Chapter One Assignment
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Chapter 1 Vocab1. Annihilate
a. To utterly destroy or defeat.2. Recapitulate
a. To review by a summary3. Collaborate
a. To work with other parties4. Cavalcade
a. A procession of vehicles, ships,riders or carriages.5. Bureaucracy
a. A government with nonelected officials6. Feudalism
a. A system where vassals were protected by lords7. Accumulate
a. To gather or collect8. Hospitable
a. Treating or receiving strangers warmly9. Subdue
a. To conquer and bring into subjection10.Egocentric
a. Having little to no regard for interests other than ones own. 11.Ethnocentric
a. The belief in the superiority of ones culture12.
Massacre
a. The general slaughter of persons13.Heathen
a. An irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized person14.Atrocity
a. The state of being shockingly wicked15.Subjugate
a. Bring under control16.Pyre
a. A heap of combustible material17.Vehementa. Showing strong feeling18.Genocide
a. The killing of a large group of people19.Ideology
a. The ideas and manner of thinking of a group20.In Absentia
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a. While not present at the event, but being referred to21.Ingenious
a. Clever, original, and inventive22.Egalitarian
a. Believing in the principle that all people are equal23.Matrilineal
a. Inheriting or determining descent through the female line24.Patrilineal
a. Inheriting through the male line25.Nomadic
a. Migratory people26.Sedentary
a. Characterized by much sitting27.Subordinate
a. Treat of a lesser importance28.Tractable
a. Easy to control or influence29.Autonomy
a. A self-governing country or region30.Ostracize
a. Exclude from a society or group31.Pauper
a. A very poor person32.Indigenous
a. Originating or occurring naturally in a place33.Secular
a. Denoting activities that have no religious basis34.Intrepid
a. Fearless35.Infidel
a. A person who doesnt accept a particular faith36.Tribute
a. A gift given in acknowledgment37.Heretic
a.
Someone who doesnt conform to an attitude38.Flabbergast
a. To overcome with surprise39.Facilitate
a. To assist the progress40.Reciprocity
a. Mutual exchange
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Chapter 1 Non-Trad1. Arrival of the first peoples to New World
o WhoNomadic bands from Siberia
oWhat
Traveled to North Americao Where
Bering Bridgeo When
Between 1200014000 years agoo Why
To hunt big gameo Significance
This was the first time that humans had ever been on North America.2. Two theories of the peopling of the New World
o BeringianWho
o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendants.What
o Created advanced weaponry and advanced hunting tactics.Where
o North AmericaWhen
o Ended 14000 years agoWhy
o To create an easier and more relaxed civilizationSignificance
o It was the first step that the nomads took to improve their lives sincemoving to the Western Hemisphere
o Archaic eraWho
o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendantsWhat
o Started to change food habitsWhere
o North AmericaWhen
o 100002500 years ago
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Whyo There was a reduction in food from the overkilling of mega fauna.
Significanceo It was an agricultural revolution when the nomads started to
systematically clear and plant crops for food.
3. Two reasons why the mega fauna became extincto Pleistocene overkill
Whoo The nomads and the mega fauna
Whato Mega fauna was becoming extinct
Whereo North America
Wheno 10000 years ago
Whyo Overhunting and overkilling
Significanceo The biggest food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, was
becoming scarcer. One of the theories is that the nomads were
overkilling the mega fauna and not giving them time to reproduce.
o Shift of climateWho
o The mega faunaWhat
o Mega fauna was becoming extinctWhere
o North AmericaWhen
o 10000 years agoWhy
o Climate changeSignificance
o The major food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, wasbecoming extinct. A theory for their extinction was that the climate
was changing, causing the mega fauna to run out of grazing locations.
4. Archaic peoples changing subsistence patternso Who
Archaic people
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o WhatHumans were running out of their main food source, the mega fauna, and
they needed to find a more reliable and more renewable source of energy.
o WhyThe main source of food for the nomads was running out and there did not
seem to be a replacement that was as plentiful.
o SignificanceThis was the start of a shift of food trends for humans in North America.This shift was caused by the extinction of mega fauna, and the importance of
agriculture is still prevalence to this day.
