CHAPTER ONE TO FIVE.docx

7/24/2019 CHAPTER ONE TO FIVE.docx

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Housing specifically refers to residential structures where people live and grow (Amole, 2002

and Aluko, 2004). t is in response to man!s natural and legitimate need for a conducive and safe

environment for living (Aking"ohung"e and #$o, 200%). #ne variant of this is the students!

housing (otherwise known as Hostel) which is an essential component of institutions of learning

in all cultures and climates. t was conceived in step with the philosophy of close and

complementary relationship of living and learning.

n &igeria, students! housing was traditionally almost e'clusively oncampus. ith time,

however, student population e'plosion and paradigm shift in the university oncampus

accommodation policy com"ined to give rise to spontaneous development of commercial #ff

campus *tudents! Housing (Housing) in university towns across the country.

However, up till +-0s accommodation was provided for staff in the campuses and up to %/ of

the students had hostel accommodation. 'amining the condition of university accommodation

system then, #cho (2001) maintain that those who were at the niversity of &igeria as students

in the 10s and 0s were comforta"le. 3onditions in the other first generation universities at the

time were a"out similar. hree course meals served at "reakfast, lunch and supper. *tudents

lived in the room. hey neither lacked water nor light in the hostels.

hat was the state of the oncampus system then. oday, the story is different. Hostel rooms

where they e'ist are now overcrowded forcing some students to live offcampus. *ome

universities in &igeria were approved as nonresidential institutions. A good e'ample is the

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#la"isi #na"an$o niversity and 5oshood A"iola 6olytechnic in #gun state. here is no

ade7uate planning for students! accommodation in &igeria. *imilarly, the government!s poor

funding of pu"lic tertiary institutions in the country has created a lot of pro"lems to "oth students

and educational managers. #ne of the ma$or pro"lems confronting newly admitted students in

any &igerian university is accommodation. sually, students come from far and near places

away from family connections, only to em"race a "aptism of fire, and frustration in terms of

campus accommodation. #ncampus accommodation is currently inade7uate, where it e'ists8 it

is very e'or"itant and unafforda"le for the children or wards of the poor. n most cases, the

facilities availa"le in hostels oncampus are deplora"le and unfit for human use. n order words,

they are not conducive for proper academic pursuit. However, availa"ility is the 7uest of an

average &igerian undergraduate. Hostel shortages in &igeria!s universities has "ecome endemic

often, this pro"lem is overlooked. However, hostel shortages give rise to an unusual clamour for

offcampus accommodation which has more challenges then the oncampus one. #ffcampus

accommodation is either very e'or"itant or the ha9ards paying transport fares, facing traffic $ams

and holdups while coming to school or doing unnecessary and ha9ardous long treks "efore

meeting up with lectures and other innumera"le pro"lems that accompany living offcampus.

6ro"lems associated with living offcampus result in student frustrations, cultism, poor academic

performance, prostitution, illicit and unscholarly demands among students and other ha9ards.

he result is production of half"aked graduates, escalation of vices and slow movement towards

development and civili9ation. :an$o (2000), writes that large num"ers of students are forced to

live offcampus in cities where it is their responsi"ility to ensure suita"le accommodation for

themselves. #ne undesira"le result of this is that even when universities are closed down, gangs

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are a"le to mount assaults on the campus from outside and even recruit $o"less and e7ually angry

youths from town to $oin them.

t is true that the genesis of the poor welfare package for students in &igeria is paucity of funds,

"ut some educational managers encourage offcampus structure a"initio without giving any trial

to oncampus arrangement. *ome second generation universities including most third generation

and state universities have no plan in the first place to "uild hostels on campus8 rather, their

interest is to encourage privati9ation of hostels. hus, the need to assess the challenges of off

campus residential accommodation is the motivation of this study.

1.2 tate!ent o" the Research Pro#$e!

he state of housing accommodation in &igeria tertiary institutions are indeed in a deplora"le

condition. n tertiary institutions worldwide, the provision of accommodation to the students!

population takes different models. his includes8 nonresidential, where students source for their

own accommodation. ;esidential, where the university houses all its students and dual

residential, where the university houses its student population for a period of time only, pro"a"ly

the first and final year, while the students during the remaining period source for their own

accommodations. ertiary institutions re7uire ade7uate housing provision so as to "e a"le to

accommodate students without any physical, psychological or environmental effect. #la"isi

#na"an$o niversity is one of the higher institutions in &igeria which did not make provisions

for students! accommodation due to policy esta"lishing the school, and this has "een taking its

toll on "oth students and communities accommodating them. he students have had to rely on

housing provision "y different ad$acent communities.

*tudies such as (


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pressure from students who reside therein. 6ro"lems like slum development, infrastructural

provision difficulties as a result of the hapha9ard development amongst others are e'perienced in

the areas where these student!s live. hese are in addition to violence "y students.

3onse7uently, not many studies have "een carried out on the challenges of offcampus

residential accommodation system among students. t is this gap the study intends to fill. he

7uestion which this study intends to pro"e is= what challenges does offcampus residential

accommodation has on student!s "ehavior of #la"isi #na"an$o niversity>

1.% A&! and O#'ect&(es o" the study

A&!

he aim of this research work is to e'amine the challenges of offcampus residential

accommodation in &igeria tertiary institutions taking #la"isi #na"an$o niversity as the case

study.

O#'ect&(es

he specific o"$ectives of this study are to=

i. e'amine different strategies employed "y students in sourcing and solving their

accommodation challenges8ii. identify which of the gender the ?andlords@landladies prefer in letting out

accommodation to and the reasons for their preference8iii. assess the preferences of university students "etween oncampus and offcampus

residential accommodation in the study area8iv. identify the challenges thrown up "y the non residential nature of the university to the

students in the area.

1.) Research *uest&ons

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he following 7uestions were answered in the course of this research work.

i. hat are the strategies employed "y students in sourcing and solving their

accommodation challenges>

ii. hich of the gender do ?andlords@landladies prefer in letting out accommodation to>iii. hat are preferences of the university students "etween on and offcampus

accommodation>

iv. hat are the challenges thrown up "y the non residential nature of the university to the

students>

1.+ &gn&"&cance o" the study

his study is of immense importance to students, university administrators!, 5inistries of

education, researchers and the general pu"lic. he study on completion will ena"le students

reali9e the negative effects of living offcampus and how to cope with the situation. he findings

of this study will ena"le the university administrators understand and appreciate the need for

providing accommodation to students. he study will provide safe upon which ma$or decisions

could "e taken "y the university administrators to handle pro"lems arising from, offcampus. he

results of this study will provide information "ase which will help the 5inistry of education to

formulate "etter policies on student of offcampus accommodation system. he findings of this

study, will act as a spring "oard to who may want to em"ark on similar studies in future. inally,

the findings of the study will help the estate managers and valuers to understand the conse7uence

inherent in offcampus accommodation and "e a"le to take concise decisions on the need for

appropriate planning towards students! housing and comfort.

