Chapter Seventeen Romanticism, Realism, and Photography

Chapter Seventeen

Romanticism, Realism, and Photography

Chapter Seventeen

Romanticism, Realism, and Photography

Culture and Values, 8th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and

Fichner-Rathus

Culture and Values, 8th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and

Fichner-Rathus

17.2 A panoramic view of London, ca. 185817.2 A panoramic view of London, ca. 1858

The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual Background

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Transcendental idealismCritique of Judgment (1790)

Art reconciles opposites

Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

Synthesis of thesis, antithesisOptimistic “World Spirit”

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Transcendental idealismCritique of Judgment (1790)

Art reconciles opposites

Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

Synthesis of thesis, antithesisOptimistic “World Spirit”

The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual Background

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

Dominating world power is evilThe World as Will and Idea (1819)

Despondency, pessimism, gloomKarl Marx (1818-1883)

Communist Manifesto (1848)Universal proletariat, revolutionArtistic realism: social and politicalAnti-capitalism

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

Dominating world power is evilThe World as Will and Idea (1819)

Despondency, pessimism, gloomKarl Marx (1818-1883)

Communist Manifesto (1848)Universal proletariat, revolutionArtistic realism: social and politicalAnti-capitalism

Other Industrial Industrial Developments Developments

Other Industrial Industrial Developments Developments

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

Theory of evolution, natural selection“Social Darwinism”

Physics, chemistryLouis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Railroads, factories“a wilderness of human beings”

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

Theory of evolution, natural selection“Social Darwinism”

Physics, chemistryLouis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Railroads, factories“a wilderness of human beings”

Art Under NapoleonArt Under Napoleon

Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)Neo-Classical styleConceptual vs. personal emotion

Ingres’ defense of ClassicismInspired by Greek artWaged a war against Romantic painting

Anne-Louis Girodet-TriosonCombines Neo-Classical and Romantic motifs

Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)Neo-Classical styleConceptual vs. personal emotion

Ingres’ defense of ClassicismInspired by Greek artWaged a war against Romantic painting

Anne-Louis Girodet-TriosonCombines Neo-Classical and Romantic motifs

17.6 Jacques-Louis David, The Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, 2 December 1804, 1806-1807

17.6 Jacques-Louis David, The Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, 2 December 1804, 1806-1807

17.7 Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, The Entombment of Atala, 1808

17.7 Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, The Entombment of Atala, 1808

Ingres's Portrait of Madame Rivière

Ingres's Portrait of Madame Rivière

17.8 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque, 1814

17.8 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque, 1814

Apotheosis of Homer Inges

Apotheosis of Homer Inges

The Concerns of The Concerns of RomanticismRomanticism

The Concerns of The Concerns of RomanticismRomanticism

Expression of personal feelingsEmotionality, subjectivityIndividual creative imaginationMystical attachment to natureLove of the fantastic and the exotic

Expression of personal feelingsEmotionality, subjectivityIndividual creative imaginationMystical attachment to natureLove of the fantastic and the exotic

17.12 Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797-1798


Romantic Art in Spain and France


Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)Execution of the Madrileños (1814)No idealizationPersuasive emotionalityPersonal commitment, vision

Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)Execution of the Madrileños (1814)No idealizationPersuasive emotionalityPersonal commitment, vision

Francisco de Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800. Oil on canvas, 110″ × 132″ (280 × 336 cm). Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain.

Francisco de Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800. Oil on canvas, 110″ × 132″ (280 × 336 cm). Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain.

17.14 Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814 17.14 Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814

Goya's Saturn Devouring One of His Sons

Goya's Saturn Devouring One of His Sons



Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818)

Intended as a direct indictment of the government

Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863)

Use of color to create formViolent, emotional scenesThe Death of Sardanapalus (1826)

Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818)

Intended as a direct indictment of the government

Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863)

Use of color to create formViolent, emotional scenesThe Death of Sardanapalus (1826)

17.16 Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818

17.16 Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818

Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Portraits of the InsaneJean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Portraits of the Insane

Théodore Géricault, Portait of a Child Snatcher, 1822, oil on canvas, 65 x 54 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield,

Massachusets)

Théodore Géricault, Portait of a Child Snatcher, 1822, oil on canvas, 65 x 54 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield,

Massachusets)

17.18 Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826 17.18 Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826

Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix, Liberty

Leading Her People Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix, Liberty

Leading Her People

Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix, The Massacre at Chios, 1824. Oil on canvas, 13′7″ × 11′10″ (419 × 354 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.

Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix, The Massacre at Chios, 1824. Oil on canvas, 13′7″ × 11′10″ (419 × 354 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.

Romantic Art in the United Kingdom and

Germany

Romantic Art in the United Kingdom and

GermanyWilliam Blake (1757-1827)Landscape as Romantic device

Constable’s Hay Wain (1821)Turner’s Slave Ship (1840)Friedrich’s Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist (1817-1818)

William Blake (1757-1827)Landscape as Romantic device

Constable’s Hay Wain (1821)Turner’s Slave Ship (1840)Friedrich’s Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist (1817-1818)

William Blake, The spiritual form of Nelson guiding Leviathan, in whose wreathings are infolded the Nations of the Earth, c. 1805-9, tempera on canvas 30" x 24" (76.2 x 62.5cm), Tate Britain, London

William Blake, The spiritual form of Nelson guiding Leviathan, in whose wreathings are infolded the Nations of the Earth, c. 1805-9, tempera on canvas 30" x 24" (76.2 x 62.5cm), Tate Britain, London

William Blake, Black Slave on Gallows, 1796. Copper engraving, original coloring, 7 ⅝″ × 10″ (19.5 × 25.4 cm). British Library, London, United Kingdom.

William Blake, Black Slave on Gallows, 1796. Copper engraving, original coloring, 7 ⅝″ × 10″ (19.5 × 25.4 cm). British Library, London, United Kingdom.

17.20 John Constable, The Hay Wain, 182117.20 John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

Constable's Salisbury Cathedral from the MeadowsConstable's Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

17.21 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

17.21 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

Turner's The Harbour of DieppeTurner's The Harbour of Dieppe

Joseph Mallord William Turner, Transept of Tintern Abbey, 1794. Watercolor, 12 ⅝″ × 9 ⅞″ (32.2 × 25.1 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom.

Joseph Mallord William Turner, Transept of Tintern Abbey, 1794. Watercolor, 12 ⅝″ × 9 ⅞″ (32.2 × 25.1 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom.

John Martin, The Great Day of His Wrath, 1851-53, oil on canvas, 197 x 303 cm (Tate Britain)John Martin, The Great Day of His Wrath, 1851-53, oil on canvas, 197 x 303 cm (Tate Britain)

17.22 Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist, 1817-1818

17.22 Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist, 1817-1818

Monk by the Sea 1809 Monk by the Sea 1809

Cross on the Mountain Cross on the Mountain

The polar seaThe polar sea

Romantic PoetryRomantic PoetryRomantic PoetryRomantic Poetry

William Blake (1757-1827)Accomplished in both literature and the visual arts; “The Tyger” (1794)

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Founded Romantic movement“Emotion recollected in tranquility”

Samuel Taylor ColeridgeThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of the majesty of nature

William Blake (1757-1827)Accomplished in both literature and the visual arts; “The Tyger” (1794)

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Founded Romantic movement“Emotion recollected in tranquility”

Samuel Taylor ColeridgeThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of the majesty of nature

William Blake 1757-1827William Blake 1757-1827William Blake 1757-1827William Blake 1757-1827Engraver by tradeA Swedenborg—mysticismMarried but no childrenPrintshop“I must create a system or be enslaved by another Man’s”Poetic Sketches, Songs of Innocence, The Book of Thel, Songs of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Experience, America: A Prophecy, Wrote and engraved/illustrated own works

Engraver by tradeA Swedenborg—mysticismMarried but no childrenPrintshop“I must create a system or be enslaved by another Man’s”Poetic Sketches, Songs of Innocence, The Book of Thel, Songs of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Experience, America: A Prophecy, Wrote and engraved/illustrated own works

BlakeBlakeBlakeBlake

Aimed to be prophet and visionary—meant work to be taken literallyCreates own mythic world but mixes real historic figuresVivid description, mood imagination Making everyday events mythic inspires people and raises awareness of social and political issues.Imagery and symbolismCrazy?

Aimed to be prophet and visionary—meant work to be taken literallyCreates own mythic world but mixes real historic figuresVivid description, mood imagination Making everyday events mythic inspires people and raises awareness of social and political issues.Imagery and symbolismCrazy?