5. Archaic peoples gender role distinctionso Who
Archaic peopleo What
Change in roles for femaleso Where
North Americao When
100002500 years agoo Why
The food surpluses and the agricultural revolution created more necessity forwomen to get involved with the decisions and tasks of society.
o SignificanceThis was the one of the most important times for women equality since the
beginning of time, and because of food surpluses, agricultural revolution, and
the fact that they were finding more time to enjoy and develop society created
this opportunity for women.
6. Crop surpluses lead too Who
Archaic peopleo What
Crop surpluses caused change in their lives, including the development oftrade routes and the social and political development.
o WhereNorth America
o When100002500 years ago
o WhyCrop surpluses created less responsibility for the nomads to find food and
keep their family fed, and they used that extra time to develop society.
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o SignificanceThe availability of food for the Archaic people caused them to have more
time on their hands. They used the extra time to develop society, including
giving women more important responsibility and more of a say in the
direction of the Archaic people.
7. Mississippian Cultureo Who
The tribes and groups living in the Mississippi River area.o What
They were a very important and advanced civilization for their time.o Where
Mississippi River areao When
2000 years before contact with Europeanso Why
The crop surpluses lead them to be able to create a very advanced civilizationthat still remains to this day.
o SignificanceThe Mississippians were an advanced race that used their time to develop and
evolve their society and to create structures that would amaze even to this day.
8. Inserto Cahokia in 1200
Whoo Cahokias people
Whato A very advanced and developed civilization that dominated an area as
large as New York State.
Whereo Mississippi River area
Wheno A.D. 1200
Whyo They were a very elaborate society that were very important to other
civilization in the area.Significance
o The Cahokia showed that Native Americans were in fact, veryevolved unlike what the colonists had showed.
o What does the burial of the man at Cahokia signify?They were a sacrificial society.They buried people alive
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They removed limbs for sacrifice.o Cahokias downfall
It is a mystery9. Contrasting World Views
10.Ghana Kingdomo Who
A large kingdom that dominated Africa.o What
One of the first kingdoms the Europeans encounteredo Where
West Coast of Africao When
Approx. 1000 A.D.o
SignificanceThe Europeans arrived in Africa and were surprised to find a civilization
comparable to their own.
11.Mali Kingdomo Who
A civilization that rose from the Ghana Kingdomo What
A result of a war in the Ghana Kingdomo Where
West Coast of Africao When
Around the 11thcenturyo Significance
A civilization that took the place of the destroyed Ghana Kingdom
Colonizing Europeans Native Populations in the New World
Land should be privately possessed. Had ranks of wealth. Men were the leaders and decision-
makers.
Saw trading as strictly an economicmatter.
Religion was bases around one god.
Land should be held in common. Most people were on the social
level of others.
Family membership was determinedthrough the female line.
Females had as much input as men. Saw the social and spiritual side of
trading.
Believed in spirits in nature
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12.Kinship systemo Who
Africanso What
A system of social and political ordero Where
Africao When
Before and during the Europeans arrival in Africao Significance
It was a different way of organizing society, one that the Europeans were notaccustomed to. The Africans organized people into groups, roles, and
categories whereas the Europeans mainly organized society by family.
13.Rebirth of Western Europeo Who
Western Europeanso What
Saw a resurgence in its statuso Where
West Europeo When
Around 1000 A.D.o Significance
Europe suffered for years with its weakening importance and economy.Thanks to long-distance trading from the Mediterranean, Western Europe
began to come back both economically and in its value to the area.
14.Feudalismo Who
Europeanso What
A system of land ownership and dutieso Where
Europeo When
Middle Ageso Significance
It was a system that had been used in Europe for a long time, but startedlosing its importance with the rebirth of Western Europe
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15.Black Deatho Who
Europeans and Africanso What
A major disease that engulfed the population and crippled the population.o Where
Europe and Africao When
13481349o Significance
The Black Plague hit Europe in the 14thcentury. It killed one-third ofEuropes population, and affected them for centuries.
