Result and Discussion

4.1 Genotype Frequencies

4.2 Gene Frequencies

4.3 Chi-Square test for departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations

4.4 Pair-wise comparison of gene frequencies between population

4.5 Expected heterozygosity & Average heteozygosity

4.6 Gene diversity between populations

4. 7 Genomic affinities among populations

4.8 Comparison with other Indian Populations

4.9 Comparison with world populations

4.10 Gene Flow Among Populations

Chapter IV

I

85

FiJ;u r 4.1 f>hotograph howing garo e gel electrophoresi ( 1.5%) lu 0 I in ertion/dclction fn~gm nt si~:c

Lane 6 homozygous for the - (-I-) alleles Lane 8 homozygous for the - (+/+) alleles Lane 9 homozygous for the - (+/-) alleles Lane 7 Marker Ladder Product Size : +/+ = 650bp -1- = 350bp

Lane 9 (+I·) --­

Lane 8 (+/+) --­Lane 7 Marker Ladder

Lane 6 (-/·)

Figure 4.2 Photograph showing Agarose gel electrophoresis (1.5%) Alu PLAT insertion/ deletion fragments sizes

Lane 5 homozygous for the - (+I-) alleles Lane 6 homozygous for the - (-I-) alleles Lane 7 Marker ladder Lane 10 homozygous for the - (-I-) alleles Product Size : +/+ = 400bp -1- = 11 Obp

Lane 10 (·/-) ----

Lane 7 Marker Ladder Lane 6 (+/+) ---~ Lane 5 (+/-)-------<

86

Fi~ure 4. Photograph showing Agaro. e gel electrophoresis (LS-%) E R ~ locu primer ntnplificd Toq I digested D A ' u ,es

Molecular size marker Pvu/1 digested 0 X 17 4 RF DNA Lane 4 homozygous for the = +/+Alleles Lane Marker Ladder Lane 9 heterozygous for the = +/- alleles Lame 17 homozygous for the = -1- alleles Product Size +/+ band = 1350 bp -1· band = 1350 bp, 900bp, 450bp. +I· band = 900 bp, 450 bp.

Lane 9 (+/·) ----

Lane 7 Marker Ladder

Lane 17 (-/·) ---­Lane 4 (+/+) ----

Figure 4.4 Photograph showing Agarose gel electrophoresis (1.5-%) LPL 2.112.2locus primer amplified Taql digested DNA size

Molecular size marker Pvu/1 digested 0 X 17 4 RF DNA. Lane 13 heterozygous for the = +I- alleles Lane 2 heterozygous for the = +/+ alleles Lane 3 heterozygous for the = -1- alleles Lane 7 Marker ladder Product Size : +/+band= 171bp, 148 bp. +/-band= 319bp, 171bp, 148bp. -1· band = 319bp

Lane 13 (+/-)----

Lane 7 Marker Ladder

Lane 3 (-/-) ---­Lane 2 (+/+) ----

H7

Ia hie 4.1 (;enol)lll.' fn"quendes al dghl Alu inserlion/ddelion pol~·morphil.' lud in three Jrih<'' of Bu,tar, ( 'hhattisgarh

I l'upulalions

i I - -

Ahujhmarill Bison-horn Maria Muria

( ~)(.:LI'\ ( icnotypc (icnolypc (icnolypc

I I I I 1- -I- 11 I I I tl- -1- 11 I/+ 1)- -1- 11 - --- --

Al111111 Nl I(' X I 'I 2) 52 X 25 21 58 X 22 I 'I 49 \\ u 15.38 36.54 48.08 100 1180 43.10 43.10 IIXJ _1623_ 44.90 38.77 100

- -~ -"-- --~- --Al11 Ai'O 21 21 6 52 32 23 4 59 2'1 12 8 49 Ill) 44.23 44.23 1.54 100 54.24 3X.48 6.78 100 59.18 24.49 16.33 100

-- ---~------ ~ -- ---- - - ---- ~- ----- -- --AI11ACE 15 29 10 54 28 24 8 (i) 9 34 6 49 uu 27.78 53.70 1852 100 46.67 40.0 13.33 100 18.37 69.39 12.24 IOU

Alii Cll4 49 5 0 54 57 3 0 (i) 48 I 0 49 % 90.74 9.26 () 100 95.0 5.0 0 100 97.96 2.04 0 100

----

Alulll 13 17 23 53 7 17 35 59 10 14 2) 49 (% 24.53 32.07 43.40 100 11.87 28.81 59.32 100 20.41 28.57 51.02 100

Alui'XIIIB 2) 21 4 50 36 21 2 59 32 13 4 49 % 50.0 42.0 8 100 61.02 35.59 3.39 100 65.31 26.52 8.16 100

Alu PV92 16 23 12 51 14 32 12 58 15 21 13 49 % 31.30 45.10 23.53 100 24.14 55.17 20.69 100 30.61 42.86 26.53 100

Alu PLAT 22 24 7 53 25 23 12 60 17 26 5 48 % 41.51 45.28 13.21 100 41.67 38.34 20 100 35.41 54.17 10.44 100

n =number ofindividual

Table 4.2 Genotype frequencies at seven unlinked Restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) loci in three tribes ofBastar, Chhattisgarh

Populations

Abujhmaria Bison-horn Maria Moria

L<lcus Genotype Genotype Genotype

+I+ +!- -1- n +I+ +/- -I- n +I+ +!- -I- n

ESR 19 27 7 53 12 35 14 61 25 21 13 49 % 35.85 50.94 13.21 100 19.67 57.38 22.95 100 51.02 42.85 26.53 100

NAT 24 26 4 54 22 33 5 60 36 11 2 49 % 44.44 48.15 7.41 100 36.67 55.0 8.33 100 73.47 22.45 4.08 100

PSCR 8 18 20 46 I 25 34 60 3 22 24 49 % 17.39 39.13 43.48 100 1.67 41.67 56.66 100 6.12 44.90 48.98 100

T2 22 22 10 54 13 32 13 58 13 21 15 49 % 40.74 40.74 18.52 100 22.41 55.18 22.41 100 26.53 42.86 30.61 100

LPL 15 31 6 52 20 32 8 60 14 26 9 49 % 28.85 59.61 11.54 100 33.33 53.34 13.33 100 28.57 53.06 18.37 100

ALB 14 29 II 54 19 26 15 60 II 28 10 49 % 25.93 53.70 20.37 100 31.67 43.33 25.0 100 22.45 57.14 20.41 100 CYPIA 16 26 12 54 21 28 10 59 16 18 13 47 % 29.63 48.15 22.22 100 35.59 47.46 16.94 100 34.04 38.30 27.66 100

.. n lllilllberofmdiVIdual ------

HH

.·\ total or I 1>.1 unrelated i ndi' iduah li·orn t hrcc tri hcs, vi1. A hu j hmaria (A B M ), Bi sonlwrn

\I aria ( BIIR) and Muri;~ (MliR) w.:r<: g<:notyp.:d li>r 15 hialldic polynwrphic loci: J:ight <trt:

1 ""'rt ion/d.:lc:t ion - I ndc Is (mtN ll (·.A Ju ACF. Alu A 1'0. A lu FX II lB. A lu I> I. A lu (' D4, Alu

1'1 AI. Alu I'V'I2) and sen:n an: unlinked RFI.I's (I·:SR-I'vu/1. Nt\T-J(pnl. l'SCR-lillfl.

( · Y I' I A· Mspl. T2- Msp I. 1.1' l.-l'vu/1 and t\ I.B-1 lae I I 1). ( 'hromosomal locations of these

marKers arc given in chapter! V- Subjects and Methods. These markers arc core sd of

I lN t\ markers selected by the Department of Biotechnology ( DBT). Government of India as

a part of its I Iuman Genome Diversity (JIG D) initiative.

4.1 (;cnotypc Frequencies

The observed genotype frequencies in three tribes ofBastar, Chhattisgarh for eight

insertion/deletion polymorphic loci arc presented in Table 4.1. Of the total 72 Alu marker­

groups, the frequency ofheterozygotes is more than 50% (the maximum frequency expected

liH any hi allelic locus) in only four marker-groups (for Alu ACE 53.70% in Abujhmaria and

69.39% in Muria, for Alu PV92 55.17% in Bison-horn Maria and for Alu PLAT 54.17% in

Muria). One locus in ABM and BHR and two loci in MUR showed excess heterozygotes

than expected for a biallelic locus. Homozygotes for the 'absent' (-)allele of Alu CD4 are

absent in all tribes under study.

The observed genotype frequencies for seven autosomal unlinked RFLPs loci among

three tribes of Bas tar under study are given in Table 4.2.0f the total 63 RFLP marker­

groups, in 9 marker-groups, the frequency ofheterozygotes is more than 50%- the maximum

frequency expected for any biallelic locus. Three loci inABM (ESR, LPL & ALB), four loci

in BHR (ESR, NAT, T2 and LPL) and two loci in MUR (LPL and ALB) showed excess

heterozygotes than expected for a bialleilic locus. The frequecy ofheterozygotes in LPL

locus is more than 50% in all the tribes under study. Two RFLP loci in Muria, three RFLP

loci in Abujhmaria and four RFLP loci in Bison-horn Maria showed excess heterozygotes

than expected for a biallelic locus.