Romantic Period 1798-1870Romantic Period 1798-1870Romantic Period 1798-1870Romantic Period 1798-1870

Rejects the imitation of classical work from Neoclassical, rejects rationalityFreedom of individual self-expression: spontaneity, originality, sincerity, emotional, personal experienceEmotional intensity: rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, sentimentality, exotic, dreamsValues of revolution, democracy, and nationalismNature primary inspiration and subjectCrosses all disciplines involves philosophy, political revolutions, and lifestylePoetry: Romantic lyric: 3 stanzas with 8 lines eachRepetition, Sensory imagery

Rejects the imitation of classical work from Neoclassical, rejects rationalityFreedom of individual self-expression: spontaneity, originality, sincerity, emotional, personal experienceEmotional intensity: rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, sentimentality, exotic, dreamsValues of revolution, democracy, and nationalismNature primary inspiration and subjectCrosses all disciplines involves philosophy, political revolutions, and lifestylePoetry: Romantic lyric: 3 stanzas with 8 lines eachRepetition, Sensory imagery

William Wordsworth 1770-William Wordsworth 1770-18501850William Wordsworth 1770-William Wordsworth 1770-18501850

Parents died by 13St. John’s College, CambridgeWalking tour of France, Alps, ItalyInspired by French revolutionBegan publishing poetrySettled down with his sister DorothyLyrical Ballads, The Prelude, 1802 married, 5 children Deaths of brother and 2 children & Coleridge’s illness1813 Stamp distributor, 1843 Poet Laureate

Parents died by 13St. John’s College, CambridgeWalking tour of France, Alps, ItalyInspired by French revolutionBegan publishing poetrySettled down with his sister DorothyLyrical Ballads, The Prelude, 1802 married, 5 children Deaths of brother and 2 children & Coleridge’s illness1813 Stamp distributor, 1843 Poet Laureate

WordsworthWordsworthWordsworthWordsworth

“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling as recollected in moments of tranquility”Imagination fuses with memory and real life situations—requires quiet reflectionNature more real, pure, simple, noble, more essentially humanStresses importance of the feelings of the poet over the subject matterPreface to Lyrical Ballads—language of the common man, rejects fancy language of pre-Nature is the muse –shepherd, peasant, beggarReturn to true nature not picturesque

“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling as recollected in moments of tranquility”Imagination fuses with memory and real life situations—requires quiet reflectionNature more real, pure, simple, noble, more essentially humanStresses importance of the feelings of the poet over the subject matterPreface to Lyrical Ballads—language of the common man, rejects fancy language of pre-Nature is the muse –shepherd, peasant, beggarReturn to true nature not picturesque

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-18341772-1834Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-18341772-1834

Jesus College, CambridgeFrench revolutionary politics, drinkingSouthey—Pantisocracy 1797 met Wordsworths lived and worked together-- blank verse conversation poemsLeft for Germany to study1800 Lake District—unhappy marriage and love affair with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law Crippling opium addiction-notebooks dreams meditationsTravelled, separated from wife, Wordsworths, lectures—”organic form”Addiction and ending of friendships lead to suicide—rebirth/recoveryAfter poetry collections and a series of essays on criticism: imagination, reason, symbolism, organic form…

Jesus College, CambridgeFrench revolutionary politics, drinkingSouthey—Pantisocracy 1797 met Wordsworths lived and worked together-- blank verse conversation poemsLeft for Germany to study1800 Lake District—unhappy marriage and love affair with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law Crippling opium addiction-notebooks dreams meditationsTravelled, separated from wife, Wordsworths, lectures—”organic form”Addiction and ending of friendships lead to suicide—rebirth/recoveryAfter poetry collections and a series of essays on criticism: imagination, reason, symbolism, organic form…

Romantic PoetryRomantic Poetry

Lord Byron (1788-1824)Tormented Romantic hero, ByronicCommitment to struggles for liberty

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Atheism, anarchyPerfectability of humanityUnification of extreme emotions

John Keats (1795-1821)Tragedy of existence, peace of death

Lord Byron (1788-1824)Tormented Romantic hero, ByronicCommitment to struggles for liberty

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Atheism, anarchyPerfectability of humanityUnification of extreme emotions