16.Magna Cartao Who
Europeans aristocratso What
A bill that made the king have less powero When
1215o Where
Europeo Significance
English aristocrats were not happy with the amount of power the king had, sothey created a bill to make the king have less power.17.Europe lags behind England
o Europe lagged behind England because one, they were less affected by the move toenclose land.
o Rulers were also less successful in engaging the nobilities, and nobles never sharedgovernance with the king.
18.New monarchieso Who
Ambitious monarchs in France, England, and Spaino What
Sought social order and political stabilityo Where
France, England, and Spaino When
Second half of the fifteenth century
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o SignificanceCitizens in these countries were unhappy with their current government andway of life, and that was the main driving force behind the new monarchies
19.Initial objectives of explorationo Who
Europeanso What
Started exploring the areaso Where
Mediterranean and Asiao When
Late fifteenth centuryo Significance
Exploration was started by two initial goals.First was to avoid and bypass Muslim traders by finding a route to Asia.The other was to tap the African gold trade
20.Prince Henry the Navigatoro Who
The leader in one of Portugals most important momentso What
He led the fight to get Portugal recognized as an important place.o Where
Portugal and the surrounding areaso When
Late 14thand early 15thcenturyo Significance
Portugal was much unknown as a country until Prince Henry came along. Heled the country to explore the areas around Europe.
21.Mapo Who
Explorers that originated from Europeo What
A map of who, when, and where the explorers travelso Where
Mainly explorations from Europe to the Americas, although some went toAfrica, Russia, and around the word
o When14871610
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o SignificanceThe map shows that the Europeans were very focused on exploring the world
around them and getting as much use from it.
22.Portugal in the leado Who
Portugalo What
Started to become an important part of Europeo Where
Portugalo When
End of the fifteenth centuryo Significance
Portugal had been a relatively unimportant and overlooked country, but theystarted to become known to the area by first getting their independence, andthen shortly after started expeditions to explore the area.
23.Quadranto Who
Portuguese captainso What
Developed a way to navigate the seao Where
The seao When
1450so Significance
With the start of Portugals mission to explore the earth, they had to figureout a way to navigate the earth. So the invention of the quadrant system
helped navigators to know where they were.
24.Lateen-rigged caravelo Who
Sea captainso What
A way of shaping sailso Where
The seao When
1450s
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o SignificanceEuropeans could not go south along the African coast, and the invention of
triangle sails gave them the ability to explore new places.
25.Vasco de Gamao Who
Vasco de Gamao What
A European that was a sailoro Where
Europe and the Cape of Africao When
1497o Significance
Vasco de Gama was the first European that sailed around the Cape of Africa,which allowed them to colonize the Indian Ocean.
26.Christopher Columbuso Who
A European explorero What
Is sometimes said an exploitero Where
The Americaso When
15
th
centuryo Significance
Sometimes Columbus is called an exploiter as he caused a lot of troubles forthe Native Americans he encountered. However he saw many problems in
Europe and had to use the Americas as a refuge area.
27.Oct. 12, 1492o Who
European explorerso What
Arrived in the Bahamaso Where
Bahamaso When
Oct. 12, 1492o Significance
This was the moment when Columbus and his explores arrived in TheAmericas
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28.Second voyageo Who
Columbus and his explorerso What
Came to the Bahamas for a second timeo Where
Bahamaso When
Between 14941504o Significance
This began the realization that the Americas were a very rich and unused areathat could be used to the Europeans advantage
29.Martin Luthero Who
Martin Luthero What
A German monko Where
Germanyo When
Late 15th/Early 16thcenturyo Significance
He started a branch of Christianity that didnt relate with Rome.30.
Good works v. External evidence of grace
o WhoMartin Luther
o WhatThought about how to have faith
o WhereGermany
o When1500s
o SignificanceIt was a new way of thinking for Christian and it caught on very quickly.