1., co-e o" the study

he scope of this research is limited to #la"isi #na"an$o niversity with concentration to

surrounding neigh"ourhood where students reside.

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CHAPTER TO

/&terature Re(&e0

2.1 Introduct&on

his chapter includes details of theoretical framework on the study domain, conceptual

framework which aims at highlighting the "asis and the empirical origin of the study. n addition,

the chapter will also include the reviews of related literatures on the study domain. t will further

include the summary of the various literatures that have "een reviewed in connection with the

study statement of pro"lems and the outlined study hypothesis. he $ustification for the stated

hypothesis will also "e highlighted in this chapter.

2.2 Hous&ng Conce-t

n e'amining the concept of housing, it is agreed that man!s "asic needs in life is physiological,

which include food, clothing and shelter. he importance of shelter in man!s life is second to

none "ut food and clothing. n other words, man seeks protection from the environmental

elements only after he has satisfied the need for food and clothing. his assertion was

corro"orated "y 5aslow (+4B) in his hierarchy of needs where he identified three fundamental

needs crucial to survival, thus food, clothing and shelter. *helter according to the nited &ations

(200B) differs marginally from the concept of housing while housing is widely accepted as "eing

more than mere shelter, housing goes far "eyond having a roof over ones head "ut rather

comprises a num"er of ancillary services and utilities which links the individual and his family to

the community and the community to the region in which it grows and progresses.

he need for an effective and conducive students! housing facility in an institution cannot "e

over emphasi9ed due to the fact that students are e'pected to "e in a sound state of mind to e'cel

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in their academic endeavors which can only physical protection "ut also a healthy social and

"ehavioral sta"ility, the productivity of a set of student may not "e totally unconnected with their

housing condition (Aluko, 20++).

According to A"ram (+14), Chousing is not only a shelter "ut also part of the fa"ric of the

neigh"ourhood life and of the whole social milieuD. t touches upon many facets of economic

activity and development. hus housing provides social contacts, good image, a sense of

"elonging and an indicator of social status.

conomically, housing represents a ma$or portion of the family "udget or that of an

esta"lishment, yet in the realm of private and pu"lic investment, the "uilt environment represents

a man!s most tangi"le material asset (Einyungu, 2004).

he +2 &ational Housing 6olicy for &igeria identified shelter as the most essential human

need after food. hile ade7uate housing is crucial for effective performance of man, a

considera"le proportion of &igerians live in su"standard and poor housing as well as deplora"le

unsanitary residential environments (#ni"okun, +-%).

o this end, one can deduce that housing is the process of providing a large num"er of residential

"uildings on a permanent "asis with ade7uate physical infrastructure and social services in

planned, decent, safe and sanitary neigh"ourhoods to meet the "asic and social needs of the

population and is intended to provide security, comfort and convenience for the users (&ational

Housing 6olicy, 20048 #suide, 2004).

he general definition of housing as the continuing activity of providing shelter within a defined

geographical area to people who "eing productive are a"le and willing to pay for and use a

defined 7uality of shelter, needs to "e revisited "ecause housing in its true sense goes "eyond

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shelter. t includes all the services and community facilities significant to human comfort

(#ni"okun, +-2). he &igerian ourth &ational Fevelopment 6lan (+-++-%) "elieves that

with the e'ception of food, shelter ranks highest among man!s "asic needs. t is, however,

important to note that housing goes "eyond simple shelter8 it includes services, facilities, utilities

within and without, onsite and offsite.

According to #ni"okun (+-2) housing is not only a "asic human need8 it constitutes a vital

component of man!s welfare, life sustenance and survival. n the hierarchy of man!s needs,

housing has "een ranked second to food. t has a profound influence on the health, efficiency,

social "ehavior satisfaction and general welfare of the community. Housing is universally

acknowledged as one of the most "asic human needs, with a profound impact on the lifestyle,

health, happiness as well as productivity of the individual (Funn, 2000). According to *tafford

(+-), the concept of housing is generally defined for statistical purposes as dwelling units

(Housing unit occupied separately "y households) comprising a great variety of 7uantities and

7ualities. Aroni (+-2) and Achuenu (2002), point out that housing should "e a home, a resting

place with fundamental purpose of a secured, rewarding, happy or at least a livea"le space. n the

conte't of sociocultural functionality, housing is viewed as Can area for recreation and

identificationD (


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Housing as an investment has a significant role to play in the individual, local and national

economy. n most cases, it constitutes the first ma$or capital investment and life am"ition of

individuals (:ello, 200B). he desire to own a house constitutes one of the strongest incentives

for savings and capital formation (#9o, +0).

n more comple' centers today with a ma9e of activities sometimes defying geography, housing

needs should desire 7uality and 7uantity from the 7uality and 7uantity of ur"an activities. t is for

this reason that housing is a su"system of activities whose nature is clearly defined in a proper

planning framework which comprises a comple' "undle of considerations, including privacy,

location, environmental amenities, sym"olic characteristic and investment (5ilanovich, +4).

Housing is considered a consuma"le item "y ?awrence (+%), "ecause he "elieves that when

households dwell in a house, they interact even with the surrounding, therefore consumption

takes place. hen they consume housing, they purchase or rent more than the dwelling units and

its characteristics8 they are also concerned with such diverse factors as health, security, privacy,

neigh"ourhood and social relations, status, community facilities and services, access to $o", and

control over the environment. hus, to "e illhoused can mean a deprivation along any of these

dimensions. 3haracteristically, housing is uni7ue among consumer goods. t is potentially very

dura"le, with a useful life span of around 0 years.

2.% tudent Hous&ng &n N&ger&an Tert&ary Inst&tut&ons

he &igerian higher educational institution was esta"lished with the aim of giving students a

very sound and 7ualitative education, so as to "e a"le to function effectively in any environment

in which they may find themselves, so as to "ecome more productive, selffulfilling and attain

self actuali9ation (*aint, et al, 2004) .his is "ecause in &igeria, students are the single most

important stakeholders in the niversity@3ollege *ystem. *imilarly, *tudents! accommodation is

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among the most important facilities that should "e provided in a typical &igeria niversity

3ampus.

?iving in students! residence on campuses, has "een identified as one of the interesting

e'periences in the life of a university student. his is "ecause it offers them the opportunity to

interact amongst their colleagues from faculties other than their own in addition to the uni7ue

opportunity for night discussions and social interactions which when put together will help in

shaping the student!s social life, appreciation of their roles and responsi"ilities in the community

and society at large (senwa, 200B).

n the "eginning &igerian universities were esta"lished with the intention of providing

comforta"le hostel accommodation for all students on campus. p till the early +0!s there was

no pro"lem of students! accommodation in niversity campuses (senwa, 200B).