Table 4.3 Allele frequencies at eight Alu insertion/deletion polymorphic loci in

Abujhmaria, Bison-horn Maria and Muria tribes ofBastar, Chhattisgarh

Abujhmaria Bison-horn Maria Muria

Locus p(+) :!;SE q(-) N p(+) ;tSE q(-) N p(+) +SE q(-) N

A1u mt NUC (+) 0.3365 0.046 0.6635 104 0.3534 0.044 0.6466 116 0.3878 0.049 0 6122 98

A1u APO (+) 0.6635 0.046 0.3365 104 0.7373 0.041 0.2627 116 0.7143 0.046 0.2857 9X

ALU ACE(+) 0.5463 0.048 0.4537 108 0.6667 0.043 0.3333 120 0.5306 0.0450 0 4694 98

A1uCD4H 0.9537 0.018 0.0463 108 0.975 O.Ot4 0 025 t20 0.9898 0.010 0.0\02 98

A1u 01 (+) 0.4057 0.048 0.5943 106 0 2627 0.041 0.7373 118 0.3469 0.048 0.6531 98

A1u FXlllll (+) 0.7100 0.045 0.2900 100 0.7966 O.o38 0.2034 118 0.7857 0.041 0 2143 98

Alu PV92 (+) 0.5392 0.049 0.4608 102 0 5172 0.046 0.4828 116 0.5204 0.050 O.t7%i9X

Alu PI.Ar (+) 0.6415 +-- _ ____;

0.046 0.3585 106 0 niJOO 0 045 0.40110 t211 () 62)0 11.114'!11. (l\'1-=i i 9(1

' N numha of chromo:.-omcs. +- mscrt1on.-- deletion: SF:' Standard error

I

H9

Tuhlt• ~..1 Allele frequendt·s at 'ewn unlinked RFI.I' pul~·nwrphil: loci in Ahujhmaria, llhnn-hnrn Mnriu and Muriatriht•s of Hnstar, < 'hhuttisgarh

Ahujhmaria IJi\tJrt-lwrn Maria Muriu

t) .!_SE q(-) N Wl +SE q( ) N p(+) +SE q( ) N - -- _:_ ~---

I \]{ 0 t d 12 () 0-17 0 lXtlX I!Jh O..IHltt 0 ll-15 () ~16-1 122 (} 520·1 {) (j<:j() () 1796 'IX -

\ \I 0 f ,X 52 0 0-1' 0 li·IX lOX () (l.f 17 () ().j.l o l5K l 120 O.lH69 () 0 ~(J 0.15.11 <JX ---

{{)h {) {)){) 0.6.\0-\ 92 0.225 o.O.lX 0. 775 120 li.2X57 O.ll4h 0.7141 'IX ------· ---- ---- ___ :c;_ f--C. --- ---- -- ---- -- ------ ------- -----1'\l I\ ll. l

Ill {) 0-17 0.3XX9 lOX 0.5 004h_ 1--- 0.5 - 116 () 4796 0.050 _115201_ 'JX --- --- -·-- ---- - --- ·-· I 2 0.6

X65 0 U-IX {).41 l5 10-1 06 () 045 0.4 120 0.551 0.05{) {) 44'1 <JX - - - --- ------1----

11'1 0 5

\I I! 0.5 27X IUI4X 04722 I OX {) 5.1.l.l 0.046 0.4667 I 20 0.51 02 0.051 0.4X<JX '!X - --- ·--- ---

(\']'It\ 05 J7 U.04X 0.463 lOX 0.5932 0.045 0 406X IIX 0.5319 () ()53 0.4hX I 94

N number or chromosomes~+= insertion~-= deletion; SE =Standard error

~.2 Gene Frequencies

Table 4.3. shows the allele frequencies at eightAlu insertion/deletion polymorphic loci

with their standard errors in three tribes ofBastar under study. The Alu deletion allele'-' at

the Alu CD4 locus is human specific. At Alu CD4locus, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans

and Gibbons are monomorphic for the'+' allele. The frequency of Alu CD4+allele varied

from about 1.02% in MUR to 4.6% in ABM.The frequency of this allele is about 2.5% in

BHR. The insertion allele,'+' at mtNUC is also human specific and reported to have occurred

before the divergence of human populations. The frequency ofmtNUC allele varied from

about 33.6% inABM and 38.7% in MUR. The frequency of this allele is about 35.34% in

BHR. Though the values of'+' allele are higher at some loci, the range of variation is low.

(< 0.1) atAluAPO,Alu CD4, Alu FXIIIB,Alu PV92 &Alu PLAT. Alu mt NUC,AluACE

& Alu Dlloci showed greater range of variation.

Table 4.4 shows the allele frequencies at seven autosomal unlinked RFLP polymorphic

loci in the populations under study. Among seven RFLP loci, the frequency of'+' allele

(insertion or restriction site-present') is less than 40% at one locus; PSCR, in three tribes

under study. The amount of variation is low ( < 0.1) at the three loci (LPL, ALB and CYP I A).

At one RFLP locus (PSCR) the upper limit of the range of'+' allele is 50% or less in all the

populations under study. The ESR locus ofBHR & T2 locus of MUR also show the upper

limit of the range of'+' allele 50% or less. At six other loci, the lower limit of the range of

'+'allele is more than 50% (NAT, LPL, ALB & CYPlA in all tribes under study; T2 in

ABM & BHR and ESR in ABM & MUR).

All the loci, insertion/deletion and RFLPs, are polymorphic in ABM. BHR and MlJR.

Figures 4.5, 4. 7 and 4.9 show the allele frequencies at IS biallelic polymorphic loci in ABM.

BHR and MUR respectively.

Figure 4.5 Allele frequencies at 15 biallclic polymorphic loci in Abujhmaria tribe of Bas tar, hhattisgarh

ALB 04722

0.5278

LPL 0 4135

[] 0 .5885

T2 0.3889

0.8111

PSCR 0.6304

0.3896

CYP1A 0.463

0.537

NAT 0.3148

0.6852

~ ESR 0.3888

Q) 0.6132 ~ ... nl

PLAT 0.3585

:E 0.6415

<t z CD4 c 0.9537

0.4537 ACE 0.5463

APO 0.3365

0.6635

01 0.5943

0.4057

FXIIIB 0.29

0.71

PV92 0.4608

0.5392

Alu mtNUC 0.6635

0.3365

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Allele Frequency

90

1.2

~ Cl) ~ ... tU

:iE <( z c

Figure 4. 7 Allele frequencies at 15 biallclic polymorphic loci in Bi on-horn Maria tribe of Bas tar, Chhatti5garh

ALB 0.4667

[] 0 5333

LPL 0.4

0.6 p

12 0.5 0.5

PSCR 0.775

0.225

CYP1 A 0.4068

0.5932

NAT 0.3583

0.6417

ESR 0.5152

0.4848

PLAT 0.4

0.6

CD4 0.9537

ACE 0.3333

0.6667

APO 0.2627

0.7373

01 0.7373 0.2627

FXIIIB 0.2034

0.7966

PV92 0.4828

0.5172

Alu mt NUC 0.6466 0.3534

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Allele Frequency

91

1.2

tn .... Q) .X .... ns

::E <( z c

Figure 4.9 Allele frequencies at 15 biallelic polymorphic loci in Muria tribe of Bastar, hhattisgarh

LPL

12

PSCR

CYP1A

NAT

ESR

PLAT

CD4

ACE

APO

01

FXIIIB

PV92

9 0.551

~ ~

Alu mt NUC

0 0.5 1 1.5

Allele Frequency

92

'

93

'llthle -4.5 The ( 'hi-squan· ,·aiUl'S (I d.f.) fur departure fmm liard~·-Wcinherg cxpt'Ctatiuns in 1 'i hialldil- pulnnurphil-lnl·i fur the data presented in 'litblcs -4.1 & -4.2

S.'lu. l.uci AHM MlJR IUIR - -·

I Alum! Nlll' 1.72 0.145 0.19 ------- ----

l Alu PV'I2 0.436 0.98 0.64 ---- -- - - ----- ----

\. Alul·XIIlll 0.02 2.2! 0.26 - ..... --·· --~·~--- .. --~- ------

4. AluD! 5.94 6.689 3.87 .-- - ---· ---- -- -------- --·- --· ----------

). AluAI'O ().()05 7.84 0.002 - - --- -------. ....

(>. AluAC'E 0.375 7.57 0.6 ---- ----·~·

7. Alu CD4 0.079 0.0052 0.04 -- -- --

8. Alu PLAT 0.295 1.!6! 2.29 -----

'1. ESR 0.289 0.98 1.35

!0. NA:r 0.727 0.88 2.31 ·-

11. CYPIA 0.054 4.37 0.02

12. PSCR 1.18 0.49 2.28

13. T2 1.102 0.98 0.62

14. LPL 2.73 0.26 0.74

15. ALB 0.323 1.01 1.01

4.3 Chi-Square test for departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations

Table 4.5 shows the values of r.' tests for goodness of fit with Hardy-Weinberg

expectation for 15 biallelic polymorphic loci among three tribes under study. Six of 45 r.' tests for goodness of fit were significant (p<O.OS). All the populations showed significant

departure at locus Alu Dl. Alu APO, AluACE and CYPlA are significant in MUR only.

Departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations is more than expected by random chance in

Muria tribe is more than ABM and BHR. About 25% of the loci are expected to show

significant departure by random chance, when level of significance is set at 0.05 probability.

But in ABM and BHR 6.67% loci (1/1 5) showed significant departure. In MUR 26.6% loci

showed significant diparture.

Table 4.6 The Chi-square values (ldf) for pairwise comparison of gene

frequencies between the populations

S.No. Loci ABMvsBHR ABM vs MUR BHRvsMUR

1. AlumtNUC 0.138537 1.150699 0.539867 2. AluPV92 0.210791 0.14183 0.004358 3. AluFXIIIB 4.412023 3.005199 0.077129 I

4. AluDl 10.20583 1.57289 :1.417904 j

-----

5. AluAPO 2.882458 1.213482 0.2R:'i)O:i -- -

7.

