
An Introduction to Science
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ALAT Presentations Study Tips
Scientific Fundamentals
Competency in technical skills = an
understanding of basic science & general
scientific concepts and terminology.
Practical aspects essential for the skills required.
General information helps in understanding
research, communicating effectively with
scientists & advancing careers.
Additional study required to develop special skills
needed to perform advanced techniques.
Selected Scientific Terminology
Prefix, Root, & SuffixPrefix is descriptive & appears at the beginning.Root is item being described.Suffix is at end of word & is descriptive.
“Bio” (life), “logy” (study of) = biology (study of life)
“Patho” (disease), pathology = study of disease “Anti–” (against), antibiotic = against life, &
describes a drug that kills bacteria Diabetics = too much glucose in blood =
hyperglycemia =“hyper” (more than) + “glyc” (glucose) + “emia” (blood)
Prefix Root Suffixa –ante -
withoutbefore
biocardio
lifeheart
-algia-cide
painkillings
anti –bi –
againsttwo
cytodermo
cellskin
–ectomy-itis
surgical removalinflammation
con –ecto –
togetheroutside
enterogastro
intestinestomach
–logy-lysis
study ofbreakdown
endo –hemi –
insidehalf
hemohepato
bloodliver
-oma-osis
tumordisease condition
hyper -hypo -
><
lactoneuro
milknerve
-tomy cut into
inter –intra –
betweenwithin
osteooto
boneear
iso –macro –
equallarge
pathopodo
diseasefoot
micro –pseudo -neo –
smallfalsenew
tricho hair
(Image) Prefix, Root and Suffix
Basic Principles of Chemistry
All matter fundamental material called atoms.Atoms make up elements.
Different elements combine and form a molecule.
Elements are shown with standard symbols: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), hydrogen
(H), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe)
Atoms combine to form molecules such as:
O2 = oxygen found in air
H2O = a water molecule
CO2 = carbon dioxide
More Chemistry
Interaction of atomsmetabolism of food, interaction of
an antibiotic, toxicity of medicine
involve chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in living things = biochemistry. Chemical interactions in normal animals, in a
dynamic balance, called homeostasis. Incorrect environment or errors can cause changes
in homeostasis. Recognize that SOPs, treatments, feeds and
dosages are meant to reduce unwanted chemical impacts on research data.
Weights and Measures
Metric system is based on powers of 10.units are gram (g), meter (m), and liter (l)
Prefix units indicate multiples or fractions, i.e.: 1 milli = 1/1,000; centi =1/100; deci = 1/10; kilo = 1,000
1 mg = 1/1,000 of a gram, and 1 kg = 1,000 grams1 ml = 1/1,000 of a liter, and a 1 kl = 1,000 liters1 mm =1/1,000 meter, and 1 km = 1,000 meters
Conversions:1 inch = 2.5 centimeters1 meter is little longer than three feet1 liter is about the size of a quart1 milliliter is about 20 drops15 grams is about a half ounce1 kg = 2.2 pounds
Temperature
Fahrenheit and Celsius Celsius = centigrade, 100 degrees separate
freezing and boiling water Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = 5/9 (°F - 32)
180°F to Celsius scale:
°C = 5/9 (180° - 32) = 5/9 x 14 = 740/9 = 82.2°C
Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = 9/5 (°C) + 3241°C to Fahrenheit:
°F = 9/5 (41°) + 32 = 73.8 + 32 = 105.8°F
To use decimals to make these conversions, the formulas are: °C = (°F- 32 )/ 1.8 °F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
More Weights and Measures
Other common temperature conversions that
should be committed to memory include:
72°F = 22°C.
39°F = 4°C.*
32°F = 0°C.
212°F = 100°C.
98.6°F = 37°C.
*(corrected)
Additional Reading
McBride, Doug. Learning Veterinary Terminology, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 1996.