*ome &igerian niversities at that period were planned and designed to accommodate "oth staff

and students on campus8 hence their location on a large e'panse of land away from the

developed areas or towns. hen, not many females were admitted. herefore, in the universities,

the spaces provided for accommodation were more for the male student. However, with current

search for parity8 e7ual opportunity for "oth se'es8 the female students! enrollment has increased

(senwa, 200B).

ollowing this development, a committee, popularly referred to as :rigadier . :. #gundeko

3ommittee, was set up "y the &ational niversities 3ommission (&3) in + to look into

funding pro"lems in the &igerian niversity *ystem and su"mits recommendations. senwa,

(200B), noted that the recommendations of the 3ommittee on students! accommodation are as

follows=

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a)


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his turned to "e a sedative measure "ecause it worked for $ust a short while only as student!s

enrolment continued to increase without a corresponding increase in hostel facilities.

According to senwa, (200B), due to the drop in capital allocation to universities in +%, when

seven new universities (known as second generation universities) were esta"lished, a policy

which provides for accommodation of a"out BB/ of the total students enrolment in the

universities was formulated and it unfortunately, "rought a"out the pro"lem of s7uatters in our

students! hostels.

n the middle of +-0!s, the pro"lem "ecame so acute that students had no other choice than to

live off campus and grapple with the pro"lem of insecurity, unsteady water and electricity

supplies, while some even slept in the classrooms (senwa, 200B), there"y, giving rise to so

many pro"lems such as female rape cases, a"duction of persons, rise in incidences of

prostitution, and fall in academic 7uality.

2.) Ty-e o" tudents Hous&ng

n the nited *tates of America (*A), one modern approach that the governments have "een

emphasi9ing according to Handler (200+) is $ointly financing of large housing programmes "y

the governments and large private investors. n &igeria, students housing type can "e classified

into two (2) namely8 Halls of ;esidence and 6rivate ;entals.

2.).1 Ha$$s o" Res&dence

Halls of residence are accommodation provided "y the university, though at a cost to the student.

hese halls may "e mi'ed se' or single se', catered or selfcatering, with single rooms or shared

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rooms and with suite "athrooms or shared "athrooms. he cost of these rooms will vary

according to these varia"les and the university you attend, and there may "e further rules such as

visiting hours, 7uiet hours, alcohol and guest policies and opening hours out of term. his type of

accommodation is usually in short supply, when one hoping to live in a hall of residence at a

university, in7uire is usually made early a"out application procedures.

2.).2 Pr&(ate Renta$s

he private rental market flourishes in and around universities, and some institutions even own

properties that they then rent out to their students. hus when considering a private rental

accommodation, research on the average rent rates, the kinds of leases on offer and the num"er

many flatmates can live in your proposed accommodation. Again depending on once "udget, a

variety of different options e'ist, including=

:edsit or rented room, usually in a family home, sometimes with cooked meals included.

lat or selfcontained unit in a converted house or "uilding.

6urpose "uilt apartment.

House.

2.+ Onca!-us $&(&ng e3-er&ence

;esearch on the impact of oncampus living satisfaction on student development has consistently

shown that students! chances of persisting to graduation are greatly improved "y living on

campus and having a positive living and learning e'perience. *tudents that have a positive

e'perience are more likely to see their program through to completion and have increased

satisfaction with their overall university e'perience. he following studies demonstrate that

while oncampus living may look and feel the same in many places, the way the program is

viewed and e'perienced "y the students is not.

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6opovics as cited in homsen (200-) that convenience, independence, security, and privacy were

perceived as advantages, although visitation restriction, rules, and noise were perceived as

negative elements of living in the oncampus environment.

?i et al. in homsen (200-) has conducted a research in investigating on student satisfaction with

their current living arrangements in the oncampus housing whether they plan to live oncampus

and whether they plan to move offcampus for ne't year. ?i et al. in homsen (200-) found that

following si' items were significant, positive predictors of returning to the oncampus housing

the following year= (a) a"ility to "e on a dining plan8 (") leadership opportunities, (c) location

close to campus, (d) a"ility to choose where to live, (e) academic support availa"le, and (f) high

speed nternet connection. tems that were significant negative predictors were= (a) a"ility to

cook meals, (") length of lease@contract, (c) pro'imity to campus@town, (d) private "athroom, and

(e) parking accommodations, (f) a"ility to live with or near friends, and (g) a"ility to study where

you live. hey also found the most significant predictors of returning to the oncampus housing

were also generally significant negative predictors of living off campus.

2., O""ca!-us $&(&ng e3-er&ence

?i et al. in homsen (200-) found the following results that are related to students! prospect to

living offcampus. Femographic characteristics that significantly predicted a higher possi"ility of

living off campus was male gender. *ignificant positive reasons for students intending to live off

campus were= (a) a"ility to cook meals, (") length of lease@contract, (c) pro'imity to

campus@town, (d) parking accommodation, (e) a"ility to live with or near friends, and (f) a

private "athroom. *ignificant negative predictors for students! preference to live off campus ne't

year included= (a) the a"ility to "e on a dining plan, (") leadership opportunities, (c) academic

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support availa"le, (d) high speed internet options, (e) location close to campus (f) satisfy parents

wishes (g) ade7uate living space, and (h) social atmosphere.

Academic achievement is not significantly influence in students! living environment. #f a more

uncertain nature, Fasimah et al. (20++) reported that academic achievement of offcampus

students are not influenced "y the environment although living as offcampus is said to "e more

challenging than staying on campus.

2.4 Hous&ng &tuat&on &n N&ger&a

&igerians are confronted with a myriad of housing pro"lems, which are essentially connected

with the hardships they face in securing and retaining a residence. his situation is particularly

evident in ?agos state due to the cosmopolitan nature of the state, which has placed great

demands not only on housing "ut also on physical and social amenities.

gun$o"i (+) succinctly stated that there are twin pro"lems of 7uantitative and 7ualitative

deficiencies with respect to housing in &igeria, especially #gun *tate. he efforts of

governments at federal, state, and local government to provide housing for the ur"an population

have not yielded much fruits.

;esearchers have tended to draw a strategic link "etween ur"ani9ation processes in a country and

su"sisting housing pro"lems. hus, the rapid rate of ur"ani9ation and its attendant socio

economic and spatial conse7uences have "een of tremendous concern to all professionals, policy

makers and analysts especially as it affects ur"an development and management (#latu"ara,

200). t should "e noted that the pro"lem of ur"ani9ation in &igeria is not necessarily that of

level "ut that of rate. or e'ample, while the level of ur"ani9ation in &igeria is put at B1/, that

of *outh Eorea is /, 5e'ico 4/ and 3olum"ia +/ (6opulation ;eference :ureau, 200+).

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hile the rate of ur"ani9ation in *eoul is .-/, 5e'ico 3ity is %.%/ and :ogota %.4/ and that

of ?agos is +%/ per annum (ederal


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relationship, as some may perceive that they are likely to "e denied accommodation elsewhere or

"e se'ually harassed "y houseowners.