John Keats (1795-1821)Tragedy of existence, peace of death

22ndnd Generation Romantics Generation Romantics22ndnd Generation Romantics Generation Romantics

Thought Wordsworth was simple and dull and egotistical sublimeImportance of nature, feelings, imagination and self-consciousness but twistedTake Wordsworth and then branch out

Thought Wordsworth was simple and dull and egotistical sublimeImportance of nature, feelings, imagination and self-consciousness but twistedTake Wordsworth and then branch out

Lord George Gordon Byron Lord George Gordon Byron 1788-18241788-1824Lord George Gordon Byron Lord George Gordon Byron 1788-18241788-1824

Aristocrats w/ money issues, father died young10 years old title and estates of 5th Baron ByronTrinity College, Cambridge—debt & affair w/ young manTravelled & publishedSeat in House of Lords—Grand Tour-publishingWeight issues/clubfoot1816 Run out of English due to affairs, legal separation from his wife and alleged incest w/sister other sexual exploits--Italy1824 Died defending the Greeks from Ottoman empire

Aristocrats w/ money issues, father died young10 years old title and estates of 5th Baron ByronTrinity College, Cambridge—debt & affair w/ young manTravelled & publishedSeat in House of Lords—Grand Tour-publishingWeight issues/clubfoot1816 Run out of English due to affairs, legal separation from his wife and alleged incest w/sister other sexual exploits--Italy1824 Died defending the Greeks from Ottoman empire

ByronByronByronByron—”Byronic hero” Villainous heroes, satiric barbs, melancholy, reclusive, seductive, rakish behavor Favored classical forms-Spenserian stanzas, ottava rima (8 lines stanzas), satireRadical politics, orientalism, critical of earlier RomananticsCelebrity poetFugitive Pieces Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, Don Juan

—”Byronic hero” Villainous heroes, satiric barbs, melancholy, reclusive, seductive, rakish behavor Favored classical forms-Spenserian stanzas, ottava rima (8 lines stanzas), satireRadical politics, orientalism, critical of earlier RomananticsCelebrity poetFugitive Pieces Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, Don Juan

Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-18221822Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-18221822

A real Romantic-life and death: born rich, died young, sexual exploration, died in storm in the Don Juan with Keat’s poetry in his pocketAristocrat, expelled from OxfordMarried 16 yr old ag. father’s wishes, 3 yrs left wife and child for 16 yr old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Grand Tour w/ her sister—later met the Byrons stayed in Lake GenevaDeaths 4 of his children & 1 of Byron’s Italy: desired a literary community (Byron, Keats)

A real Romantic-life and death: born rich, died young, sexual exploration, died in storm in the Don Juan with Keat’s poetry in his pocketAristocrat, expelled from OxfordMarried 16 yr old ag. father’s wishes, 3 yrs left wife and child for 16 yr old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Grand Tour w/ her sister—later met the Byrons stayed in Lake GenevaDeaths 4 of his children & 1 of Byron’s Italy: desired a literary community (Byron, Keats)

ShelleyShelleyShelleyShelleyFluent in Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, FrenchTranslated Goethe, Caldeon, Plato, SpinozaEducated in science and politics: for Irish indpdncChallenged Neoclassical ideas and conventionsHumanitarian values, conversion, nature, philosophy, challenges existing mores, values, individual morality“A Poet therefore would do ill to embody his own conceptions of right wrong which are usually those of his place and time in his poetical creations, which participate in neither.” Mont Blanc, To a Sky-lark (lyric), A Defense of Poetry, Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Sex, freedom, gothic, ethics and morality

Fluent in Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, FrenchTranslated Goethe, Caldeon, Plato, SpinozaEducated in science and politics: for Irish indpdncChallenged Neoclassical ideas and conventionsHumanitarian values, conversion, nature, philosophy, challenges existing mores, values, individual morality“A Poet therefore would do ill to embody his own conceptions of right wrong which are usually those of his place and time in his poetical creations, which participate in neither.” Mont Blanc, To a Sky-lark (lyric), A Defense of Poetry, Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Sex, freedom, gothic, ethics and morality

John Keats 1795-1821John Keats 1795-1821John Keats 1795-1821John Keats 1795-1821

Apothecary apprentice1816 began publishing poetry Met Shelley 1817 and WordsworthLakes, Scotland and Northern Ireland1818 the great year1819 tuberculosis1820 Italy…died in RomeThe Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale, Hyperion

Apothecary apprentice1816 began publishing poetry Met Shelley 1817 and WordsworthLakes, Scotland and Northern Ireland1818 the great year1819 tuberculosis1820 Italy…died in RomeThe Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale, Hyperion

KeatsKeatsKeatsKeats

Explores the physical, sensual worldSonnet Negative capability “that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason”The sympathetic imagination—becoming something else or loosing oneself in..