X

<).

Ill.

II.

12.

Ll.

14.

15. .

:\lu:\( 'I·

:\ 1u C ll4

A1u Pl.AI

LSR Ni\1

CYP I;\

PSCR - ---- - -------12

. ~- .. --1.1'1.

. --------ALB

(>.'1~5095

1.52:\~)5

!UC24 1'1

7.540564

0.%1 H25

1.450:l54 ..

10.62554 - ------

5.586826 -----------

0.084\9 f----~-

0.0\3808

h>r df \ Chi- square (0.05) = 3.84

0.1 0 llJ2lJ IUM>-177

4.735657 IJ1215X

0.1 JXI6:1 0.2H0519

3.575572 0.551 OO:l

14.X2tn:l 23.26492 -. . . - .. --- -

0.010139 1.543052 -- ·- - -- ---------- -- . . -- ---

3.03887H 2.107309 ---

--~ --~---- --7. I 75247 0.176918 -----

0.5\8648 \.06200\

0. I 275\3 0.230769

4.4 Pair-wise comparison of gene frequencies between population

The x' values for the pair-wise comparisons of gene frequencies at 15 biallelic

polymorphic loci between the populations (ABM vs BHR, ABM vs MUR,and BHR vs MUR)

arc given in Table 4.6. Of the total 45 pair-wise comparison of gene frequencies between

!he populations under study, II (about 24.4%) are statisfically significant.Most of the

significant comparisons are between Abujhmaria and Bison-horn Maria. Six of the fifteen

(about 40%) significant differences are between these groups at the loci AluFXIIIB, Alu D I,

Alu ACE, ESR, PSCR & T2.Abhujmaria shows three significant differences (20%) with

Muria (at loci Alu CD4, NAT & T2).8ison-horn Maria & Muria differ at two loci Alu ACE

& NAT. Thus Muria shows greater similarity with Bison-horn Maria than with

Abujhmaria.Abujhmaria shows greater difference with Bison-horn Maria.

Among 15 loci, AluACE, NAT & T2 loci showed significant differences in two of the

three possible comparisons. These three loci, together can differentiate all the populatios

under study.

Table 4. 7 Heterozygosity at individual loci based on eight Alu insertion/deletion

polymorphic loci in each of three tribes of Bas tar, Chhattisgarh

Locus Abujhmaria Bison-hom Maria Muria

AlumtNUC 0.4465 0.4570 0.4748

AluAPO 0.4465 0.3874 0.4081

AluACE 0.4957 0.4444 0.4981

AluCD4 0.0713 0.0487 0.0202

AluDl 0.4822 0.3874 0.4531

AluFXIIIB 0.4118 0.3339 0.3367

AluPV92 0.4969 0.4994 0.4992

AluPLAT 0.4485 0.4800 0.4687

95

Figure 4.6 IJ cterozygos ity at 15 biallclic polymorphic loci in Abujhmaria tribe of Bustur, hbattisgarh

0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Heterozygosity 0.4

0.4984

0.4972

0.5 0.6

96

Figure 4.8 Heterozygosity at 15 biallclic polymorphic loci in Bison-horn Maria tribe

of Bastar, hhattisgarh.

0.49778222

0.5

0.48262752

0.49953792

~ .... .---------------------------~~------------------------~ ~ ... ns

:::e <( IL.a..lo.:L::l

z c

0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Heterozygosity 0.4

0.44442222

0.49940832

0.5 0.6

97

Figure 4.10 Heterozygosity at 15 biallclic polymorphic loci in Muria tribe of Bas tar, hhattisgarh

0.4998

0.4948

0.4992

0.498

0.4992

0.4991

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Heterozygosity

9H

Tahl .. -I.H llt'll'nl/) gusil)' al indi\·idualluci han'tl un sewn unlinkedl'\'stricliun fragment

knglh pul) ruurphic ( IU'LI'jluci in thl'\'e tribes uf Has tar, ( 'hhallisgarh

l.oru' Abujhmaria Hison-hurn Maria Muria

ISR O..J7.J.J 0.4995 0.4991

NAI 0.4114 0.4598 0.2593

!'SCI{ 0.465'1 0.3487 0.4082 ------- --- ----

-~ --- --

1'2 0.4753 0.5 0.4992 --- - ------·------- -- -----

LI'L 0.4850 0.48 0.4948 ----- ----·-------

/\Ill 0.4984 0.4978 0.4998 - -- ------

CYI'IA 0.4973 0.4826 0.4977 ----------

Table 4.9 Average heterozygosity and Standard error (SE) based on 15 biallelic

pulymorphie loci in each ofthree tribes ofBastar, Chhattisgarh -- --Tribe Average heterozygosity + SE

Abujhmaria 0.448009 0.026510

Bison-horn Maria 0.423362 0.030651 r-

Muria 0.425526 0.034320

4.5 Expected heterozygosity & Average heteozygosity

Table4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 & Figures 4.6, 4.8 &4.10 show the calculated heterozygosity at each of

the locus and over all loci among three tribes ofBastar. The heterozygosity values are higher at all loci

(>30%) with the exception ofAlu CD4 in all the tribes & NAT for MUR. The heterocygosity at the Alu

CD4 varied between 2.02% in MUR to 8.83% inABM. For NAT locus, the heterozygosity varied

between 25.93% in MUR & 45.98% in BHR. Maximum heterozygosity (>49%) was observed at the

lociAluACE and CYP1A(ABM & MUR),AluPV92 &ALB (ABM, BHR & MUR), ESR& T2

(BHR & MUR) and LPL (MUR). T2locus ofBHR shows maximum heterozygosity (50%).The

average heterozygosity over all loci varied from about 42% in BHR & MUR and about 45% in ABM.

Table 4.10 Results of gene diversity analysis for individual loci and for all loci considered

jointly

Locus 8, Hs CST

AlumtNUC 0.460369 0.459458 0.001979

AluAPO 0.415923 0.414021 0.004571

AluACE 0.486813 0.479421 0.015185

AluCD4 0.052857 0.052418 0.008307

AluDI 0.447792 0.440904 0.015382

AluFXIl!B 0.360502 0.357536 0.008229

AluPV92 0.498689 0.498501 0.000378

AluPLAT 0.470151 0.469569 0.001 ~38 ·-

~~

I Sl{ O..l'itJ'I4X o. 49 I 000 0.011967

'\AI OJ'I'I II 0 O.JXJ522 0.039057

J'S(' R 0.41-lhhO 0.40763 I 0.0 I 6952

!"~ 0.49X IT!. 0.491494 0.01.1405

I .I' I. 0.4X7465 0.4X6611 0.001752

Al.ll 0.49XX70 0.49!1676 (). 0003 89 -------· ----

C'YJ>IA 0.494161 0.492618 0.003122 .. --

All loci 0.432166 0.428225 0.009117 -------·

111

Total genomic diversity among the populations

II Diversity between rndividuals within populations '

G..,1

- Between population genomic diversity

4.6 Gene diversity between populations

Table 4.1 0 presents the results of gene diversity analysis for each locus and also for

all loci together among three populations under study. The total genomic diversity (H,) varied

0.360 (Alu FX!IlB) to 0.498 (ALB) with the exception of locus Alu CD4, for which the

value is 0.053. However, most of the genomic diversity is attributable to diversity between

individuals within populations (Hs). The percentage of genomic diversity attributable to

total genomic diversity (Gsrl varies between 0.03% (Alu PV92) and 3.90% (NAT).

Considering all loci taken together, only 0.91% ofthe total genomic diversity is attributable

to between populations.

Table 4.11 Genetic distance in three tribes of Bas tar, Chhattisgarh

Tribe ABM (1) BHR (2)

BHR (2) 0.0041 -

MUR (3) 0.0035 0.003 5

4. 7 Genomic affinities among populations

Table 4.11 shows the pair-wise genetic distances between the populations under study

calculated using the allele frequencies. Figure 4.11 shows the neighbour joining tree

constructed from this distance matrix. The three tribes group into two clusters. BHR &

MUR are the closest related. ABM is distinct from BHR & MUR.

r--------------BI son hon Mttr i;,

~-------------------------------------------------Abujl~ria

Figure 4.11 Neighbour joining tree depicting genomic relationships among three

tribes of Bastar, Chhattisgarh

100

Tahlt• .1.12 llricf description of twcnt}' six populations of India (locations of

, 11 rnplin~. sample si:r.c (n), lin~uistic affiliation and occupation) taken for compnrison

indudin~ 11rcscnt study ,., --· -· -----

'lrilllll 1•upulntiun I ,Ol'lltiun uf Samplin" "' Lingui~tk Affilialion Occuruttion - ---- -· ---- --- -- - ---- . -· ------- .