31.Sale of Indulgenceso Who
Martin Luthero What
Attacked the concept of sale of indulgences
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o WhereGermany
o When1517
o SignificanceLuther was fed up with how Roman Christians could buy their way out of
punishment for sins, so he attacked the idea that you could buy your way out
of trouble.
32.95 Theseo Who
Martin Luthero What
Came up with argumentso Where
Germanyo When
16thcenturyo Significance
Martin Luther came up with 95 arguments against the practices of theChristian church and told Christians to practice true repentance
33.Luthers Attackso Who
Martin Luthero What
Attacked the state and the practices of the Christian churcho Where
Germanyo When
16thcenturyo Significance
Luthers attacks on the state and practices caused the creation of a new branchof Christianity that is still predominate to this day.
34.Basic division between Catholics and Protestantso Who
Catholics and Protestantso What
With Luthers attacks caused a difference in some basic beliefs in Catholicsand Protestants
o WhereGermany and eventually Europe
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o When16thcentury
o SignificanceThe attacks on the Catholic religions practices caused some Catholics to unite
their beliefs and from a new religion called Protestant. Their beliefs differed
from marriage, sacraments, and luxuriousness of the clergy. They also differed
on religious authority.
35.John Calvino Who
A Frenchman that helped Protestantso What
Helped the Protestant Reformationo Where
Franceo When
1536o Significance
The Protestant Reformation, or when Protestants started spreading theirmessage to others and getting the rules of their religion set.
36.Calvins reformso Who
John Calvino What
He started to reform and shape Protestanto Where
France and Europeo When
Mid-16thcenturyo Significance
Even though Luther started the religious branch of Protestant, they didnt getvery far in determining what their rules and morals were.
37.King Henry VIIIo Who
A king that did something other kings didnto What
He was the first king to become Protestanto Where
Englando When
16thcentury
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o SignificanceKing Henry VIII, after being told by the Pope that he couldnt divorce and
remarry, decided to become a Protestant, becoming the first king to do so.
38.Anglican Churcho What
A branch of Protestanto Where
England and Europeo When
16thcenturyo Significance
This was a branch of Protestant that was further away from Catholicism39.Treaty of Tordesillas
o WhoPortugal
o WhatAllowed to move the line that Portugal can go to
o WhereSpain and Portugal
o When1494
o SignificancePortugal needed to go to some areas in the Americas, but the pope
demarcated, or marked as off limits the West Hemisphere. But with the treaty,they moved the line more west, allowing Portugal to explore parts of the
Americas
40.Columbian Exchange Charto Who
Europe and the Americaso What
Items that were given and tradedo Where
Europe and the Americaso When
16thcenturyo Significance
When Europeans started to explore and interact with the Americas, thereceived many things that they did not have in Europe. In return, Europeans
also gave the Natives many things, including diseases.
41.The Great Dying
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o WhoNative Americans
o WhatGot diseases
o WhereThe Americas
o When16thcentury
o SignificanceBack then, people werent very aware of the how the spread of bacteria and
infections happened. So when explorers went and made contact with the
Natives, they didnt know that they were passing germs and diseases that the
Natives werent immune to and would killhalf of the population in the
Americas
42.Silver strikeso Who
Spanisho What
Found large amounts of silvero Where
Boliviao When
1545o Significance
Silver was destined to be the standard of wealth. And everyone was focusedon finding it and obtaining it. So when the Spanish found large amounts in
Mexico and Bolivia, the Spanish focused their efforts in mining it.
43.Native peoples as labor supplyo Who
Natives to the areas around silver-rich locationso What
Were used as laboro Where
Bolivia and Mexicoo When
16thcenturyo Significance
Europeans started to see that the Natives, along with Africans, were a verycost-efficient and plentiful source of labor. And with the silver boom and the
need for manpower, the Europeans used them for their own benefits.
