Chapter Six: Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism Rolando V. del Carmen.
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Transcript of Chapter Six: Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism Rolando V. del Carmen.
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Chapter Six:
Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Rolando V. del Carmen
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Broad Picture: Seizures of Persons
– Seizure and the Fourth Amendment
– Arrest is just one type of seizure
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Broad Picture: Seizures of Persons
Contacts which are not seizures:
• General questions by police on the street to gather general information
• The police asking a driver to get out of a car after being stopped – Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977)
• The police asking questions of bus passengers that they are free to refuse to answer – Florida v. Bostick (1991)
• The police riding alongside a person “to see where he was going” – Michigan v. Chesternut (1988) and asking questions of witnesses to a crime
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Top Ten Degrees of Intrusiveness in Searches and
Seizures of Persons
– Surgery to remove a bullet from a suspect’s chest– Anal and cavity searches – Arrest– Removal of blood in a hospital– Stationhouse detention– Stop and frisk– Searches of a passenger’s belongings in motor vehicles– Immigration and border searches– Vehicle stops in general– Roadblocks to control the flow of illegal aliens
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Appropriate Test for Determining Seizure
– Totality of the Circumstances
• Michigan v. Chesternut (1988)
– Reasonable Person
• United States v. Mendenhall (1980)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Arrest Defined
– The taking of a person into custody against his or her will for the purpose of criminal prosecution or interrogation
• Dunaway v. New York (1979)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Arrest Defined
– Forced Detention and Arrest
– The Length of Detention and Arrest
• United States v. Sharpe (1985)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Elements of an Arrest
– Seizure and Detention• Actual Seizure• Constructive Seizure • California v. Hodari (1991)
– The Intention to Arrest• Berkemer v. McCarty (1984)
– Arrest Authority
– Understanding by the Arrestee
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Arrests with a Warrant
– When a Warrant is Needed
• If the crime is not committed in the officers presence
• If the crime is committed in a private residence
• In home entries for minor offenses
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Issuance of a Warrant
– Complaint
– Neutral and Detached Magistrate
• Connally v. Georgia (1977)
• Lo-Ji Sales, Inc., v. New York (1979)
• Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Contents of a Warrant
– “John Doe” Warrant
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Service of a Warrant
– Service within a state – Service outside a state
• Hot pursuit exception
The Time of the Arrest
The Possession and Expiration of a Warrant
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Legal Authorization Other Than an
Arrest Warrant
– Citation
– Bench Warrant
– Capias
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Arrests without a Warrant
– Felonies Committed in the Presence of Officers
• Sight
• Hearing
• Smell
• Touch
• Taste
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Arrests without a Warrant
– Misdemeanors Committed in the Presence of Officers
– Crimes Committed in Public Places
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
When Exigent (Emergency) Circumstances are Present
– Possibility of Disappearance
– Hot Pursuit
When There is Danger to the Arresting Officer
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
What the Police May Do After an Arrest
– Search the Arrestee
• United States v. Robinson (1973)
– Search the Area of Immediate Control
• Chimel v. California (1969)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
What the Police May Do After an Arrest
– Search the Motor Vehicle Even If the Initial Contact and Arrest of the Driver Took Place Outside the Vehicle
• Search the Passenger Compartment of a Motor Vehicle– New York v. Belton (1981)
• Use Handcuffs Subject to Department Policy
• Monitor the Movement of the Arrestee
• Search the Arrestee at the Place of Detention– Washington v. Chrisman (1982)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
What the Police May Do After an Arrest
– When Exigent (Emergency) Circumstances are Present
• Possibility of Disappearance
• Hot Pursuit
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
What the Police Cannot Do During an Arrest
– Enter Third Party Residences, Except in Exigent Circumstances
• Steagald v. United States (1981)• Minnesota v. Olson (1990)
– Strip or Cavity Search an Arrestee Unless Justified by Reasonable Suspicion
• Kennedy v. Los Angeles Police Department (9th Cir. 1989)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
What the Police Cannot Do During an Arrest
– Conduct a Warrantless Protective Sweep Unless Justified
• Maryland v. Buie (1990)
– Invite the Media to “Ride Along”
• Wilson v. Layne (1999)
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Announcement Requirement
– The General Rule: Knock and Announce Required
• Wilson v. Arkansas (1995)
– The Exceptions and Other Rules
– Blanket Exceptions (Drug Dealing Cases) - Unconstitutional
– The Knock and Announce Requirement and Property Damage by the Police
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Other Arrest Issues
– Detaining a Suspect While Obtaining a Warrant• Illinois v. McArthur (2001)
– Arrests for Traffic Violations or Petty Offenses• Atwater v. City of Lago Vista (2000)
– Arrests for Offenses Not Punishable by Prison or Jail Time
– The Validity of a Citizen’s Arrest
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Disposition of Prisoners After Arrest
– Booking
– The First Appearance before a Magistrate
• County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991)
• Powell v. Nevada (1992)
– Bail
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
The Use of Force During Arrestt
– The Factors Governing Police Use of Force
– Nondeadly and Deadly force Distinguished
– The Rule on the Use of Nondeadly Force
– The Rule on the Use of Deadly Force
• Felony Cases• Misdemeanor
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Arrests, Use of Force, and Responses to Terrorism
Responses to Terrorism
– The USA Patriot Act of 2001
– The USA Patriot Act of 2006
– The Law Creating the Department of Homeland Security
– The INS Registration Program for Foreigners
– Legal Issues Arising from Responses to Terrorism
• Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)• Rasul v. Bush (2004)