\hllilllll.lllil Jl;i'>[.tt 1)1\J'>IUil, ( hb.ll(l',!.!,tllh ;.1 I >r:tvJdiaH ShiJlmg cult•vatJtlll, hunting - ·- ·- 1---

BJ-.tlll-hlllll ~l.uJ:t IJa,lat I h\ l'>illn. < 'hhatli..,gcu h 6U l>ravtdtmt Ag,rl~.:ulturi:-.l, lluntLT- gathering ---- --- - --- r--- ----- ------- --------

fV1tHI.l l~a ... tar I)J\ J\Jon. < 'hhattJ'>garh 4'1 l>ravitlJall Agm:ulturist. l I untmg-gathcrml:!-- - ---- ---- - - -

llalh.t McJd!J)a 11Jadc:-.h 4X lmlo-l~unlpcan Agricultun! - - ·-· -------

1\.amar Madh)a 11radc ... h 57 l>raviJian h1od gatherer. Ba..,kdary - -- --- ---'- -

( '!m1da Bhnnpa Matlltya l'radesh 25 \ndo-l·:uropcan Agnculturc ---

( 'haukhulla IJhun_1ia Madhya flwJcsh 39 lndo·l~uropcan 1\gm:uhurc

Munda Sundcrgarh, Orissa 52 Austro-/\siatic Primarily agricultural laborers

Mcdinipur, West Bengal

l.odlw Mcdintpur, West Bengal 64 Austro-Asiatic J>rimarily agricultural laborers

Santa! Mcdinipur District 48 Austro-Asiatic Primarily agricultural laborers

East Bengal

Ka thana Tharu Kheri, UttarPradesh 60 Indo-Aryan Agriculturist, hunting and fishing

Ran a Tharu Kheri, UUarPradesh 60 Indo-Aryan Agriculturist, rearing pigs, fO\vls

Danguria(B) Babratach, UttarPradesh 60 Indo-Aryan Agriculturist, hunting and fishing,

Danguria Balrampur, UttarPradesh 60 Indo-Aryan Agriculturist, hunting and lishing

Pachchimaha Mahar~jgang, Uttar Pradesh 60 Indo-Aryan Agriculturist, rearing pigs, goats

Toto Jalpaiguri, West Bengal 30 Austro-Asiatic Primarily agriculturist

Mizo M1zoram 30 Austro-Asiatic Primarily agriculturist

Ho East Indian Region 54 Austro-Asiatic Primarily agriculturist

Tipperah Various location around 45 Tibeto-Burman Agriculturist

Agartala. Tripua.

lladaga Hilly tracts and valleys of 51 Dravidian Hunter gathers, now practice

Nilgiri Hills Tami!Nadu shifting or settled culti vatlOn

lrula Hilly tracts and valleys of 50 Dravidian Hunter gathers, now practice

Nilgiri Hills Tami!Nadu shifting or settled cultivation

Kota Hilly tracts and valleys 45 Dravidian Hunter gathers, now pract1ce

ofNilgiri Hills Tami!Nadu shifting or settled cultivation

Kurumba Hilly tracts and valleys 54 Dravidian Hunter gathers, now practice

ofNilgiri Hills TamilNadu shifting or settled cult1vatmn

Toda Hilly tracts and valleys 50 Dravidian Hunter gathc.rs. now practice

ofNilgiri HillsTamiiNadu shifting or settkd culti'.-ation

Koya Dora East Godavari District. 63 Dravidian Agriculturi'\t

Andhra Pradesh

Konda Reddy East Godavari District. 62 Dravrdian Agriculturi'\t

Andhra Pradesh - -- .

101

T~thlt• 4.1.' Allde frequencies 111 eight Alu insertion/deletion pol~'m11rphic l11ci in twcnt

,j, trilniiJlnpul~ttinns in lndi11 includin~t prt-scnt study -- -.----- ,-- -----c-·---- -----

Triht· Alu mt Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

Nll(' AI'O ACE ('1)4 Dl FXJIIH l'V 92 I'LAT

J•(+) I'(+) p(+) p (-) p(+) II(+) p (+) p(+) i

-- ---

I i\bujlunmia 0.336 0.663 0.546 0.953 0.405 0. 710 0.539 0.641

i '-- ---- --------- -----------~

Bison-horn Maria OJSJ O.TJ7 0.666 0.975 0.262 0.796 0.517 0.600 - --

Muria 0.3X7 0.714 0.530 0.989 0.346 o.ns 0.520 0.625

llalha 0.625 0.691 0.646 0.094 0.427 0.698 0.563 0.574 -- ------ -- ---~ -

Kamar 0.463 0.649 0.640 0.018 0.342 0.746 0.554 0.535 --------- f-----

( 'hinda l~hlmjia 0.420 0.481 0. 796 0.038 0.620 0.731 0.407 0.556 -~---

Clmukatia Bhu11jia 0.513 0.622 0.649 0.090 0.289 0.750 0.412 0.729

Munda 0.587 0.300 0.640 0.080 0.320 0.667 0.481 0.660

Lodha 0.452 0.453 0.859 0.016 0.281 0.823 0.532 0.625

San tal 0.478 0.761 0.521 0.025 0.292 0.725 0.563 0.417

Katharia Tharu 0.416 0.847 0.585 0.031 0.411 0.791 0.696 0.814

RanaTharu 0.509 0.735 0.622 0.009 0.490 0.773 0.801 0.792

Danguria(B) 0.500 0.754 0.661 0.018 0.332 0.703 0.711 0.644

Danger 0486 0.900 0.75 0.042 0.337 0.815 0.770 0.710

Pachchimala 0.406 0.872 0.711 0.031 0.363 0.614 0.625 0.702

Toto 0.683 0.850 0.567 1.000 0.333 0.944 0.933 0.033

Mizo 0.426 0.845 0.603 1.000 0.286 0.648 0.862 0.586

Ho 0.453 0.819 0.731 1.000 0.452 0.802 0.565 0.713

Tipperah 0.459 0.863 0.590 0.012 0.313 0.846 0.811 0.549

Badaga 0.625 0.784 0.460 0.020 0.230 0.461 0.436 0.551

Iru!a 0.574 0.570 0.750 0.040 0.600 0.640 0.449 0.550

Kota 0.567 0.767 0.622 0.000 0.589 0.878 0.300 0.659

Kurumba 0.538 0.583 0.806 0.000 0.528 0.694 0.713 0.704

Toda 0.204 1.000 0.469 0.050 -i

0.300 0.806 0.255 0.406 -- - -·

KondaReddi 0.410 0.611 0.717 1.000 0.320 0.500 0.603 0.596

KoyaDora 0.427 0.672 0.777 0.974 0.409 0.800 0.654 '

0.644 i --

102

Tuhle -'·1-' The numht-r of individuals at eaeh loeus studied in twenty six

l"'l'uh<tions in lndi11 eumined for eomparison including present studv . ... ------· - ---

Trih<• Alum! Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

NIJC AI'O ACE Cl>4 ()J FXIIIB J>V 92 PLAT I

1 Name n II n II n n II n --- ... ---- ' ----- -- ·-· -- ' ----··-- -

I

I I ., . J\ >llillll<Ula 52 52 54 54 53 50 51 53 .. ---. ----·· ---- ---···-··

llison-horn Maria 5K SK 60 60 59 59 58 60 --- .. - - -------- ---- ----

Mtu·ia 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 48 ·-·· -- --- ---- ---- --

llalha 4K 47 48 48 48 48 48 47 - ---

Kamar 54 57 57 57 47 57 56 57 ----- .

Chinda Bhlu1_jia 25 27 27 26 25 26 27 27 ----

Chaukatia Bhu11_jia 39 37 37 39 38 38 34 35

Munda 46 so 50 52 50 48 52 50

Lodha 64 64 64 64 62 62 64 64

San tal 46 46 48 40 48 40 48 48

Katharia Tharu 36 36 35 35 34 36 33 36

RanaTharu 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53

Danguria(B) 48 59 59 55 59 59 59 59

Danguria 38 38 38 38 35 35 37 38

Pachchimaha 48 47 45 47 44 48 48 47

Toto 30 30 30 30 30 29 30 30

Mizo 27 29 29 26 28 27 29 29

Ho 53 53 54 54 52 53 54 54

Tipperah 74 80 78 82 80 78 74 82

Badaga 48 51 50 50 50 51 47 49

lrula 47 50 50 50 50 50 49 50

Kota 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 44

Kurumba 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 54

Toda 49 50 49 50 50 49 49 48

KondaReddi 56 54 53 54 50 50 53 57

KoyaDora 55 58 40 59 55 55 55 59 ..

n- number of mdJVJdual

103

Tahlc 4.1 S llclcnu~ ~osily at ind i\·idualloci hased on ei~ht Alu insertion/deletion

luci in'" cnty six populations of India including present study -

Trihc Alu rnl Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

NIIC AJ'() ACE ('()4 I> I FXIIIB PV92 I'LAT i . ---- - -- ---- -

t 1\btqhmaria 0.4465 0.4465 0.4957 0.0883 0.4822 0.4118 0.4969 0.45<)<) - - --- - ----- ------- -- --

Bl..,on-horn Maria 0.4570 0.387.1 0.4444 0.0487 0.3873 0.3240 0.4994 0.4800 --- - --- -- ~- -- ----

Muria 0.4748 0.4081 0.4981 0.020 I 0.4531 0.3367 0.4991 0.4687 - - - --- -- -- ------- ------

llalha 0.4687 0.4270 0.4573 0.1703 0.4893 0.4215 0.4920 0.4890 - ----

Kamar 0.4972 0.4555 0.4608 0.0353 0.4872 0.3789 0.4941 0.4975 ~- ----·

Chinda llhunjia 0.4872 0.4992 0.3247 0.0731 0.4712 0.3932 0.4827 0.4937 -----

Chaukatia Hhunj ia 0.4996 0.4702 0.4555 0.1638 0.4109 0.3750 0.4845 0.3951 -

Munda 0.4848 0.4200 0.4608 0.0000 0.4352 0.4442 0.4992 0.4488

Lodha 0.4953 0.4955 0.2422 0.0314 0.4040 0.2913 0.4979 0.4687

Santa! 0.4990 0.3637 0.4991 0.0487 0.4134 0.3987 0.4920 0.4862

Katharia Tharu 0.4811 0.2591 0.4904 0.0276 0.4862 0.3294 0.4247 0.2964

RanaTharu 0.5000 0.3978 0.4697 0.0372 0.4935 0.2939 0.2939 0.3294

Danguria (B) 0.5000 0.3707 0.4481 0.0357 0.4366 0.4172 0.4101 0.4584

Danguria 0.4996 0.1800 0.3750 0.0821 0.4473 0.3005 0.3538 0.4113

Pachchimaha 0.4824 0.2227 0.4107 0.0617 0.4627 0.4737 0.4687 0.4183

Toto 0.4330 0.2550 0.4838 0.0237 0.4300 0.2605 0.3065 0.4951

Miw 0.4890 0.2619 0.4910 0.0000 0.4442 0.1572 0.4910 0.0638

Ho 0.4955 0.2563 0.4787 0.0000 0.4084 0.4561 0.2379 0.4852

Tipperah 0.4966 0.2364 0.3932 0.0000 0.4953 0.3175 0.4915 0.4092

Badaga 0.4687 0.3386 0.4968 0.0392 0.3542 0.4969 0.4918 0.4947

Irula 0.4890 0.4902 0.3750 0.0768 0.4800 0.4608 0.4947 0.4950

Kota 0.4910 0.3574 0.4702 0.0000 0.4841 0.2142 0.4200 0.4494

Kurumba 0.4971 0.4862 0.3127 0.0000 0.4984 0.4247 0.4092 0.416 7

Toda 0.3247 0.0000 0.4980 0.0950 0.4200 0.3127 0.3799 0.4823

I !

