Chapter Menu Section 1.1Section 1.1The Puzzle of Matter Section 1.2 Section 1.2 Properties and...

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Section 1.1 The Puzzle of Matter

Section 1.2 Properties and Changes of Matter

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Section 1.1

The Puzzle of Matter

• Classify matter according to its composition.

• Distinguish between elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, and heterogeneous mixtures.

• Relate the properties of matter to structure.

Section 1.1

The Puzzle of Matter

chemistry

matter

mass

property

scientific model

qualitative

Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures—combinations of two or more substances.

quantitative

substance

mixture

physical change

physical property

solution

alloy

solute

solvent

aqueous solution

element

compound

formula

Section 1.1

A Picture of Matter

• Chemistry is the science that investigates and explains the structure and properties of matter.

• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

– The paper and ink of a book

– The air you breathe

Section 1.1

A Picture of Matter (cont.)

• Mass is the measure of the amount of matter that an object contains.

• The properties of matter describe the characteristics and behavior of matter, including the changes that matter undergoes.

– Macroscopic level of matter—based on behavior and observed composition of matter

– Submicroscopic level of matter—used to determine how the hidden structure of matter influences its behavior

Section 1.1

• A model of the submicroscopic structure of a piece of matter must be able to explain and predict the observed macroscopic behavior.

Using Models in Chemistry

Section 1.1

• Scientific models are built on investigation and observation and explain macroscopic observations.

Using Models in Chemistry (cont.)

Section 1.1

• A qualitative observation is one that is made without measurement.

• A quantitative observation is one that is made with measurement.

Classifying Matter

Section 1.1

• A substance is matter with the same fixed composition and properties.

– Pure means that every bit of the matter being examined is the same substance.

Classifying Matter (cont.)

• A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the basic identity of each substance is not changed.

– Can be separated by physical processes

Section 1.1

• A physical change is a change in matter that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

– Includes boiling, freezing, melting, evaporating, dissolving, and crystallizing


Section 1.1

• Physical properties are characteristics of a sample of matter that can be observed or measured without any change to its identity.

– Includes solubility, melting point, boiling point, color, density, electrical conductivity, and physical state


Section 1.1

• A heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition and its individual substances remain distinct.

• A homogeneous mixture, or solution, always has a uniform composition and is the same throughout.

• An alloy is a solid solution that contains different metals and sometimes nonmetallic substances.


Section 1.1


Section 1.1

• The solute is the substance being dissolved.

• The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute.

• When the solvent is water, the solution is called an aqueous solution.


Section 1.1

• There are two types of pure substances—compounds and elements.

Substances: Pure Matter

Section 1.1

• An element is the simplest form of matter.

• There are 117 elements—only 90 occur naturally on Earth.

• The periodic table organizes elements and uses chemical symbols that are universally understood.

Substances: Pure Matter (cont.)

Section 1.1


Section 1.1

• A compound is a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion


Section 1.1


Section 1.1

• A chemical formula is a combination of the chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element.

C12H22O11 →


Section 1.1

Section Assessment

Scientific models explain ___ observations.

A. macroscopic

B. submicroscopic

C. qualitative

D. quantitative

Section 1.1

Section Assessment

Which of the following is not a solution?

A. gasoline

B. steel

C. air

D. orange juice

End of Section 1.1

Section 1.2

Properties and Changes of Matter

• Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.

• Contrast chemical and physical changes.

• Apply the law of conservation of matter to chemical changes.

Section 1.2


matter: anything that takes up space and has mass

Section 1.2


volatile

density

chemical property

chemical change

chemical reaction

law of conservation of mass

energy

exothermic

endothermic

Matter can undergo physical and chemical changes.

Section 1.2

Physical Properties

• Physical properties are those that do not involve changes in composition.

• Physical properties can be either quantitative or qualitative.

When salt is dropped into water, the particles in the salt

crystal separate and are surrounded by water.

Section 1.2

Physical Properties (cont.)

• Most matter on Earth exists in one of three physical states: solid, liquid, or gas.

• Changes in state are examples of physical changes because there is no change in the identity of the substance.

• Some substances are volatile, or change to a gas easily at room temperature.

Section 1.2

Physical Properties (cont.)

• Density is the amount of matter (mass) contained in a unit of volume.

Section 1.2

Chemical Properties and Changes

• A chemical property can be observed only when there is a change in the composition of the substance.

• Chemical change, otherwise known as a chemical reaction, is the change of one or more substances into other substances.

Section 1.2

• According to the law of conservation of mass, matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

Chemical Properties and Changes (cont.)

Section 1.2

• Energy, which is the capacity to do work, is either absorbed or released during a chemical change.

• Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that give off heat energy.


– Combustion of ammonium nitrate

Section 1.2

• Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb heat energy.

– Photosynthesis


Section 1.2

Section Assessment

Which substance is considered volatile?

A. alcohol

B. naphthalene

C. gasoline

D. all of the above

Section 1.2

Section Assessment

Photosynthesis is the most important ___ process on Earth.

A. exothermic

B. endothermic

C. physical

D. qualitative

End of Section 1.2

Resources Menu

Chemistry Online

Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Standardized Test Practice

Image Bank

Concepts in Motion

http://www.glencoe.com/

Study Guide 1

Key Concepts

• Chemists study matter.

• Macroscopic observations reflect the submicroscopic structure of matter.

• Mixtures are heterogeneous or homogeneous (solutions).

• Substances are classified as elements or compounds. Elements are the building blocks of all matter.

• The density of a sample of matter is the amount of matter (mass in grams) in a unit volume (usually a milliliter).

• Chemical changes—also called chemical reactions—involve substances forming different substances.

• In a chemical reaction, atoms are never created or destroyed.

Study Guide 2

Key Concepts

• Every substance has a unique set of physical and chemical properties.

• Physical and chemical changes absorb or release energy.

Chapter Assessment 1

Which of the following items is not matter?

A. clouds

B. radio waves

C. oxygen

D. precipitation


To determine what chemicals make up sucrose, what kind of analysis would one use?

A. qualitative

B. quantitative


Which of the following is a substance?

A. solder

B. soil

C. blood

D. pure sucrose


Which of the following can be separated by a physical process?

A. submicroscopic matter

B. pure substance

C. mixture

D. element


The melting point of a sample of matter is a characteristic of its ___.

A. physical change

B. physical property

C. mass

D. volume

STP 1

Which of the following is an aqueous solution?

A. gasoline

B. orange juice

C. soft drink

D. kerosene

STP 2

Most of the processes of life occur in aqueous solutions.

A. true

B. false

STP 3

Which of the following is not an element?

A. ammonia

B. carbon

C. hydrogen

D. gold

STP 4

The physical state of a substance depends on its ___.

A. mass

B. composition

C. temperature

D. volume

STP 5

To determine density, it is necessary to measure its ___.

A. mass

B. temperature

C. volume

D. A and C

IB Menu

Click on an image to enlarge.

CIM

Table 1.3 Some Common Compounds

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