Explores the physical, sensual worldSonnet Negative capability “that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason”The sympathetic imagination—becoming something else or loosing oneself in..

The Romantic NovelThe Romantic Novel

Jane AustenSuperficially about manners and dressMore deeply, they satirize the British evolution of mating strategies

Mary WollstonecraftArgued in favor of free loveGhost story competition resulted in Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus

Victor HugoLes MiserablesCombined the Romantic style with a social conscience

Jane AustenSuperficially about manners and dressMore deeply, they satirize the British evolution of mating strategies

Mary WollstonecraftArgued in favor of free loveGhost story competition resulted in Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus

Victor HugoLes MiserablesCombined the Romantic style with a social conscience

Romantic MusicLudwig van Beethoven (1770-

1827)


1827)

Pioneer of musical RomanticismPathétique

Rooted in classical principlesAutobiographical emotionality

Eroica“… the memory of a great man”Classical structure + Romantic elements

Pioneer of musical RomanticismPathétique

Rooted in classical principlesAutobiographical emotionality

Eroica“… the memory of a great man”Classical structure + Romantic elements


1827)


1827)

FideloLove of liberty, hatred of oppressionTriumph over fate

Pastoral“Ode to Joy”Universality of individual emotionEmotional intensity: No. 5 in C

FideloLove of liberty, hatred of oppressionTriumph over fate

Pastoral“Ode to Joy”Universality of individual emotionEmotional intensity: No. 5 in C

Romantic MusicRomantic Music

Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)Fantastic Symphony

Franz SchubertPersonal emotionMore than six hundred Lieder (songs)Unfinished Symphony

Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)Fantastic Symphony

Franz SchubertPersonal emotionMore than six hundred Lieder (songs)Unfinished Symphony

Romantic MusicRomantic Music

Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)Conservative RomanticismSymphony No. 1, intermezzo

Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)Catholicism, mystical visionSymphony No. 8, adagio

Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)Conservative RomanticismSymphony No. 1, intermezzo

Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)Catholicism, mystical visionSymphony No. 8, adagio

Romantic Music

Instrumental VirtuososRomantic Music

Instrumental VirtuososFrédéric Chopin (1810-1849)

Mazurkas, polonaises“the soul of the piano”

Franz Liszt (1811-1886)

Hungarian folk tunesFaust, Dante

Nicolò PaganiniViolin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration

Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)

Mazurkas, polonaises“the soul of the piano”

Franz Liszt (1811-1886)

Hungarian folk tunesFaust, Dante

Nicolò PaganiniViolin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration

17.25 Eugène Delacroix, Frédéric Chopin, 1838

17.25 Eugène Delacroix, Frédéric Chopin, 1838

Romantic Music

Music and NationalismRomantic Music

Music and Nationalism

Emphasis on native musical traditionsModest Moussorgsky (1839-1881)

Boris Godunov (1874)Russian folksongs, religious music

Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

Emphasis on native musical traditionsModest Moussorgsky (1839-1881)

Boris Godunov (1874)Russian folksongs, religious music

Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

Romantic MusicOpera

Romantic MusicOpera

Bel cantoGaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)Dramatic, psychological truthContemporary life issues

Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataOtello

Bel cantoGaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)Dramatic, psychological truthContemporary life issues

Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataOtello

Romantic MusicRomantic MusicOpera in Germany: WagnerOpera in Germany: Wagner (1813-(1813-

1883)1883)

Romantic MusicRomantic MusicOpera in Germany: WagnerOpera in Germany: Wagner (1813-(1813-

1883)1883)

GesamtkunstwerkWagnerian characteristics

Musical flowElimination of virtuosityEmphasis on orchestraLeitmotiv

Universal drama, universal emotionThe Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874)Tristan and Isolde (1865)

GesamtkunstwerkWagnerian characteristics

Musical flowElimination of virtuosityEmphasis on orchestraLeitmotiv

Universal drama, universal emotionThe Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874)Tristan and Isolde (1865)