- -- -KondaReddi 0.4840 0.4753 0.4058 0.0000 0.4352 0.5000 0.4 78--l ! 0 -lX 11

Koya Dora 0.4894 0.4405 0.3459 0.0495 .)_

0.4834 0.3200 0.4522 0-l:iX.J ----- - -

104

Tahle 4. J(, ("hi square \'a lues (I df) for the pair-wise comparison of Gene

fn·qul·ndes of Ahhujmaria with twenty three populations of India -- - - - - -- - - - ----

i Popuhttion Alu rnt Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

Nll(' AI'<) ACE {"I)" I)( FXIIIB PV92 PLAT ---- -- ------ ------- r------ ~-- ---

ll:tiiM ll .121117 () l41262 4.1 X7115X ]() .1.4 J.12 0 197XI II. 116 77 09 0.226436 1.91179114

-- -----+--------K.unar 7.05%21 0.101)29 4.0:W)69 3X'J.5721 0 097X36 0.699211 0 094376 5 137077

-- -----~ --

( 'hJJlda Bhunj1a 2.034821 9.87471 X 1924871 360.8794 12 95085 0.148763 4.937385 2.2114059

~----

( 'h.tu~atia llhunjia II 46189 11.6514.17 3.H21X29 279.65114 5.465028 0 696667 5.283983 2.948873

-----

Munda 46 5066 35.99065 2.457223 27X.4115 2.189139 0.56690 I 0.934723 0.101879 ----

l.odha 4.484376 14.44527 35 15591 295.665 5.468245 5.258521 0.016396 0.093781

-

Santnl 5.421441 2.852221 () 171181 241.0117 3. 772883 0.063 0 149217 13.59968

Katharia l'haru 1.625994 14.83906 0 180296 2.79368 0.047208 2.958091 8.45\679 \3.2\\23

Rana Tharu 11.52888 1.934922 2.591303 2.548486 0.636466 7.09765 38.11843 11.82609

Danguria(B) 10.99366 4.43276 6.2\5237 391.2288 3.571503 0.022738 14.02896 0 003288

Danguria 8.266575 27.19215 15.88918 303.331 1.718826 4.963945 19.79603 1.907203

Pachchimaha 2.08089 23.78175 I 1.34633 342.4747 0.752706 3.991829 2 990632 1.654925

Toto 36.74408 13.48364 0.703679 333.657 3.522\7\ 9.141742 27.98255 3.299776

MIZO 2.450938 12.40257 0.133762 5.726444 I. 782425 18.09615 0 235881 116.3543

Ho 5.961193 19.64705 0.987778 4 970542 4.683623 1.256438 34.1564 0.982124

Tipperah 5.467635 19.20867 15.96491 \0.23781 0.968436 4.739745 0.282451 2.503677

Badaga 33.32307 7.469853 3.093942 362.164 15.23141 25.77815 4.169706 3.469847

lru\a 22.5118 3.774505 18.80025 347.0716 16.34962 2.233618 3.253439 3.581462

Kota 20.77306 5.03591 2.310728 357.7866 13.7362 16.09358 22.36103 0.129357

Kuru mba 17.31585 2 922015 33.26448 393.767 6. 782337 0.127005 13.57406 1.899205

Toda 8.942353 81.23595 2.45691 339.7362 5.267575 4.96658 33.64218 22.42953

KondaReddi 2.533589 I 257963 13.38705 10.23781 3.424936 18.45381 1.772266 0.942476

Koya Dora 3.729544 0.039182 21.44862 1.443164 0.005577 4. 725637 5.989985 () 003288

x' (0.05) = 3.841 for 1 df (degree of freedom)

105

Tuhlc -1.17 Chi square \'a lues (I df) for the pair-wise comparison of Gene

frctJucncics of Bison-horn Muriu with twenty three populations of India -- ---- ~- - - - -

I PopuiHficm Alu no! Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu I

PLAT NliC Al'<l ACt: C04 I)J FXIIIH I'V 92 - ---~--~ ~~ -~ r------

lla!tm 11 06794 1.104961 0.202961 340.MY8 12.10666 5 524417 0.886588 0.294294

-- ~- ----

l\.mna1 5.57045 ·1.25695·1 o 36X2DJ 428.4(> 73 12.04168 1.685482 0.620432 2.01361 -~ --r----

( 'hinda Hbtmiia 1.]24663 21.5~307 6.009194 2Y8. 737Y 36.9248 I 1.790203 3.58322 0.5Y4524

( 'haukatia llhun.Jia 9.769535 5.682251 0.127801 316.411 0.308046 1.163711 3.802662 6 446YOI

---·

Mundu 14.75'!65 5631309 0 223883 317. 1()55 1.104063 6.268311 0.376462 1.076044

l.odha 3.375818 2Y.01994 15.79519 333.8028 0.133103 0.361894 0.07242 0219048

Santa! 4.303931 0.195187 6.211323 279.7094 0.286589 I 776116 0.571882 9.269972

Kathana l'haru 0.935267 6.248737 3.685697 0.532799 9.304959 O.Gl \605 11.43921 19.90721

Rana Tharu 9.751778 0.072683 0.940262 0.188888 15.09045 0.428834 45.70923 19.40177

Danguria (B) 9.269909 0.177747 0.017325 430.1534 1.892258 5.46654 18.7375 0.984125

Danguria 6.775331 15.35592 3.069129 341.0046 2.297674 0.205363 24.46488 4 949\58

Pachchimaha 1.246583 11.79424 0.945212 380.6781 4.589611 17.2076 4.970021 4.798494

Toto 34.53043 5.799664 2.403924 37\.9152 1.133729 1.528167 33.52134 1.03977

Mizo 1.654712 5.137745 3.424862 3.050847 1.84637 7.791183 0.788278 106.2427

llo 4.575134 8.403687 1.387494 2.646154 0.201498 8.724725 39.53685 0.063629

Tipperah 4.218149 9.021462 2.226254 5.472 16.40103 0.20289 \.028969 6 410969

Badaga 31.06794 I 304383 19.04676 400.6566 0.59194 53.55288 2.742874 1.062001

lrula 20.4046 13.51357 3.63659 385.3333 47.87018 13.30878 I. 978205 1.117602

Kota 18.7105 0.480593 0.900481 396.2903 42.76758 4.836583 19.60007 \.5080\4

Kurumba 15.30882 12.02745 II .26318 432.5838 31.46779 6.291 136 18.05277 5.399638

Toda 11.63767 61.24938 17.28644 377.8605 0.708979 0.059324 30.52776 16.07023

Knnda Reddi 1.585716 8.213897 1.332169 5.472 1.639327 42.47302 3.369248 0.00596

Koya Dora 2.593707 2.369963 5. 735894 0.000775 10.55351 0.008362 8.971801 0.984125

X' (0.05) = 3.841 for I df (degree of freedom)

106

T~thlc ~.II! ('hi squ11rc ntlucs (I df) for the pair-wise comparison of Gene

frl"IJUl'lll'ics of MuriH with twenty three popuhttions of India

Populnfion Alu mf Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu All• Alu

NIK' AI'O A('E Cl)4 I> I ~'X IIIII I'Y 92 I'LA:I'

I -- ---- - -- -- - ----

i J l.1lha 21 xww () 2·1').1)) 5 .1.10'i2 I 31-IOlXI> 2 62·CXll .l1N971X 0 70X'IJ I 1.02925

I ------- -- --- -------- ---- 1-------

1-.arll.tr 2 n.J(JIJ\ 2 062573 5 212·12-1 39tJ.Xfl(J6 2 .. 175X-I () 92225 0.474X45 .1.4571 X I

- ~----

< 'hl!lda Bhunpa 0 2MUXJ 16.2X4X7 20.92199 27-1.2454 211.05143 I. J3(, 7 13 3 5R740 I 1.371]51 --- -- --~---

( 'h,ur~a(r,I/Jhtm]ia 5.51734'! 3 27259 4.R576X2 2lJ0.956 !.] 15432 0.6162X3 3. 7R24R9 3.953739

- ---

Mnnda 10.0)245 4£>.490 12 3.22X949 291.]396 0.2141 97 4.799949 0.4219R7 0.34R338

----

l.odha I J 16292 22.24527 37.231X2 307.2855 1.512393 0.660809 0.041781 ()