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44.Price Revolutiono Who
Europeanso What
Saw a higher cost of livingo Where
Europeo When
Mid-sixteenth centuryo Significance
With the boom in silver and the increase in its availability, the cost of livingincreased as the cost of silver decreased. Many parts of Europe saw an
increase of double of what it was before. This was a problem as the wages of
most people did not increase to accommodate the increase in price.
45.Sugaro Who
Portugueseo What
Located sugaro Where
Lowlands of Brazilo When
16thcenturyo Significance
The Portuguese, while discovering areas in South America, found sugar,which had not been available to the area. Portuguese explorers transported
millions of slaves over from Africa instead of using indigenous people.
46.Juan Ponce de Leono Who
A Spanish explorero What
Explored the southeast region of North Americao Where
North Americao When
1500so Significanceo He was one of the first peoples to start charting the southeast region of North
America.
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47.Hernando de Sotoo Who
A Spanish explorero What
Explored the western region of North Americaso Where
Western region of North Americao When
Mid 1500so Significance
De Soto and his team went and explored the Gulf region of North America.He met Native Americans and was very nice to them, until he found out they
did not have gold, which they were looking for. So the raiding their villages
and passed diseases to the Natives that they were not immune to.
48.Francisco Vasquez de Coronadoo Who
A Spanish explorero What
Cleared large areas of the southwest North Americaso Where
Southwest North Americao When
1540so Significance
De Coronado led a large team into the southwest, looking for gold, butinstead clearing the land for eventual Spanish colonization.
49.Christianity v. indigenous religionso Who
The Spanish and the Nativeso What
Started to deal with religiono Where
The southwest North Americaso When
Late 16thcenturyo Significance
The Spanish, wanting to spread Christianity to as many people as they could,started mixing in native beliefs with Christianity, which caused many natives
to accept those parts of Christianity.
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50.Kivaso Who
Pueblo Indianso What
Practiced their religiono Where
In underground chamberso When
Late 16thcenturyo Significance
The Pueblos practiced their religion in underground ceremonial chamberscalled kivas. When the Spanish came and started to spread their religion, they
came down to kivas and professed the Christian faith.
51.John Caboto Who
An English explorero What
Started the exploration in the New World for Englando Where
Europe and the Americaso When
Late 16th/early 17thcenturyo Significance
England, upon discovering that the Americas were a new, plentiful area,wanted to get a piece of the action. But the Portuguese and the Spanish were
already well rooted in the area. But John Cabot started the explorations and
the chance for England to acquire a part of the Americas.
52.Englands interest in the New Worldo Who
The Englisho What
Started formulating their plans for the new worldo Where
The New Worldo When
Late 16th/early 17thcenturyo Significance
Englands prospects for the New World was very different than the Spanishand Portuguese. They just wanted to fish, the gold for the English.
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53.Conflict between Catholic Spain and Protestant Englando Who
The Spanish and the Englisho What
Started to disagree because they had different religionso Where
Europeo When
Late 16th/early 17thcenturyo Significance
The religious tension between the two branches of Christianity caused manymajor problems for both sides. One of the problems was that Queen
Elizabeth I was overthrown because of her religious choices.
54.Summer of 1588o Who
English and Spanish troopso What
Got into a fighto Where
English coasto When
Summer of 1588o Significance
This fight was started by the Catholic-Protestant conflict that had beenbrewing for several years before the conflict. It started with Queen Elizabeth
sending 6000 English troops to aid Dutch Protestants. Later, a Spanish
armada was launched to conquer England. The fight happened when the
English met the Spanish
55.Two Richard Hakluytso Who
People that wanted England to expand overseaso What
Wanted England to colonize the New Worldo Where
Englando When
Late 16thcentury
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o SignificanceThey were one of the driving forces behind getting England to start an
exploration into the New World. They highlighted some advantages to help
convince English leaders to go to the New World. Some of them are new
estates, new markets for merchants, new people to spread religions to.
56.Roanoke Island Colony, N.C.o Who
English settlerso What
Started a settlement in the New Worldo Where
North Carolinao When
15851588o Significance
This was the first attempt at a settlement in the New World by the English. Itstarted in 1580s. They perished apparently because of local tribes after they
killed a tribal leader.