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Handler (200+), o"serves, Cvery society is faced with the pro"lem of producing human

ha"itation in sufficient 7uantity, and o"taining the kind of 7uality desired, at prices that

individuals and families can affordD. :ased apparently on this definition that can "e descri"ed as

a working definition of the ideal residential housing, Handler declares, Che pro"lem of housing

e'ists in countries throughout the worldD. n the nited *tates of America (*A), one modern

approach that the governments have "een emphasi9ing according to Handler is $oint financing of

large housing programmes "y the governments and large private investors.

n ;ussia, :uckley and


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Ta#$e 2.17 8Cro0d&ng &n Res&dent&a$ Ho!es &n e$ected Countr&es

Country C&ty A(erage 9$oor -ace:;uare


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unsatisfactory conditions in Adokiti, kiti *tate. n kot kpene, Akwa "om *tate, Akpan

(200+), reports that environmental conditions are not considered in housing development in the

city. *ince housing in terms of sufficiency and 7uality is a pro"lem the world over as deposed "y

Handler (200+), and given the few cases in &igeria mentioned a"ove, it is evident that residential

houses are not enough in &igeria and so would affect the re7uirement "y students if the plan "y

the ederal


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:owman and 6artin in (ra9ier, 200) conducted a study to "e determine if there is a significant

difference "etween the academic achievement of students that lived oncampus and their off

campus counterparts, as measured "y grade point average (


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amenities and utilities consumption opportunities. his situation has conse7uently led to housing

shortage and most people are also found living in nondecent "uilding apartment (#layiwola et

al, 200%) due to their socioeconomic "ackground which cannot cope with ever increasing price

of decent house.

Housing demand can "e e'plained as the willingness and a"ility of housing consumer to pay for

a particular dwelling depending upon such consumer!s incomes, house type, location preferences

and local prices (elsh, 2002). Femand is the 7uantity of good or service that consumers are

willing and a"le to "uy at a given price at a particular given time period. Femand for housing at

certain price refers to the value that is placed on a house linked with the satisfaction derived in

such house. n economics, this is termed as utility. Housing need relates to social housing while

housing demand is related to private housing (Alison, 2004). ffective housing demand is

different from Fesire housing demand. ffective housing demand can "e e'plained as a desire to

"uy a house that is "acked up with an a"ility to pay for it. #n the other hand, Fesire housing

demand can "e termed to "e willingness to "uy the house with the consumer!s lack of the

purchasing power to "e a"le to "uy the house. ntil there is purchasing power in terms of money

to "uy the housing unit, such housing demand has not "ecome effective housing demand.

5aclennan et al. (+-) suggest housing consumer demand for owner occupation, low cost home

ownership options and housing afforda"ility as ways of analysing the whole local housing

market system for communities in *cotland. his does not include the consumer preferences for

housing types or neigh"ourhood. n the case of high income earners, the low cost home

ownership options that may "e availa"le may not "e suita"le for the consumer preferences for

either the housing types or choice of the neigh"ourhood. he main determinant of the housing

demand is household composition while other factors such as income, price of housing, cost and

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availa"ility of credit, consumer preferences, investor preferences, prices of the su"stitutes and

price of the complement also play a role (:ourne and Hitchcock, +-). Housing supply is

produced using land, la"our and various inputs such as electricity and "uilding materials. he

7uantity of the new supply is determined "y the cost of these inputs, the price of the e'isting

stock of houses and the technology of production. House prices and the growth rate of house

price are the two measures identified "y odd (200) of the intensity of ur"an housing demand.

According to him, housing is in inelastic supply in some cities either through little or no open

land, restriction of local regulations on development that make it prohi"itively e'pensive or slow.

he materials cost of "uilding, un"eara"le conditions on getting loan from the mortgage "anks

and government policies have "een factors militating against the achievement of the effort of

pu"lic developers and private developers that is the government and individuals in "ridging the

gap in housing supply and demand (srael and :asiru, 200-). hey therefore suggest the use of

indigenous "uilding materials and technology, provision of ha"ita"le houses at su"sidi9e rate and

amendment of some parts in +- land use act in order to assist in increasing housing delivery.

Among the factors that affect the supply of housing to meet the demand is the time of housing

process. he comple'ity and time duration in housing supply is one of the ma$or pro"lems which

contri"ute to the shortage of housing supply to different socioeconomic status of housing

consumer. he time of housing process could not allow the housing supply to meet the housing

demand as a result of increase in ur"an population compared with the time period it would take

for housing delivery to "e taken place into the housing market for the consumption (?ansley,

+ and #kechukwu, 200). Housing takes long time to construct and cannot easily "e made

ready for consumption if there are changes in demand. #kechukwu (200) is of opinion that,

there is need for proper understanding of the nature and comple'ity of housing production for the

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purpose of solving these pro"lems. He supported the view of &3H*, +1 and ipple, 200+ "y

attaching the slow rate of housing production to the "ulky nature of "uilding materials and high

cost of its transportation to the site, high and diversity la"our component, initial cost of housing

production such as interest rates and inflation.

here is a wide gap "etween housing demand and supply. his is due largely to slow response of

supply to demand. he housing market often suffers from lags in supply ad$ustments. hat is,

even if households with inade7uate housing were willing and a"le to pay for "etter housing, the

response on the supply side might "e long in coming (;othen"erg and del, +2). his is due to

the long time it takes to "uild new houses in response to new demand. he rate of housing

construction, while it has increased and is still increasing, is not nearer meeting e'isting demand,

much less the e'tra demand created "y the continuing ur"an population growth (#kpala, +-+).

he housing supply is fi'ed on the short run and the increase in housing demand increases the

e7uili"rium price on the long run (Ag"ola and Adegoke, 200). his invaria"ly makes the

suppliers to respond to the increase in the market price "y increasing the 7uantity of housing

supplied. Housing supply naturally responds slowly to new demand, the minimum time for such

a response "eing the time needed to mo"ilise all necessary resources to start and complete new

"uildings.

#kpala (+-+) supports this view and concludes that the rate of housing construction, while it

has increased and is still increasing, is not nearer meeting e'isting demand, much less the e'tra

demands created "y the continuing ur"an population growth. he failure of the private sector

housing to accommodate the larger percentage of the populace most especially the poor,

necessitated the direct pu"lic housing delivery option. Housing supply does not only reflect the

a"ility to "uild8 it also represents the historical stock of the past construction. *ome cities such as

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*t. ?ouis, Fetroit and 6hiladephia, have an a"undant supply of homes "ecause they once were

more desira"le than they are today (dward, 20+0). n these places, housing prices can often "e

lower than the cost of new construction, "ecause of the a"undant supply.

he commerciali9ation of residential housing in ur"an 3hina in late +-0s led to rapid increase

of house price at annual growth rate of ++.B/ (


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+. acilitating ;eading@?earning M at any level of education (primary, secondary, university

including postgraduate work), staying in the hall of residence or hostel does enhance the

desire to read. here are fewer distractions, there can "e control (as in forced Jprep!

classes in secondary schools), and the activities of studious colleagues can force less

serious ones to read. t is also easier to relate colleagues who are close "y or teachers

where a student has a difficulty on a su"$ect matter. Akpan (2000) has showed

7uantitatively that a more optimal policy option in funding education is increased student

income support (as in "ursary payments) going along with improved facilities if academic

performance is to "e enhanced. According to him, the time that students are willing to put

into studies depends on the level of income support, e'pected income gains upon

employment (psychic income), as well as on the level of development of the study

environment, which includes the li"rary, la"oratory, classrooms, hostel facilities,

recreational and health facilities among other things.