--

S:mtal 2.09592 0.6'! 1525 0.023826 256.9131 0.879977 1.175177 0.469986 11.21459

1--Katharia 'J haru 0.080309 X.266645 0.493963 0.102716 1.737534 0.019747 10.37292 1498431

Rana r!wru 5.188644 0.069211 3.566203 0.545254 3.929458 0.805452 42.05654 13.72102

llanguna(R) 4.947525 0.877508 7.598008 401.5271 0.298758 3. 776439 16.75398 0.16674

Danguria 3.4213 18.14134 17.60958 314.3385 0.030006 0.459422 22.53974 2.774823

Pachchimaha 0.137179 14.52368 12.95141 352.8071 0.112974 13.54762 4.335012 2.527739

Toto 25.94436 7.642728 1.242044 344.1827 0.456701 2.07585 31.00695 2.111946

Mizo 0.422892 6.881821 0.397608 1.231793 0.063938 8.639467 0.650295 108 0808

llo 1.775318 10.92249 1.548396 1.067917 1.205427 6.807971 37.25144 0.462454

Tippcrah 1.756685 11.39306 17.8188 2.213943 4.640538 0.165533 0.82392 3.568933

Badaga 21.83039 2.588889 1.973807 372.4048 6.598931 44.73641 2. 738978 2.191767

lrula 13.33128 8.961808 20.71711 357.349 25.42998 10.25038 2.000273 2.272464

Kota 12.08622 1.352842 3.206308 368.0767 22.12081 5.66221 18.77559 0.461435

Kuru mba 9.233426 7.741216 35 52569 404.0578 13.66547 4.464701 16.20175 2.855379

Toda 1589051 66 55075 1.487468 350.0426 0.995395 0.248564 29.07822 18.43474

KondaRcdd1 0.228407 4.878318 15.13778 2.213943 0.322345 35.12982 2.880306 0.355708

Koya Dora 0.669223 0.874479 23.35167 1.362148 I. 736869 0.132025 7.883451 0 16674

X' (0.05) ~ 3.841 for I df (degree of freedom)

107

Tahl~ 4.1') AHfa)ll" h~t~rul.y)lusity and Standard ~rrur (SE} hased un dght Alu

in\l·rtiun/tldetion polymorphic loci in each of the twenty six populations of India

indutling pn•st·nt stud~· - .- ... - --- ---- --" ------

Tribe Avcrag~ hct~rozygosity + SE

·- - ----------- ---- -- ---- -· - ------

,\bujhm;u·ia 0.4~002~ 0.048362 - -- ·-· -· _, ____ . ---

Bison-horn Maria 0.381794 0.051725 --

Muria 0.398969 0.057396 .... --- --------

11alha 0.431461 0.038327 ----- --------

Kamar 0.417061 0.056279 -----

( "hinda Bhw1j ia 0.410993 0.52875 ..

( 'haukatia 13hunj ia 0.412454 0.038639 - --

Munda 0.407399 0.058939

Lodha 0.371705 0.060059

Santa! 0.409005 0.054646

Katharia Tharu 0.354340 0.056940

RanaTharu 0.355311 0.054665

Danguria (B) 0.388064 0.052086

Danguria 0.335785 0.050063

Pachchimaha 0.379227 0.054403

Toto 0.340662 0.056811

Mizo 0.305016 0.074116

Ho 0.357845 0.062897

Tipperah 0.358737 0.061036

Badaga 0.401724 0.056788

Irula 0.424503 0.051585

Kota 0.364882 0.061511

Kurumba 0.384225 0.059128

Toda 0.317344 0.063969

KondaReddi 0.411393 0.059770

Koya Dora 0.383468 0.052495

lUll

Tuhl~ .t.2tl R~'ult' of~~~~~ di\·~rsity analysis of tw~nty six populations of India

fur itHihiduallnci and fur ulllnci considered jointly

Lucu' II, 11, (;~I -- -- ---··

,\lunlt Nll( · 0.49l!461 .47l!l63 0.040721 - - -- - -- ------

--

, i\lui\1'0 0.40X:l39 0.161629 0.114191

I

I

-

_ .. .. - ·- f----·

i\ lu ;\( '1'. 0.454970 0.434025 0.406036 . __ , _______ _, .--·

-

i\lu ('J)4 0.479319 0.046493 - -- - ---------- f--

i\lu PI 0.471711 0.449778 - ... ·--·· -- -----·----"

;\lu J-'XIIlll 0.387439 0.365834 -------

i\lui'V92 0.489010 0.443972

i\lu PLAT 0.4 79663 0.435912

i\Jlloci 0.458614 0.376976

H 1 ~Total genomic diversity among the populations

H ~Diversity between individuals within populations '

Gsr ~Between population genomic diversity

0. 903002

0.046496

0.055764

0.092101

0.091213

0.178011

Table 4.22 References of Populations in India taken for comparison

S.No State Tribes Reference

I. Chhattisgarh Abujhmaria Present Study

2. Chhattisgarh Bison-hom Maria Present Study

3. Chhattisgarh Muria Present Study

4. Madhya Pradesh Halba Mukherjee et al., 2000

5. Madhya Pradesh Kamar MukheJjee eta!., 2000

6. Madhya Pradesh Chinda Bhuqjia Mukherjee eta!., 2000

7. Madhya Pradesh Chaukatia Bhunjia Mukherjee et al., 2000

8. West-Bengal Munda Majumder eta!., 1999

9. West-Bengal Lodha Majumder et al., 1999

I 0. West-Bengal Santa! Maj umder et a!., 1999

11. Uttar Pradesh Katharia Tharu Sharma & Shukla, 2004

12. Uttar Pradesh RanaTharu Sharma&. Shukla 2004

13. Uttar Pradesh Danguria(B) Sharma & Shukla 2004

14. Uttar Pradesh Danguria Sharma & Shukla 2004

--·

-

Table 4.21 G

enetic Distance o

f twenty six populations oflndia

S no 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

17 18

19 20

2'

22 L~

i~ t:

2 0 0038

3 0 002

0.0021

4 0 0684

0.0761 0.0807

5 0 0845

0.0926 0.0983

0.004

6. 0.0865

0 0972 0.1033

0.0121 0.008

7 0.0682

0 0739 0.08

0 0058 0 007

0.0135

8 01121

01233 0.1282 0.0172

00125 0.0154

0.0141

9 0 0966

0 0992 0 01104 0.0147 0 0091

0.01104 0 0101

0.0103

10 0 0854

0.0912 0 097

0 0071 0 004

0 0208 0.0118

0.0219 0.00191

11 00086 0.0095 00071

0.085 01051

0.1136 0.0862

0.1407 0.1191

0.106

12 00017 00134

0.011 0.0817

0.1025 0.1095

00864 0.1329

0.1122 01063

0.038

13 0 0876

0 0938 0 1008 0 0058

0.0042 0 0195

0.0097 0.019

0.0133 0.0062

0.0994 0.0963

14 0 0886

0 0905 0 0995

0.0132 0.01326

0.031 0 0178

0.039 0.0224

0 0156 0 09

0 0885 0.0051

15 0 0844

0 0904 0 0984

0.0097 0 0088

0 0221 0.0121

0.0299 0.0207

0.0108 0.0938

0 0967 0.0038

0.0055

16 0

10

41

01

07

4

01134 0.0128

00135 0.037

0.0231 00343

00273 00111

01094 0.1035

0.0068 00074

0.0152

17 00445

0.0357 00634

0.1249 01403

01512 0139

0.1895 0.1606

01269 0.0566

00587 0.1496

0.1462 0.1519

0.1464

18 0 0168

0 0148 0 0139

0 0997 0.1215

0.1367 0.1093

0.159 0.1374

01159 0.0107

0.0103 0.1121

0 1056 0.1099

0 1185 0 0429

19 00111

00077 00072 0094

01154 01177

0.0967 0.1526

0.1261 01173

00051 00095

0.1136 0.1033

01064 01238

00445 0.0132

20 00956 0

10

41

01

08

3 00122

00141 00322

00148 0.0235

0.0319 0.0087

0.1169 01206

00137 00279

00148 00231

01556 0127

01291

21 00851

00964 01011

00057 00059

0.0029 0.0113

0.0141 00135

0.0155 0.1092

0.1049 0.014

00257 00166

00275 01483

01279 0.1139

00206

22 01114

01195 01231

00165 00117

00155 00164

0.0256 0.0235

0.0191 0.1277

0.1301 0.0202

0.0259 0.0217

00261 01709

01603 01342

00273 00139

23 01094

01196 01262

00127 00085

00122 0.0178

00141 0.011

0.0206 0.1239

0.1154 0008

0.016 0.0136

0.019 01837

0.1414 0.1352

00294 00096

002

24 0 1069

0 1072 0 115

0.0458 0.0399

0.0595 0.0445

0 0809 0.0657

0 0287 0 122

01405 0.0439

0.0414 0 0332

0 0498 01353

01429 0 1293

0 0392 0 0574

0 0395 0 0726

25 00093

00101 001

00939 01141

0.1142 00964

01367 01209

0.1153 O.Q18

0.0184 0.1141

0.1174 0.1103

0.1344 0.0501

0.0128 00142 01195

01098 01512 01337

01487

26 0 0061

0 045 0 0062

0 0738 0 092

0.0915 0.0764

0 121 0.0957

0 0965 0 0086

0 0065 0.0921

0.0871 0.0904

0 1047 0 0435

0 0136 0 0061

0 1122 0 0905

0 1197 0 1088

0 1257 0 0094

s No show

s the popula\lons correspondmg to Table 4.13

~

110

' I' I :nar l'rad,;\h l'at:ht:himaha i Sharma & Shukla. 2004

Ill 'Jorlh hosl I olo C 'hakraharly .:1 al.. 2002

' - --- --~~ --------- r---17. I North Lasl Mim ( 'hakraharly .:1 al.. 2002

--

IX. Norlh 1-:asl flo Chakraharly cl al.. 2002 -·

' I

I') Norlh h1s1 'lippcrah Maj unHJcrel a I_:: 1999 I ---

~0. Soulh India Badaga Vishwanathan ct aL 2003 ---- ----·- --- ----

21. South India lmla Vishwanathan eta!.. 2003 ---~-- -- -- ·----~--- ·--·-------

00 Soulh India Kola Vishwanathan cl al.. 2003 --· n South India Kummba Vishwanathan et al.. 2003

- - --

24. South India Toda Vishwanathan cl al.. 2003 - -

25. South India KondaReddy Veerr~u et al.. 200 I

26. South India KoyaDora Veerr'\iu et al., 2001

4.8 Comparison with other Indian Populations

To determine the genetic relationship with other populations of!ndia, we compare our

results of eight Alu insertion/deletion polymorphic loci with available twenty six populations

oflndia. These loci are common with our studied populations & populations considered for

comparison.