57.Spanish Portuguese colonizing effect v. English colonizing effortso Who
The Spanish and the Englisho What
Traveled to the New Worldo Where
The Americaso When
16thcenturyo Significance
When the Spanish went and attempted to colonize the Americas, they causedmany effects in the Americas. One of them is that they spread man diseases
and killed a lot of people. Another is they raided the natives and abused them.
The English started colonizing after the Spanish. The started to colonize by
first starting a settlement, but that didnt go so well.
58.Causes for emigration to New World(p.32)o Who
Emigrants to the New Worldo What
Had many reasons to emigrate to the New Worldo Where
The New World
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o When17thcentury
o SignificanceEmigrants to the New World had many reasons to emigrate from Europe and
to the New World. Some of the reasons are because of religious restrictions in
Europe. Some people wanted to go to the New World because they wanted to
explore.
59.Split image of native peopleo Who
Colonistso What
Perceived Native Americans in two different wayso Where
The New Worldo When
17thcenturyo Significance
The Natives were depicted in two ways by colonists who had heard aboutthem through the explorers. The first was that they were a gentle people who
were very welcoming. The second was that they were a flesh eating savage
as some attacked the colonists.
60.Native Americans control of land becomes a problemo Who
Native Americanso What
Caused trouble for the Europeans because they didnt privately own lando Where
The Americaso When
17thcenturyo Significance
The practice of the Native Americans to not privately own land started toaffect the decisions of the colonists. They started to wonder what right can
we enter into the land of these savages, take their rightful inheritance fromthem, and plant ourselves in their places. The colonists partially overcame
this ethical problem by convincing themselves they didnt want to take the
land but to share it with them.
61.Europeans justify rights to native soilo Who
Europeans
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o WhatTry to justify taking Native Americans land
o WhereThe Americas
o When17thcentury
o SignificanceThe Europeans tried to overcome the ethical roadblock by convincing
themselves that they werent taking the land, but merely sharing it. They also
thought that they would offer those technological advances and the Christian
religion.
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Wheeler Questions
Physical appearance (bodies, hair, clothing, jewelry, and so on). This description can provideimportant clues about Cortss attitude toward the Indians he confronted.
o The Indians were described to be average size, with well-proportioned bodies andfeatures. They had piercings of the ears, nostrils, and lips. Their clothes were longveils. Men wore loincloths and mantels, while women wore what would be like
dresses today, some covering their breasts.
Nature or character (childlike, bellicose, cunning, honest, intellectual, lazy, and so on). Besure to note the examples Corts used to provide his analysis of the Indians nature or
character.
o The Indians were observed to be very religious, with many visits to temples, whichwere highly decorated and adorned. They however were very violent with their
sacrifices, killing and eviscerating them and burning them as sacrifices. Even though
they had very gruesome sacrifices, Corts complimented them with being faithful,
feverous, and diligent, and said that if they were converted to Christianity that itwould surely work miracles.
Political, social, and religious practices (behavior of women, ceremonies, eating habits,government, and so on). Descriptions of these practices can provide excellent insight into
the explorers general perception of the Indians he encountered. Be especially sensitive to
Cortss use of descriptive adjectives.
o The Indians were very religious, dedicating a substantial about of time and effort intotheir mosques, or temples, which were decorated and adorned. They were a highly
sacrificial society however, often sacrificing their body parts like their ears, and some
would offer their blood by spraying it. These practices, although not necessarily
deserving punishment, was definitely horrible and disturbing.
Overall impression of the Indians. What was Cortss collective image or impression?o Corts and the explorers thought that the Indians were very loyal to their religion
and thought they were dedicated. However their sacrifices and rituals disturbed and
disgusted many of the colonists. Corts also saw them as sinful as they had sexual
practices that werent agreeable to the Christian faith.
What did Corts think should be done with the Indians?o He wanted them to be converted to Christianity.