2. 3ocurricular Activities *tudents in hostels have a greater opportunity of participating in

sports, games, clu", and social activities that are e'pected to make them more rounded

individuals and citi9ens than those living offcampus who may find themselves forced

into domestic activities once they are at home.B. *ecurity *tudents are indeed more secure on campus than offcampus in spite of the

menace of cult activities in tertiary institutions in &igeria. his is "ecause institutions

maintain security personnel on campus and do monitor the activities of students. *ome

private niversities are known to lock their gates early and to insist on students o"taining

e'it permits "efore they travel home.

4. 5oral raining 6ersons from tertiary institutions are graduated "ased on satisfactory

performance Jin character and in learning!. 5oral training includes individual "ehaviour

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in group situations as in hostels. All institutions have 3odes of 3onduct that guide and

regulate student "ehaviour in hostels.%. &ational ntegration t is one of the desires of the ederal s it in the 3ivil

*ervice of his *tate of origin where he may end up working>

1. 6rivate ;elationships 6rivate relations in hostel rooms could "lossom into lifetime

positive relationships that would "e "eneficial to "oth parties.

. 6upil 6ersonnel 5anagement (665) M housing of students is one of the aspects of 665,

which is indeed a statutory function of schools (ke$e, et al., +28 Husen, et al., +-%).

&ot only parents "ut also the society at large e'pects the administrations of schools to

provide this service to students.

2.12 Re(&e0 o" E!-&r&ca$ /&terature

he importance of housing to a nation and its people cannot "e overemphasised. t has great

impact on the welfare and productivity of individual within the society (A"ram, +11). t has a

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significant impact on health, social and economic well "eing of the individual. his is "ecause,

standard housing improved comfort and conse7uently an inestima"le influence on individual

productive a"ility. House is an institution not $ust a structure, created for a comple' set of

purposes as Ag"ola (200%) descri"ed house as the totality of the immediate physical

environment, largely manmade in which families live, grow and decline. As a unit of

environment, housing has a profound influence on the health, efficiency, social "ehaviour,

satisfaction, productivity and general welfare of the individual and community. Housing

encompasses all the ancillary services and community facilities which are necessary to human

well"eings.

wo measures of the intensity of ur"an housing demand are house prices and the rate of house

price growth. n some cities, housing is in inelastic supply "ecause there is little or no open land

and local regulations either restrict development or make it prohi"itively e'pensive or slow. n

that case, demand for a location leads to "idding up of the price of land in order to e7uili"rate

housing demand with the availa"le supply (odd, 200). ndeed, when compares house rent

across cities and town, areas that presuma"ly have higher demand "ecause they offer "etter

amenities and fiscal conditions e'hi"it higher house prices (;o"ack, +-2).

he determinants of housing afforda"ility include household income and price of housing.

Housing cost is a function of the cost of construction (cost of "uilding materials, la"our and

entrepreneurial skill), cost of land and the cost of neigh"orhood facilities (#latu"ara, 200). he

prevailing housing pro"lems in &igeria include acute housing shortage, overcrowding and

unsanitary living conditions, e'or"itant rent relative to income and the e'ploitative tendency of

shylock landlords, the high rate of homelessness especially in the ur"an areas and the high rate of

su"standard housing "oth in the rural and ur"an areas (Ag"ola, +-).

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CHAPTER THREE

The tudy Area and Research


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;esearch work such as this is usually carried out within the conte't of a study area8 therefore this

study is on #gun *tate in *outhwest &igeria. #gun *tate is situated in the southwest region of

&igeria. t lies appro'imately "etween longitudes 204%+ and 404%+8 and latitudes 10+%+& and

010+&. ith the land area of a"out +1,12 s7uare kilometres, representing around +.- percent

of &igeria!s total land mass of 24,000 s7uare kilometres, #gun *tate is ranked 24th largest of

the B1 *tates in terms of land mass in &igeria. t is "ounded to the west "y the ;epu"lic of

:enin, to the south "y ?agos *tate and a 20 kilometre stretch of the Atlantic #cean, to the east "y

#ndo and #sun *tates, and to the north "y #yo *tate (*ee igure B.+). t is accessi"le to other

*tates in &igeria and the outside world through the nternational Airport and sea ports in ?agos

*tate as well as international road network within the est African su"region.


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he climate of #gun *tate follows a tropical pattern with raining season starting in 5arch and

ending in &ovem"er, this is followed "y dry season "etween &ovem"er and 5arch. he mean

annual rainfall varies from +2-cm in the southern parts of the *tate to +0%cm in the northern

areas whilst the average monthly temperature ranges "etween 2BN3 in Guly and B%N3 in e"ruary.

opographically, #gun *tate is characteri9ed "y high lands to the north which slopes downwards

to the south. he highest region is in the northwest which rises over B00 metres a"ove sea level

while the lowest level is the southern part which terminates in a long chain of lagoons (#gun

*tate ;egional 6lan (#*;6), 20+B).

#gun *tate was carved out of the old estern *tate "y the military administration of


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government that derived its powers from a written constitution. 6resently, the *tate has 20 ?ocal


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"elow to help o"tain necessary detail information of the study for presentation, analysis and

finding.

%.) Research Des&gn

his study adopted e'ploratory survey design to investigate the pro"lem areas of the research

and collect relevant information for analysis and interpretation. According to &achmias and

&achmias (200) this design ena"les the researcher to ask randomly selected respondents to

respond to set of 7uestions that yield data usa"le to e'amine and understand the challenges of

offcampus residential accommodation in &igeria tertiary institutions.

%.+ The study Po-u$at&on

he study unit for this research is the universities undergraduates and landlords within the study

area. he study population is the undergraduates of the #la"isi #na"an$o niversity and

landlord@landladies of the hall of residence of the students.

