CHAPTER OUTLINE

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© 2012 Pearson Education

CHAPTER OUTLINE

27Aggregate Demand in the

Goods and Money Markets

Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Other Determinants of Planned InvestmentPlanned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate

Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets: The IS-LM Model

Policy Effects in the Goods and Money MarketsExpansionary Policy EffectsContractionary Policy EffectsThe Macroeconomic Policy Mix

The Aggregate Demand (AD) CurveThe Aggregate Demand Curve: A WarningOther Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand CurveShifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables

Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level

Appendix: The IS-LM Model

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goods market The market in which goods and services are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined.

money market The market in which financial instruments are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of the interest rate is determined.

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Planned investment spending is a negative function of the interest rate.

An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent reduces planned investment from I0 to I1.

FIGURE 27.1 Planned Investment Schedule

Planned Investment and the Interest Rate

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The assumption that planned investment depends only on the interest rate is obviously a simplification, just as is the assumption that consumption depends only on income.

In practice, the decision of a firm on how much to invest depends on, among other things, its expectation of future sales.

The optimism or pessimism of entrepreneurs about the future course of the economy can have an important effect on current planned investment.

Keynes used the phrase animal spirits to describe the feelings of entrepreneurs, and he argued that these feelings affect investment decisions.


Other Determinants of Planned Investment

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We can use the fact that planned investment depends on the interest rate to consider how planned aggregate expenditure (AE) depends on the interest rate.

Recall that planned aggregate expenditure is the sum of consumption, planned investment, and government purchases.

That is,

AE ≡ C + I + G


Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate

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An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent lowers planned aggregate expenditure and thus reduces equilibrium income from Y0 to Y1.

FIGURE 27.2 The Effect of an Interest Rate Increase on Planned Aggregate Expenditure



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The effects of a change in the interest rate include:

A high interest rate (r) discourages planned investment (I).

Planned investment is a part of planned aggregate expenditure (AE).

Thus, when the interest rate rises, planned aggregate expenditure (AE) at every level of income falls.

Finally, a decrease in planned aggregate expenditure lowers equilibrium output (income) (Y) by a multiple of the initial decrease in planned investment.



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Using a convenient shorthand:

r I AE Y

r I AE Y



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An increase in the interest rate (r) decreases output (Y) in the goods market because an increase in r lowers planned investment.

When income (Y) increases, this shifts the money demand curve to the right, which increases the interest rate (r) with a fixed money supply.

We can thus write:

rMY

rMYd

d


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Planned investment depends on the interest rate, and money demand depends on aggregate output.

FIGURE 27.3 Links between the Goods Market and the Money Market


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expansionary fiscal policy An increase in government spending or a reduction in net taxes aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

expansionary monetary policy An increase in the money supply aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets

Expansionary Policy Effects

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crowding-out effect The tendency for increases in government spending to cause reductions in private investment spending.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy: An Increase in Government Purchases (G) or a Decrease in Net Taxes (T)



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An increase in government spending G from G0 to G1 shifts the planned aggregate expenditure schedule from 1 to 2.

The crowding-out effect of the decrease in planned investment (brought about by the increased interest rate) then shifts the planned aggregate expenditure schedule from 2 to 3.

FIGURE 27.4 The Crowding-Out Effect




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interest sensitivity or insensitivity of planned investment The responsiveness of planned investment spending to changes in the interest rate. Interest sensitivity means that planned investment spending changes a great deal in response to changes in the interest rate; interest insensitivity means little or no change in planned investment as a result of changes in the interest rate.

Effects of an expansionary fiscal policy:

increase not did if than less increases rY

IrMYG d




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Effects of an expansionary monetary policy:

increase not did if than less decreases d

Mr

ds MYIrM

Expansionary Monetary Policy: An Increase in the Money Supply



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contractionary fiscal policy A decrease in government spending or an increase in net taxes aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

Effects of a contractionary fiscal policy:

decrease not did if than less decreases

or

rY

IrMYTG d

Contractionary Fiscal Policy: A Decrease in Government Spending (G) or an Increase in Net Taxes (T)


Contractionary Policy Effects

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contractionary monetary policy A decrease in the money supply aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

Effects of a contractionary monetary policy:

decrease not did if than less increases d

Mr

ds MYIrM


Contractionary Policy Effects

Contractionary Monetary Policy: A Decrease in the Money Supply

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policy mix The combination of monetary and fiscal policies in use at a given time.

TABLE 27.1 The Effects of the Macroeconomic Policy Mix

Fiscal Policy

MonetaryPolicy

)or (

ryExpansiona

TG )or (

naryContractio

TG

)(

ryExpansionasM

)(

naryContractiosM

CIrY ?,?,, ?,,?, CIrY

?,,?, CIrY CIrY ?,?,,

moves. variable the way which specify

cannot we n,informatio additional Without .directions different in variable the push Forces :?

decreases. Variable :

increases. Variable

:Key

:


The Macroeconomic Policy Mix

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aggregate demand (AD) curve A curve that shows the negative relationship between aggregate output (income) and the price level. Each point on the AD curve is a point at which both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.