RealismRealist Art

RealismRealist Art

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)Champion of the working class“Pavilion of Realism”

Honore Daumier (1808-1879)Used everyday events to express views

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)Champion of the working class“Pavilion of Realism”

Honore Daumier (1808-1879)Used everyday events to express views

17.27 Gustave Courbet, The Artist’s Studio: A Real Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Life, 1855

17.27 Gustave Courbet, The Artist’s Studio: A Real Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Life, 1855

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849, Oil on canvas, 165 x 257 cm (Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed)) Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849, Oil on canvas, 165 x 257 cm (Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed))

Gustave Courbet, The Meeting or, Bonjour M. Courbet, oil on canvas, 1854 (Musée Fabre de Montpellier)

Gustave Courbet, The Meeting or, Bonjour M. Courbet, oil on canvas, 1854 (Musée Fabre de Montpellier)

Honoré Daumier, Le Ventre Legislatif (The Legislative Belly), 1834. Lithograph, 11″ × 17″ (28.1 × 43.2 cm). Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France.

Honoré Daumier, Le Ventre Legislatif (The Legislative Belly), 1834. Lithograph, 11″ × 17″ (28.1 × 43.2 cm). Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France.

Realist LiteratureRealist Literature

A more naturalistic style; describe characters’ lives in realistic termsGustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

Madam Bovary (1856)

Honore de Balzac (1779-1850)`The Human Comedy

A more naturalistic style; describe characters’ lives in realistic termsGustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

Madam Bovary (1856)

Honore de Balzac (1779-1850)`The Human Comedy

Realist Literature:The Novel

Realist Literature:The Novel

George Sand (1804-1876)Issues of gender, moral equality

Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9)“Natural person” vs. civilization

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)Social justice, evil institutions

George Sand (1804-1876)Issues of gender, moral equality

Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9)“Natural person” vs. civilization

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)Social justice, evil institutions

The Humanities in the United States

United States Literaturere


United States LiteraturereEuropean influences+individualityTranscendentalists

Unity of humans with natureEmerson, Thoreau

Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)The death of a beautiful woman is “unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world”

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Importance of the individual, freedomHumanity united with the universe

European influences+individualityTranscendentalists

Unity of humans with natureEmerson, Thoreau

Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)The death of a beautiful woman is “unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world”

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Importance of the individual, freedomHumanity united with the universe


United States Literature


United States LiteratureEmily Dickinson (1830-1881)

Balance of passion, reasonPsychology, faith, skepticism

Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)

Evil in societyMelville’s Moby Dick (1851)

Profound moral issuesSearch for truth, self-discovery

Emily Dickinson (1830-1881)Balance of passion, reasonPsychology, faith, skepticism

Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)

Evil in societyMelville’s Moby Dick (1851)

Profound moral issuesSearch for truth, self-discovery

Short FictionShort FictionShort FictionShort Fiction

Fiction has to do with prose which is as opposed to poetryBy definition short fiction (stories) are shorter prose shorter than novels—too short to be published on their ownSimilar to other forms: fables (moral lesson), folktales (oral tradition), parables (allegory)Flourished in the 19th century magazines as publishing became more common as did literacyA developed themeInvolve fewer charactersA single plot—such as one or two eventsUnlike the less sustained social background of a novel

Fiction has to do with prose which is as opposed to poetryBy definition short fiction (stories) are shorter prose shorter than novels—too short to be published on their ownSimilar to other forms: fables (moral lesson), folktales (oral tradition), parables (allegory)Flourished in the 19th century magazines as publishing became more common as did literacyA developed themeInvolve fewer charactersA single plot—such as one or two eventsUnlike the less sustained social background of a novel

Short FictionShort FictionShort FictionShort Fiction

The short story intensifies the narrative processIt draws the reader’s attention to a momentA genre that invites experimentationSo the fictional elements of time, place, voice, point of view, and structure are often manipulatedDeveloped with publishing and literacy (middle class emergence)

The short story intensifies the narrative processIt draws the reader’s attention to a momentA genre that invites experimentationSo the fictional elements of time, place, voice, point of view, and structure are often manipulatedDeveloped with publishing and literacy (middle class emergence)

The Development of the The Development of the Short Story Short Story The Development of the The Development of the Short Story Short Story

The short story really thrived in American and American writers really made it there own.Though some argue the first short story is thought to be Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” 1819Irving’s short stories are generally made up of summarized narratives, episodic plots, and portraits of magical events In the mid19th century American romantic writers moved from a tale to a story with a unified plot, a protagonist, and a single effect. We’re talking about Edgar Allen Poe (gothic), Nathaniel Hawthorne (allegories), and Herman Melville (more essaylike and realistic).