Brief descrition of26 populations taken for comparison is given in Table 4.12. Locus

specific allele frequencies are presented in Table 4.13. Table 4.14 shows the number of

individuals studied at each locus examined for comparsion. Table 4.15 shows the

heterozygosity at individual loci based on Alu insertion/deletion polymorphic loci in 26

populations of India. Among them six tribes from Central India (M.P. & C.G.) (including

present study) belong to Dravidian and one tribe to Indo-Aryan language families, five

population from eastern India (W.B. & Orissa) belong to Austro-Asiatic language families,

two populations from N-E region (one belongs to Austro-Asiatic and one belongs to Tibeto

- Burman language family) and seven populations from South India belong to Dravidian

language family).

The allele frequencies of Alu mt NUC among Indian populations varied from a low of

0.204 in Toda of south India to as high as 0.625 in Badaga of south-India and Halba of

Madhya Pradesh. The allele frequency of Alu mt NUC of the present study is within the

range of distribution oflndian population.

The Alu APO allele frequency among Indian populations varied from a low of0.300 in

Munda to as high as 1.0 in Toda of South India. Our findings are within this range. Alu ACE

Ill

,tilde ""'l"cnc:~ am on~ Indian populatitlllS varied from a low of0.-\(>0 in Bada)!a of South­

lndta 111 "' hi)!h as IJ.X59 111 l.odha of W.JI.<Jur lindings an: within the range of Indian population

Rc"dl;, of/\lul'D-1 polymorphism in population studied in India varied f(mn a low of

IJ in Kola & Kununba of south-India to as high as I in Toto. Mizo. llo and Konda Reddi.Our

results ranges bet ween them.

'I he /\lu D I allele fre<Jucncy in the Indian populations varied from 0.230 in Badaga to

IJJt20 in ( 'hinda Bhunjia. Our study gave a range of0.2627 in BHR & 0.4057 in ABM, thus

within the range of Indian populations.

Alu FXIIII3 allele frc<juency in the Indian populations varied from as low as 0.461 in

lladaga to as high as 0.944 in Toto. The findings of the present study ranges between them.

The results of Alu PV92 polymorphisms in available Indian populations varied from as

low as 0.255 in Toda to as high as 0.933 in Toto. The allele frequencies of populations

under study ranges between them. Likewise allele frequency of Alu PLAT in the available

Indian populations varied from as low as 0.033 in Toto to as high as 0.814 in Katharia

Tharu.

Tables 4.16, 4.17 and 4.18 show the x' values for the pair-wise comparison of gene

frequencies of Abujhmaria, Bison-horn Maria & Muria respectively with other populations

of India.

Of the total 4 72 pair-wise comparison of gene frq uencies of the populations under

study with twenty three populations oflndia, 247 (52.33%) are statistically non-significant.

Most of the non-significant comparisons are between Muria and other Indian populations

taken for comparison.94 of the 184 (51.63%) non-significant differences are between these

groups. The next population that showed non-significant difference is Bison-horn Maria.

BHR showed non-significant difference in 79 of the 184 (42.93%) comparisons. Abujhmaria

accounted for 74 out of 184 (40.22%) non-significant comparisons.

Abujhmaria significantly differs with Halba, Kamar, Danguria(B), Tipperah, Irula and

Kurumba at 5 loci (62.5%), with Chinda Bhunjia, Lodha, Danguria, Toto, Ho, Badaga &

Kota at 6loci (75%), with Chaukatia Bhunjia, Munda, Rana Tharu, Pachchimaha & Mizo at

4loci (50%), with Santa!, Katharia Tharu, Konda Reddy & Koya Dora at 3 loci (37.5%)

and only with Toda at seven loci (87.5%). Alu CD4locus contributed for most of the significant

comparisons (20 out of23 i.e. 86.9%). Abujhmaria shows greater similarity with Santa!.

Katharia Tharu, Konda Reddy & Koya Dora.

Bison-horn Maria differs with Halba, Kamar, Chinda Bhunjia. Chaukatia Bhunjia.

Munda, Santa], Katharia Tharu. Rana Tharu. Danguria (B). Toto. Mizo and llo at -\loci

112

(:'O"ul. \\ith I mlha. Konda R..:ddy & Koya Dora at 3 loci (37.5"1.,). with Danguria.

J'arhdlimaha. I ipprrah. lladaga. lruht & Kola at 5 loci (62.5%) and with Kuru mba & Toda

.11 l> lo~:i ( 75'!io).Aiu APO and Alu CD41oci contrihul<:d for most ofsigni!lcant comparisons

11 H out of::'J i.e . .1'1.11'%). Bison-horn Maria shows greater similarity with J.odhu. Kondu

Rrdd) & Koya Dora.

Muria differs with llalha.l'achchimaha. Kola & Todu utSioci (62.5%), with Chinda

Jlhunjia. Chaukatia Bhunjia, Munda, Rana Tharu, Danguria (B), Danguria. Toto & Badaga

at4 loci (50'X,), with Kumar, Suntul & Koya Dora at 2 loci (25%) with Lodha, Katharia

J'haru. Mizo, I lo, Tippcruh & Konda Reddy at 3 loci (37.5%) and only with Kurumba at I

locus (87.5%). Alu CD4locus contributed for most of the significant comparisons (16 out of

2J i.e. 69.56'Yo). Muria shows greater similarity with Kamar, Santa! & Koya Dora.

Locus-wise estimates of heterozygosity of available insertion/deletion polymorphic loci

among Indian populations are presented in Table 4.15. A persual of table reveals that most

populations show high level of heterozygosity for Alu mt NUC while lowest for Alu CD4. The

populations exhibited maximum variation for Alu APO and on the other hand Alu mtNUC even

though exhibited highest heterozygosity showed lowest difference among different

populations. There was great intra-locus variation in values over loci in the present study as

well as in other reported studies from India. Alu CD4 was the least heterozygous locus and

Alu mt NUC the most heterozygous locus in all populations.

The average heterozygosity (H) with their standard errors are presented in Table 4.19.

It was found least in Mizo (0.305) & most in Halba (0.43). In the remaining populations it

varied between them.

The populations under study showed the estimates of average heterozygosity ranges

between 0.3817 in BHR to 0.4200 in ABM. The H value is MUR is 0.3989. This shows that

the ABM are comparatively more heterozygous than those BHR & MUR .

Estimates of various measures of gene diversity analysis viz., Hr. H, & G5r among the 26

populations of India (including present study) are presented in Table 4.20.

In the present material, intra population gene diversity (Hs) varied greatly from a minimum

of 0.0464 at Alu CD4 to a high of 0.4 781 at Alu mt NUC locus with a mean of 0.3 769 over all

eight loci. Inter-population gene diversity varied from as low of 0.3874 at Alu FXIIIB to a

high of 0.4984 again at Alu mt NUC locus, with a mean of 0.4586 over all eight loci.

Co-efficient of gene differentiation (Gsrl also varied greatly over loci in the Indian

populations. Alu mt NUC locus being the least differentiated locus (0.0407) and Alu CD4

being the most differentiated locus (0.9030), the remaining six shm,ed the moderate values of

IIJ

t 1 u.w~l..' u ().l(,.l t~l u -HI61 I h~.: a\ cra!!,C mca,ulc tlt' )!.CI\C:tlc..: dtllcn.:ntiation O\ cr all tin: Cl)!.hl

\1'\.' \0 I 7XO) \\a' luund tu he In''· \\hll:h imhcatc~ lln\ cvolutlmHll") dtvl!rgcm:...: anHHlg the

1'a1n' ,, .... gcnctu.: dl' .. tarn.:c hct\\CCII the .'!llHiy populations as well as :!6 tribal populations

nl lndta \\L'rc calculated from the allele frcqucncic.'l using the D, distance measure (Nci ct a!.,

I '172) arc!-!'""" 111 Ia hie 4.21.11 may he noted !hal Abujhmaria shows grcalcsl gcnclic dislance

"''" Munda (0.1121) '"compared lo olhcr populations. The genetic distance is also higher

bclwccn 1\BM a11d Kola (0.1\14). 1\BM and Kurumba (0.1094). 1\BM and Toda (0.\069) &

i\BM and 'loto (0.\041) respectivcly.This indicates that the gene diiTcrenccs between i\BM

and lhesc popu\;llions arc high.Cicographieally also these populations are distant from A 13M.