*ystematic random sampling techni7ue was adopted for the administration of the well structured

7uestionnaire. *ince there was no data"ase of the students! living within the university

neigh"orhood. herefore, stratified random was adopted in order to o"tain a representative

sample from the population. *tratified random sampling is an e'ample of pro"a"ility sampling.

he research selected two (2) faculties from all the faculties in the university "y lottery methods.

he faculties selected include= (a) aculty of 5anagement *ciences, and (") aculty of *ocial

*ciences. Fepartments in each faculty were written out and two departments were selected "y

lottery from each faculty. hus we have in the aculty of *ocial *ciences conomics and

*ociology departments. rom aculty of 5anagement *ciences, we selected through lottery

Fepartment of Accounting and inance and the Fepartment :usiness Administration. n all the

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departments selected, compulsory courses were identified from +00 level to 400 level. Furing

the compulsory courses from one hundred levels to four hundred levels, papers were passed to

students who live around the university community, to indicate their names and areas they reside.

he students were told of the importance of the research and the need to cooperate "y writing

their names and the areas they reside. All the names in the list from one hundred to four levels

collected were collated. hus from the list, we have a total num"er of 00 names as the study

frame. However, for convenience ten percent (+0/) of the students were picked from each

faculty through systematic sampling techni7ue. hus, a total of ninety 7uestionnaires (0) were

sent out to students with the help of two research assistants. Also, fifteen (+%)

?andlords@?andladies included in the study were picked through 5ultistage sampling techni7ue

in the community. hey were grouped in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units (strata)

at each stage. However, the cooperation of the landlords@landladies was solicited for "y

e'plaining to them the importance of the research. he total study si9e therefore was one

hundred and five (+0%) respondents.

%., ources o" Data

he data useful for this study were gathered mainly through primary sources. hese include

7uestionnaire administration administered to students and interview conducted to

landlord@landladies.

he secondary data were sourced through reference to related $ournals, dailies, maga9ines and

te't"ooks relevant to the research.

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%.4


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CHAPTER 9OUR

PREENTATION ANA/I AND INTERPRETATION O9 DATA

).1 Introduct&on

his chapter covers the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data collected during the

research work. here is an imperative need to analy9e the data collected since all the data used in

this study were primary data collected from the well structured 7uestionnaire and interview.

t should, however "e noted that data collected would not have any apprecia"le value until when

they are analy9ed "efore it "ecomes meaningful to the users and the study. he working research

7uestions and the study o"$ectives developed and formulated in chapter one were also answered

and fulfilled in this chapter.

).2 oc&oDe!ogra-h&c Character&st&cs o" the Res-ondents

Ta#$e ).2.17 e3 o" Res-ondents

tate!ent ar&a#$es 9re;uency Percentag

e

5ale B 4B.Bemale %+ %1.

Tota$ => 1>>

6lace of ;esidence dode +- 20.0

gan 41 %+.+

mere 21 2-.

Tota$ => 1>>

aculty 5anagement *cience %1 12.2

*ocial *cience B4 B.-

Tota$ => 1>>

Age


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a"le 4.2.+ revealed that sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents gathered on

gender differentials in access to accommodation revealed that %1./ were female, while male

represented 4B.B/ of the sampled population.

Among the respondents, 20.0/ of the respondents resided in dode area8 %+.+/ resided in gan

new site, while 2-./ resided in mere town (a"le 4.2.+). he implication of this was that many

students were a"le to secure accommodation at gan new site. rom direct o"servations, it should

"e stated that of recent, more "uildings were under construction "y private owners at gan new

town. his pro"a"ly may "e as a result of the presence of #la"isi #na"an$o niversity main

campus.

Fistri"ution "y faculty from the ta"le shows that 12.2/ of the students were from faculty of

5anagement *ciences, while B.-/ were from *ocial *ciences. his implies that a ma$ority of

the sampled respondents were from the faculty of management sciences (a"le 4.2.+).

he ta"le (4.2.+) also revealed the age distri"utions of the respondents. hose in the age group

+-24yrs constituted B2.2/, agegroup 2% B0yrs 1.-/. his shows that ma$ority of the

respondents were in age group of 2%B0 years.

).% trateg&es E!-$oyed #y tudents &n ourc&ng and o$(&ng Acco!!odat&on Pro#$e!s

Ta#$e ).%.17 trateg&es &n sourc&ng and so$(&ng acco!!odat&on needs

ar&a#$es 9re;uency Percentage

;egistered Agents B4 B.-

?andlords 41 %+.+

ransfer from students +0 ++.+hrough *tudents Affairs

&one of the a"ove

Tota$ => 1>>

*ource= ield survey, 20+%

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he study seeks to e'amine the strategies that are likely to "e adopted "y students in securing

their accommodation needs. a"le 4.B.+ shows that ma$ority (%+.+/) of the students secured

their accommodation from the landlords@landladies and transfer from students. However, B.-/

represents those who secured their accommodation through registered agents. his implies that

landlords@landladies were involved in the "usiness of directly renting out accommodation to

students on their own. he presence of registered agents was a new phenomenon among the

student. he CregisteredD agents on their own, source for the rooms@flats and compile all the list

of houses availa"le around the university. *tudents were charged &%00 (ive Hundred &aira) "y

the agents "efore information on availa"le houses for rent can "e o"tained. f agreement is

reached "etween the student, the landlord, and the registered agent, the agent gets his own

commission in monetary terms. his means that #la"isi #na"an$o niversity through its

students had created employment opportunities for some categories of people in the

neigh"ourhood.

++.+/ of students solved their accommodation pro"lems through fellow students. *tudents either

su"let or transfer their apartments to other students upon the completion of their studies. hese

new tenants were usually presented to the landlords@landladies either as "rothers or sisters or

friends who had shown interest in the apartment. n these cases, agents are "ypassed, making the

rent cheaper as the new tenant may not really consummate a fresh agreement, which attracts a

large sum of amount. his is one of the strategies adopted "y the students in trying to cut cost

and solve their accommodation needs.

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Ta#$e ).%.27 6ender Pre"erence o" /and$ords:$and$ad&es


emale students 4- %B.B

5ale students B1 40.0

All the a"ove 1 1.

don!t know 2 2.2

Tota$ => 1>>


#n gender preference "y landlords@landladies as perceived "y students while solving their

accommodation pro"lems, ta"le 4.B.2 revealed that landlord@landladies prefer female (%B.B/)

students to male (40.0) students. n &igeria as well as other developing countries, securing

accommodation is either through the landlords@landladies or registered agents. t is interesting to

ask how female students secured accommodation in the neigh"ourhood through the

landlords@landladies considering the societal perception of female gender and the age long

tradition of not letting out accommodation to singlegirls.

Ta#$e ).%.%7 tudents Pre"erence "or o"" ca!-us to on ca!-us res&dent&a$ acco!!odat&on


Ies +- 20.0&o 2 -0.0

Tota$ => 1>>


a"le 4.B.B a"ove revealed that ma$ority (-0/) of the respondents prefer on campus residential

accommodation to off campus if it were to "e availa"le. his implies that off campus nature of

students! accommodation poses a lot of hardship on student!s welfares.

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).) tudents E3-er&ences o" D&scr&!&natory Pract&ces and Co-&ng trateg&es

Ta#$e ).).17 Res-ondents 0ho ha(e e3-er&enced D&scr&!&natory Pract&ces


Ies 1- %.%&o + +-.

don!t know % %.1

Tota$ => 1>>


Fiscrimination is to make unfair differences in one!s treatment of people. 6eople may "e unfairly

treated for reasons of their se', race, and tri"e or even for reasons of their "eliefs. Housing

discrimination is a serious pro"lem "ecause it is difficult to challenge or prove. 5a$ority (%.%/)

of the students of the total sampled respondents had e'perienced one form of discrimination or

the other. hile +-./ of the total respondents had not e'perience any form of discriminatoey

practices, %.1/ were undecided.