The short story really thrived in American and American writers really made it there own.Though some argue the first short story is thought to be Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” 1819Irving’s short stories are generally made up of summarized narratives, episodic plots, and portraits of magical events In the mid19th century American romantic writers moved from a tale to a story with a unified plot, a protagonist, and a single effect. We’re talking about Edgar Allen Poe (gothic), Nathaniel Hawthorne (allegories), and Herman Melville (more essaylike and realistic).

Late 19Late 19thth to early 20 to early 20thth century century American Short StoriesAmerican Short StoriesLate 19Late 19thth to early 20 to early 20thth century century American Short StoriesAmerican Short Stories

Move even more toward use of formal elements such as plot, character, and dialogue found in later short fiction. After the Civil War, American literature moved from romanticism to realism, and as the name “realism” suggests, the stories were told more realistically. Henry James and Stephen Crane“shows one action, in one place, on one day. A Short-story deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions called forth by a single situation.” Brander Matthews in 1901 Local Color- part of the realism movement realistic images of lifestyles in specific regions of the United States. They portray commonplace scenes and characteristics of their chosen locales, representing character types, speech patterns, and social customs and beliefs. Bret Harte, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain

Move even more toward use of formal elements such as plot, character, and dialogue found in later short fiction. After the Civil War, American literature moved from romanticism to realism, and as the name “realism” suggests, the stories were told more realistically. Henry James and Stephen Crane“shows one action, in one place, on one day. A Short-story deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions called forth by a single situation.” Brander Matthews in 1901 Local Color- part of the realism movement realistic images of lifestyles in specific regions of the United States. They portray commonplace scenes and characteristics of their chosen locales, representing character types, speech patterns, and social customs and beliefs. Bret Harte, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

1805, July 4 Salem, Mass. Died 1864Father died age 4, family moved to Maine, extended family cared for him, saw him educated1825 graduated from Bowdoin College-writerStruggled early on as a writer—works he would not acknowledgePublished in small magazines—wake of Amer. Publishing and literatureWorked government jobs—Boston Custom HouseMix of historic and symbolic, history and nightmare, psychological trauma, Gothic, human emotion and experience 1837 Twice-Told Tales, 1841 Brook Farm, transcendentalist communal living and cooperative labor 1842 Concord, Mass.-Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Ellery Channing, and Margaret Fuller 1840s science fiction

1805, July 4 Salem, Mass. Died 1864Father died age 4, family moved to Maine, extended family cared for him, saw him educated1825 graduated from Bowdoin College-writerStruggled early on as a writer—works he would not acknowledgePublished in small magazines—wake of Amer. Publishing and literatureWorked government jobs—Boston Custom HouseMix of historic and symbolic, history and nightmare, psychological trauma, Gothic, human emotion and experience 1837 Twice-Told Tales, 1841 Brook Farm, transcendentalist communal living and cooperative labor 1842 Concord, Mass.-Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Ellery Channing, and Margaret Fuller 1840s science fiction

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

Allegories of the Heart, 1843 The Birth-mark1844 Rappaccini's Daughter1846 Mosses from an Old Manse 1845 back to Salem, Mass. Salem Custom House1850 The Scarlet Letter1850 Lenox, Mass. The House of the Seven Gables and A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Europe Awareness of American history: Family history English, American Revolution, and Salem witch trailsPolitical conservative, moralist, private man, Christian, skeptic, doubted transcendentalism but gave money to political and social causes

Allegories of the Heart, 1843 The Birth-mark1844 Rappaccini's Daughter1846 Mosses from an Old Manse 1845 back to Salem, Mass. Salem Custom House1850 The Scarlet Letter1850 Lenox, Mass. The House of the Seven Gables and A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Europe Awareness of American history: Family history English, American Revolution, and Salem witch trailsPolitical conservative, moralist, private man, Christian, skeptic, doubted transcendentalism but gave money to political and social causes

Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849

Boston both parents diedRaised by John Allan, merchant1815-20 EnglandAllan receives inheritance stops support1826 U. VA broke1827 Army – 1830 West Point1831-35 Baltimore short stories 1835 license to marry 13 yr. old cousin-VA1837-8 NYC-PhiladelphiaNearly starved Virginia died of TB Love affair between two women suicide attempt

Boston both parents diedRaised by John Allan, merchant1815-20 EnglandAllan receives inheritance stops support1826 U. VA broke1827 Army – 1830 West Point1831-35 Baltimore short stories 1835 license to marry 13 yr. old cousin-VA1837-8 NYC-PhiladelphiaNearly starved Virginia died of TB Love affair between two women suicide attempt

PoePoePoePoe

Died Baltimore after drunken binge1827 Tamerlane 1831 Israfel, To Helen1841-2 literary editor of Graham's Magazine “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” “ A Descent into the Maelström,” “ The Masque of the Red Death,” 1845 Broadway Journal: “ The Pit and the Pendulum,” “ Eleonora,” The Premature Burial,“The Philosophy of Composition,” “The Rationale of Verse,” and “The Poetic Principle,”

Died Baltimore after drunken binge1827 Tamerlane 1831 Israfel, To Helen1841-2 literary editor of Graham's Magazine “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” “ A Descent into the Maelström,” “ The Masque of the Red Death,” 1845 Broadway Journal: “ The Pit and the Pendulum,” “ Eleonora,” The Premature Burial,“The Philosophy of Composition,” “The Rationale of Verse,” and “The Poetic Principle,”

U.S. Civil WarU.S. Civil WarU.S. Civil WarU.S. Civil War

RealismReflect real lifeMultifaceted people/experienceGrows pessimistic

Local colorRealistic portrayal of regional U.S. dialects,Harsh realitiesRomanticism’ pre-industrial ideals

NaturalismEnvironment shapes behaviors and livesLower classes moved by animal passionsIndividual has little control

RealismReflect real lifeMultifaceted people/experienceGrows pessimistic

Local colorRealistic portrayal of regional U.S. dialects,Harsh realitiesRomanticism’ pre-industrial ideals

NaturalismEnvironment shapes behaviors and livesLower classes moved by animal passionsIndividual has little control

United States Art and Architecture


Significance of landscape paintingNatural beauty=moral beautyHudson River School, Luminists

Thomas Cole (1801-1848)Asher B. DurandUnited States Genre Painting

Featured narrative scenes and portraits of ordinary people at work and playGeorge Caleb Bingham (1811-1879)

Significance of landscape paintingNatural beauty=moral beautyHudson River School, Luminists

Thomas Cole (1801-1848)Asher B. DurandUnited States Genre Painting

Featured narrative scenes and portraits of ordinary people at work and playGeorge Caleb Bingham (1811-1879)

17.29 Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoake, Northhampton, Massachusetts--after a Thunderstorm, The Oxbow, 1836

17.29 Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoake, Northhampton, Massachusetts--after a Thunderstorm, The Oxbow, 1836

17.30 Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, 1849

17.30 Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, 1849

17.31 George Caleb Bingham, The Jolly Flatboatman, 1846

17.31 George Caleb Bingham, The Jolly Flatboatman, 1846



United States architecture spanned Neo-Classicism and Gothic Revival

United States Capitol (1793)Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1858-1878)

United States architecture spanned Neo-Classicism and Gothic Revival

United States Capitol (1793)Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1858-1878)

17.32 United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.17.32 United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.

17.33 Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City, New York, 1858-1878

17.33 Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City, New York, 1858-1878



PhotographyPrinciples of photography

Camera obscuraHeliographyDaguerrotype

Photography became the democratic equalizerPhotography revolutionized the news media

PhotographyPrinciples of photography

Camera obscuraHeliographyDaguerrotype

Photography became the democratic equalizerPhotography revolutionized the news media

17.35 Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1869

17.35 Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1869

17.36 Alexander Gardner, Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg, July 186317.36 Alexander Gardner, Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg, July 1863

Chapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Seventeen: Discussion Questions

In what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain.Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer.Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth-century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.

In what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain.Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer.Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth-century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.

Chapter Seventeen Romanticism, Realism, and Photography

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Transcript of Chapter Seventeen Romanticism, Realism, and Photography