The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve

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This figure shows that when P increases, Y decreases.

FIGURE 27.5 The Impact of an Increase in the Price Level on the Economy—Assuming No Changes in G, T, and Ms


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At all points along the AD curve, both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.

The policy variables G, T, and Ms are fixed.

FIGURE 27.6 The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve


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It is important that you realize what the aggregate demand curve represents.

The aggregate demand curve is more complex than a simple individual or market demand curve.

The AD curve is not a market demand curve, and it is not the sum of all market demand curves in the economy.

To understand what the aggregate demand curve represents, you must understand the interaction between the goods market and the money markets.


The Aggregate Demand Curve: A Warning

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The consumption link provides another reason for the AD curve’s downward slope.

An increase in the price level increases the demand for money, which leads to an increase in the interest rate, which leads to a decrease in consumption (as well as planned investment), which leads to a decrease in aggregate output (income).

The initial decrease in consumption (brought about by the increase in the interest rate) contributes to the overall decrease in output.

Other Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand Curve

The Consumption Link


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real wealth, or real balance, effect The change in consumption brought about by a change in real wealth that results from a change in the price level.

Other Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand Curve

The Real Wealth Effect


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An increase in the money supply (Ms) causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right, from AD0 to AD1.

This shift occurs because the increase in Ms lowers the interest rate, which increases planned investment (and thus planned aggregate expenditure).

The final result is an increase in output at each possible price level.

FIGURE 27.7 The Effect of an Increase in Money Supply on the AD Curve

Shifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables


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An increase in government purchases (G) or a decrease in net taxes (T) causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right, from AD0 to AD1.

The increase in G increases planned aggregate expenditure, which leads to an increase in output at each possible price level.

A decrease in T causes consumption to rise.

The higher consumption then increases planned aggregate expenditure, which leads to an increase in output at each possible price level.

FIGURE 27.8 The Effect of an Increase in Government Purchases or a Decrease in Net Taxes on the AD Curve



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FIGURE 27.9 Factors That Shift the Aggregate Demand Curve



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Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level

Our discussion of aggregate output (income) and the interest rate in the goods and money markets is now complete. You should have a good understanding of how the two markets work together.

The AD curve is a useful summary of this analysis in that every point on the curve corresponds to equilibrium in both the goods and money markets for the given value of the price level.

We have not yet, however, determined the price level. This is the task of the next chapter.

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aggregate demand (AD) curve

contractionary fiscal policy

contractionary monetary policy

crowding-out effect

expansionary fiscal policy

expansionary monetary policy

goods market

interest sensitivity or insensitivity of planned investment

money market

policy mix

real wealth, or real balance, effect

R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S

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Each point on the IS curve corresponds to the equilibrium point in the goods market for the given interest rate.

When government spending (G) increases, the IS curve shifts to the right, from IS0 to IS1.

FIGURE 27A.1 The IS Curve

CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The IS Curve

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Each point on the LM curve corresponds to the equilibrium point in the money market for the given value of aggregate output (income).

Money supply (Ms) increases shift the LM curve to the right, from LM0 to LM1.

FIGURE 27A.2 The LM Curve

CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The LM Curve

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The point at which the IS and LM curves intersect corresponds to the point at which both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.

The equilibrium values of aggregate output and the interest rate are Y0 and r0.

FIGURE 27A.3 The IS-LM Diagram

CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The IS-LM Diagram

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When G increases, the IS curve shifts to the right.

This increases the equilibrium value of both Y and r.

FIGURE 27A.4 An Increase in Government Purchases (G)

CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The IS-LM Diagram

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When Ms increases, the LM curve shifts to the right.

This increases the equilibrium value of Y and decreases the equilibrium value of r.

FIGURE 27A.5 An Increase in the Money Supply (Ms)

CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The IS-LM Diagram

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CHAPTER 27 APPENDIX

The IS-LM Model

The IS-LM Diagram

The IS-LM diagram is a useful way of seeing the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policies on equilibrium aggregate output (income) and the interest rate through shifts in the two curves.

Always keep in mind the economic theory that lies behind the two curves.

Do not memorize what curve shifts when; be able to understand and explain why the curves shift.

This means going back to the behavior of households and firms in the goods and money markets.

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A P P E N D I X R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S

IS curve A curve illustrating the negative relationship between the equilibrium value of aggregate output (income) (Y) and the interest rate in the goods market.

LM curve A curve illustrating the positive relationship between the equilibrium value of the interest rate and aggregate output (income) (Y) in the money market.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

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