Ta#$e ).).27 D&strut&on o" Res-ondents #y "or!s o" D&scr&!&natory Pract&ces and Co-&ng

trateg&es

A. D&scr&!&natory Pract&ces 9re;uency Percentage

inance 20 22.2*e'ual harassment +2 +B.B

;eligious :ias ++ +2.2

1>>

B. Co-&ng trateg&es 0&th these D&scr&!&nat&on

?ook for another accommodation 0 0

*uccum" to these practices

;eport to the niversity authority

&o response

Tota$ => 1>>


Ouestions were asked a"out the types of discriminatory practices that had "een e'perienced.

a"le 4.4.2 revealed that +2.2/ of the students commented that religion and gender "iases were

40


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the ma$or forms of discriminatory practices e'perienced, while +B.B/ of the students mentioned

se'ual harassment as the ma$or form of discriminatory practice. *e'ual harassment according to

Akande (+) is seen to affect negatively the environment in which the offender and victim

interact, either at work or in a social conte't. *e'ual harassment pollutes the working

environment and can have a devastating effect upon the health, confidence, morals and

performances of those affected "y it. hough, there are no national statistics on se'ual

harassment in access to housing, se'ual harassment includes a "road range of landlords!

mis"ehaviours which include= making comments, touching, entering home to watch women

while they sleep or shower, e'changing se' for rent or repairs, se'ual assault and rape.

hat is certain is that there is im"alance of power relationships "etween landlords and student

tenants. 5ost landlords e'ercise this power un$ustly on students where such student refuses to

cooperate. Hostility also may likely set in. 5ost students do not even know whom to tell of their

predicaments. hat was the reason why all the students (*ee a"le 4.4.2") responded to instances

of discrimination "y searching for alternative accommodation. his finding was also in line with

the report stated in nited *tates Fepartment of Gustice 3ivil ;ights Fivision, Housing and 3ivil

nforcement *ection (200%). #n the other hand, students who are vulnera"le and succum" to

pressure from landlords se'ual advances are at the risk of reproductive health "ahaviour (usu,

20+0). However, while it is necessary to maintain good relationship with one!s landlord, such

relationships must "e formal. emale students need to have a well"alanced selfesteem. heir

sense of dressing must "e proper, as improper dressing sends wrong signal to male counterparts,

even to the landlord.

Another ma$or discriminatory practice e'perienced "y students was differential rent charges.

a"le 4.4.2 a"ove shows that 22.2/ of the students (particularly the new students) complained of

41


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discriminatory rent charges. *tudents were made to pay series of money "y the agents "efore

rooms can "e allocated to them. or instance, students were made to pay for a year!s electricity

"ill, damages and water rates. A practice that was not common in &igeria. #ne could state that

the money culture had caught up with the landlords@landladies. hey "ehave as shylock. he

presence of students from the #la"isi #na"an$o niversity coupled with inade7uate housing had

"een the driving force "ehind this money culture. hile the landlords@landladies often smile to

the "anks, students were paying through their nose to get accommodation.

t could "e inferred from their responses! that the #la"isi #na"an$o niversity through its

students was contri"uting to the local economy and impacting positively on its neigh"our!s

economic status. However, on the part of the student, when we compare what they pay as house

rents to their socioeconomic "ackground and the cost of transportation to and from university, it

pro"a"ly might not give the students money to spend in other areas like "uying of te't"ooks,

eating "alance diet, access to computers, photocopying, typing of assignment, and all other

things that make for good academic success. #thers may even engage in risky reproductive

health "ehaviour in order to survive (especially the female students). All these would have

negative effects on the students and may make university life unen$oya"le. urthermore, apart

from paying e'or"itant prices "efore securing accommodation, maintaining good relationship is

e7ually pertinent. hat then is the relationship "etween the students and the landlords @

landladies>

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).).%7 Re$at&onsh&-s #et0een $and$ords and students

A. tudents Re$at&onsh&- 9re;uency Percentage

3ordial 2+ 2B.B

3onflictual 42 41.

ndifference +0 ++.+

don!t know + +-.

Tota$ => 1>>

B. D&stur#ances e3-er&enced at ho!e 9re;uency Percentage

Fomestic Liolence 2- B+.+

&eigh"ors Fistur"ances 4B 4.-

ncrease in house rent +2 +B.B

ncidence of ro""ery .-

&one of the a"ove

Tota$ => 1>>


Ouestions were asked a"out students relationships with their landlords@landladies. he aim was

to ascertain the state of their relationships "etween them as this is important for their well"eing,

their state of mind and effective concentration in their studies. a"le 4.4.B revealed that among

the students population, (2B.B/) had cordial relationship with their landlords@landladies8 while

41./ of respondents had conflictual relationships with their landlord@landladies8 ++.+/ of

student!s respondents e'pressed attitudes of indifference.

*tudents! attitudes of indifference to conflict with their landlords@landladies might have

developed as a result of physical and mental distur"ances they e'perienced at home.

a"le 4.4.B" also showed that 4.-/ of population e'pressed neigh"ours distur"ances as the

ma$or form of distur"ance e'perienced. &eigh"ours! distur"ances could occur in varying forms.

*uch as noise pollution coming from generating set, untidy premises or antisocial "ehaviours of

the cotenants.

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).+ Cha$$enges thro0n u- #y Non Res&dent&a$ Nature o" the Un&(ers&ty to tudents

Ta#$e ).+.17 6ender Pre"erence o" /and$ords:$and$ad&es


?ateness arrival for lecture 2- B+.+nade7uate transportation to and fro the campus 4 4.4

?ack of conducive atmosphere for learning 41 %+.+

na"ility to e'perience campus life +2 +B.B

Tota$ => 1>>


*tudents in a nonresidential university are likely to face a lot of challenges as they $ourney to

and from the university. 3onsidering the nature of housing facilities in Agowoye as already

espoused in this study and the traffic congestion along the university, what then are the

challenges faced> ?ack of conducive atmosphere for studying was the ma$or challenge faced "y

students.

)., Ana$ys&s o" /and$ords:/ad&es Pre"erence &n /ett&ng out Acco!!odat&on

n an indepth interview with a landlord, it was revealed that a prospective student pays a total

amount of si'tyeight thousand naira for a room apartment in a Cface-me-I-face-you self containD

dwelling (see picture + in the Appendi'). A room costs two thousand naira per month. A

prospective student tenant pays for two years which amounts to fortyeight thousand naira

(4-,000.00). n addition, another twenty thousand naira is paid as commission and agreement

fees. or a room in a flat which costs (4,000.00) per month, an advance payment of two years is

paid which amounts to &inety si' thousand naira only (1,000.00). Another twenty thousand is

paid for the agreement and commission. herefore, a room in a flat cost a total amount of one

hundred and si'teen thousand naira for two years. However, when we compare the amount

charged for a room and the 7uality of facilities provided for the tenants (*ee picture + and 2 in

the Appendi').

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t is o"vious that the house owners are concerned more with profit than making life comforta"le

for people (#duwade, 2000).

:elow is the "reakdown of amount students pay to secure accommodation around the university

communities

or a room apartment 4-,000P00 (orty Meight thousand naira) is charged for two years.

20,000P00& (wenty thousand &aira) is charged for commission.

+0,000P00& (en housand &aira) is charged for damages, while, +0,000P00 (ten thousand

&aira is charged for electricity "ill for a year.

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CHAPTER 9IE

u!!ary Conc$us&on and Reco!!endat&ons

+.1 u!!ary o" 9&nd&ngs

his study was interested in e'amining the relationship "etween challenges of offcampus

residential accommodation among students of the #la"isi #na"an$o niversity. *pecifically, it

sought to e'amine the strategies and forms of discriminatory practices e'perienced "y students in

sourcing and solving their accommodation pro"lems. t was also interested in finding out the

types of reciprocal relationships that e'ist "etween students tenants and community

landlords@landladies. ?astly, the challenges thrown up "y non residential nature of students was

also e'amined.

he findings were summari9ed "elow=

t was revealed that students secured their accommodation directly from the

landlord@landladies. hough the landlords@landladies did not give them the

accommodation "ased on their own merit, the presence of their parents@guardian was

re7uired "efore accommodation can "e given out for securing the accommodation. his

goes a longway to show that &igerians are still patriarchal in nature. ;egistered agents

were utili9ed "y "oth gender, "ut mostly "y male students.

he study also revealed that landlords@landladies preferred female students to male

students. here were lots of reasons "ehind their preference. hese include= economic

motive, fear of cultism "y male students and a"ility of female students keeping to the

terms of agreement more than male students.

he study also revealed that the students prefer oncampus residential accommodation to

offcampus residential accommodation.

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his study also found significant discriminatory practices among the students. hey

mentioned religion, gender "ias and se'ual harassment and discriminatory rent charges,

as the ma$or forms of e'pressions of discriminatory practices they had e'perienced.

his study revealed that the relationship "etween studenttenants and landlord was

cordial to some e'tent, "ut a significant level was conflictual. he conflictual relationship

was partly due to these discriminatory practices they had e'perienced. 5ale and female

students e'perienced mental distur"ances in their Jhostels!. hese mental distur"ances

include, neigh"our distur"ances, domestic violence and incessant increase in houserent.

+.2 Conc$us&on

:ased on the a"ove findings, the study concluded that there was a reciprocal impact "etween the

community landlords@landladies and #la"isi #na"an$o niversity. Go"s were created for some

category of people (i.e. the registered agents) in the community. he university would do well to

formali9e this potential and incipient reciprocal outlook so that students! interests could "e "etter

protected. n view of the foregoing, therefore, the following recommendations are therefore

"eing suggested.

+.% Reco!!endat&ons

here is need for the university to ameliorate students! accommodation hardships. he

university may do well "y sourcing for "uildings in the communities which can "e taken

on "ehalf of the students as students! hostel.

niversity, through the J:ale! and landlords@landladies associations may get the house

owners registered with the niversity with the aim of acting as pro'y "etween the

students and the houseowners. hile incoming students should "e encouraged to seek

accommodation from registered houseowners with the university.

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t is also important for the university to inspect 7uality of facilities availa"le in these

houses that are registered "y houseowners.

he issue of se'ual harassment of female students "y the landlords needs to "e e'amined.

5ore education is needed for the students especially the incoming students during

orientation. t is pertinent even as of now to have a forum where students can come and

complain of their grievances. All students in the university must "e ade7uately informed

of such forum. ?andlords also need some sensiti9ation in this regard.

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Re"erences

Ag"ola, . K Adegoke, *.A. (200) conomics in Housing. n unde Ag"ola, ?ayi gun$o"i K

3.#. #latu"ara (eds.), Housing Fevelopment and 5anagement. A "ook of readings (pp.),

Fepartment of r"an and ;egional 6lanning, aculty of *ocial sciences, niversity of

"adan, &igeria.

African Fevelopment :ank (+0) African Fevelopment und= 6olicy 6aper on omen in

Fevelopment. 6aper 6resented in Goint *essions held in A"id$an from ++- *eptem"er,

+0.

:an$o, A (2000) C*tudents cultism= How to tackle cultism menaceD the Guardian, Ganuary 1,

hursday, p.B+.

:ourne, ?.*, K Hitchcock, G.;. eds., (+-) r"an Housing markets= ;ecent directions inresearch and policy. niversity of oronto press, oronto, +-.

:uckley, ;. 5. K


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ederal


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#lotuah, A. #. (200+) ?ow income workers housing= ntervention "y the pu"lic sector.

International $ournal of (conomic and Development Issues'+ (+). -1.

#lurode, ?. (+0) omen, *ocial 3hange and 6erception of


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APPENDIF I

5ale ( )

emale ( ) :oth 5ale@ emale ( )+0. Fo you prefer offcampus residential accommodation to oncampus> Ies ( ) &o ( )

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ECTION C7 Gender Experiences of Discriminatory ractices and coping strategies

11. Have you e'perienced any form of discriminatory practices as a result of living off campus>

Ies ( ) &o ( )

12. f yes, please indicate such form discriminatory practices. Iou may tick as many as possi"le.

inance ( ) *e'ual Harassment ( ) ;eligious :ias ( )

?ook for another accommodation ( )

*uccum" to these practices ( ) ;eport to the niversity ( )

&o ;esponse ( )

+4. Fistur"ances e'perienced in your residential accommodation. Iou may tick as many as

possi"le. Fomestic Liolence ( ) &eigh"ours Fistur"ances ( ) ncreased House

;ent ( ) ncidence of ro""ery ( ) don!t know ( )

+%. ;elationship with landlord@landladies= 3ordial ( ) 3onflictual ( )

ndifference ( ) don!t know ( )

ECTION D7 Challenges thro!n up "y the non residential nature of the university to the

students

+1. ndicate challenges faced as nonresidential niversity students= Iou may tick as many as

possi"le.

?ate arrival for lectures ( )

nade7uate transportation to K fro the campus ( )

?ack of conducive atmosphere for studying ( )

na"ility to e'perience campus life ( )

+. hat do you think could "e done to solve the a"ove mentioned pro"lems> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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APPENDIF II


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APPENDIF III

P$ate 17 One o" the hoste$s (&s&ted #y the researcher &n OOU ne&gh#orhood

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APPENDIF I

P$ate 27 One o" the students hoste$s &n the OOU ne&gh#orhood

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APPENDIF

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