The lowest gc11ctic distance is observed between ABM and MUR (0.002). which indicates

!hal the gene diiTerenccs between ;\13M and MUR arc very small accounting for not more

!han 0.2 percent of total genetic variation. ABM also shows lower genetic distance with BIIR

(0.0038) and Ran a Tharu (0.00 17).Gcographically also ABM. BHR & MUR are close to each

other & belong to major Gond tribe.

It is marked that BHR shows max1mum genetic distance with Munda (0.1233) as

compared to other populations, but the distance between BHR and MUR is very small, indicating

almost negligible gene differences between two populations accounting for not more than 0.21

percent of total genetic variation. BHR also shows considerably higher genetic distance with

Kota (0.1195) and Kurumba (0.1196), which indicates that the genetic differences between

BHR & Kota and BHR & Kurumba are higher. It is marked that besides MUR, BHR also

shows lower genetic distance with Tipperah (0.0077) and Katharia Tharu (0.0095), which

indicates that the genetic differences between BHR & Tipperah and BHR & Katharia Tharu

are smaller.

The highest genetic distance is observed between MUR and Munda (0.1282), which

indicates that the gene differences between MUR and Munda are very high. MUR also exhibit

higher genetic distance with Kurumba (0.1262) and Kota (0. !231 ). It is marked that MUR

shows least genetic distance with Koya Dora indicating almost negligible gene differences

between two populations accounting for more than 0.62 percent of total genetic variation.

MUR also exhibits smaller genetic distance with Katharia Tbaru (0.0071) and Tipperah (0.0072),

which indicates that the gene differences between MUR and these populations are smaller. The

three tribes under study (Dravidian) show the highest genetic distances with Munda. which

belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family.

114

I" ICAmdr JL S<~ntd I L Hlllhll

Chaukalld811UIIj id

-Toto - D11nguria

D11nguriall rt~chc!llma Ia

'----- Dt~daya

....--- J1unda '---Lodha

J(urunha r-----= ChI ndi\Btmnj ia ~Irult\

L----Rola L---------------------Toda

.--------------------11izo ~__ _____________ L ---Ho

____________ _j1----- J<ouddRedtl 1

-·C: Ita thar i Tharu llana Tl1aru li p}lerah l<ot)dDor"

r B ison-hor-nl1dr ia Abujltmt\r ia J1ur ia

Figure 4.12 Neighbour-joining tree depicting genomic affinities among the 26

tribal populations in India based on eight insertion/deletion polymorphisms

An unrooted neighbor-joining tree was constructed from this distance matrix (Figure

4.12). It is pertinent to note that three tribal populations of the present study viz. Abujhmaria,

Bison-horn Maria, Muria and Kamar Konda Reddi, KoyaDora, Badaga, lrula, Kota, Kurumba

& Toda are linguistically belong to Dravidian language family, while Halba, Chinda Bhunjia,

Chauktia Bhunjia, KhatriaTharu RanaTharu, Danguria (B), Danguria Pachchimaha belong to

Indo-European language Family. Munda, Lodha, San tal Toto, Mizo and Hoare belong to Austro­

Asiatic linguistic family and only one tribe Tipperah belong to Tibeto-Burman language family.

It is evident from Figure 4.12 that dendrogram consists of two main clusters A and B.The

cluster A is further sub-divided into two sub-groups, One group consist of Kamar and other

consists of Santa!, Halba, Chaukatia Bhunjia, Toto, Danguria, Danguria (B), Pachchimaha,

Badaga, Munda, Lodha, Kurumba, Chinda Bhunjia, lrula & Kota. Cluster B is also sub-divided

into two sub-groups. One group consists of of Ho, Konda Reddi, KathariaTharu and

RanaTharu, Tipperah, Koya Dora, Bison-horn Maria, Abujhmaria and Muria.The Toda & Mizo

positioned as sub-groups in cluster A & B. Abujhmaria, Bison-Horn Maria and Muria the sub­

groups of major Gond tribe & are linguistically similar and live in close geographical proximity.

which is also reflected in the dendrogram, as they positioned closer to each other. It is interesting

to note that the Koya Dora, the Dravidian speaking tribe of South India is closer to lhc

populations under study, who also belongs to Dravidian language family & hislor~ also revcab

their migration from South India to Central india (Dubey.2000). Ho\\evcr. the other Dra\ idian

'PL-.1h.1n~ -.,pcah..ln).! '-lollth lndJan tnhc' arc di,tantl) placed in lkndrogram.Surpli'>ingly l\H\

Jnd11 .11~.111 "P"-'<I~lllg pnpulalll)/1'> oll!llar Pradc..,h.onc I iht:tn~Burman -,pca~ing tribe of North

1 ,hl lnd1a & lHlL' Athlnl-A..,I<IIIL' -.,pca~ing trihc nf cast India arc clu.,tcrcd \\ith the present

... tud~ I hu-.,, th1.., allaly..,j., t'l'\caJ., that the IJra\idian and Au.,tro~A~iatic :-.pcal..ing, trihal:-. arc

,L!,L'IIL'Iicall~ l..'lo.,L·r thaulndo Ar)an & Tihcto Burman "'ipcahing trihc"i.

l hi:-. rc-.,tdh indicate that in spite of their geographical proximity, the tribes remain isolated

111 n1o..,t of the region:-. with reference to historical. socio-cultural and genetic prespcctives.

/\gain the trihc> living in different regions arc not genetically similar. Their genetic differentiation

i> inf'lucnccd more by geographical proximity than by other f'ttctors. The tribes who arc closed

geographically have smaller genetic distance than those living apart. For example the tribes of

the present study (Abujhmaria, Bison-horn Maria and Muria) and South Indian tribe (Koya

!lora) arc genetically closer than the tribes in Uttar Pradesh (Katharia Tharu and Rana Tharu),

Tripura (Tippcrah).Thc genetic distance between tribes is correlated more with geographic

continuity than with linguistic affinity implying that exchange of genes occurs more often

between neighbouring tribes than between tribes of same language groups living at a distance.

The overall inference from the dendogram indicates that the populations of India either

from eastern, western, central India and southern India, geographical proximity as well as

languages has stronger effect than socio-cultural proximity in determining genetic affinity.

Table 4.23 Allele frequencies at five insertion/deletion polymorphic loci in

seventy one World Populations taken for comparison

Population Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

ACE FXIIIB PLAT Dl PV92

Mbuti 0.320 0.030 0.240 0.590 0.350

African Pygmies 0.221 O.oJ5 0.221 0.338 0.309

Afro Caribbeans 0.524 0.310 0.286 0.405 0.143 I

Berber 0.412 0.344 0.526 0.233 0.269

Moroccans 0.292 0.236 0.547 0.396 0.274

Arabs 0.290 0.310 0.390 0.370 0.270

Turks 0.441 0.473 0.427 0.284 0.256

Pakistani 0.440 0.230 0.510 0.170 0.300

Shrilankan 0.623 0.613 0.598 0.264 0.481

Moor, Shrilankan 0.591 0.625 0.642 0.265 0.490

Han 0.670 0.710 0.350 0.170 0.860 ---~- ,_

Sibo 0.583 0.825 0.533 0.283 i O.l\50 i

- -- -- -

116

l\.lltl..',ll\ 0.500 0.!<46 0.421 0.15-l 0.846

' I \ghw· 0.650 0.776 0.529 (). 2 ()() 0.54 7

' I {ai\\an\..'~ 0.500 0.970 0.640 <UKO 0.900

·-- ·- - - _,_ __ - ·-

I ilipino 0.510 0. 720 0.630 0.360 0.800 - --------- .-- r------ ---- --- ·- ,_

Moluccas 0.670 0.7!<0 0.560 0.190 0.690 -- ._ __ ,

N usa ·r l:ngarras 0.640 0.810 0.380 0.190 0.500 ----

.lav;_mes~.: 0.&60 0.920 0.390 0.420 0.840 ... _____ , __ ------

Malaysim1s 0.640 0.730 0.500 0.270 0.720 --·--- ___ ,

Swiss 0.372 0.477 0.453 0.337 0.200 -·

llllsquc 0.369 0.510 0.524 0.476 0.194 ---

French 0.480 0.420 0.560 0.460 0.230

Greeks 0.260 0.500 0.552 0.409 0.190

Bretons 0.478 0.400 0.556 0.389 0.267

English 0.436 0.489 0.458 0.477 0.283

Abujhmaria 0.546 0.710 0.641 0.405 0.539

Bison-hom Maria 0.666 0.796 0.600 0.262 0.517

Muria 0.530 0.785 0.625 0.346 0.520

Halba 0.646 0.427 0.574 0.427 0.563

Kamar 0.640 0.420 0.535 0.420 0.554

ChindaBhunjia 0.796 0.620 0.556 0.620 0.407

Chauktia Bhunjia 0.649 0.289 0.729 0.289 0.412

Katharia Tharu 0.569 0.417 0.819 0.417 0.694

RanaTharu 0.623 0.443 0.792 0.443 0.821

Toto. 0.603 0.333 0.033 0.333 0.567

Mizo 0.731 0.286 0.586 0.286 0.862

Ho 0.460 0.452 0.713 0.452 0.565

Badaga 0.750 0.230 0.551 0.230 0.436

Irula 0.622 0.600 0.550 0.600 0.449

Kota 0.806 0.589 0.659 0.589 0.300

Kurumba 0.469 0.528 0.704 0.528 0.71J -----

Agahria 0.417 0.417 0.587 0.417 o .. ns I ~ -- --- - ~

117

I l.tt"dl OH!~ ' 0.6~5 0.4!(~ 0.645 OA6X I . - ·- I - - .

< 'halllar I 0 700 0. 500 0.411 0.500 0.5~0

< iaud 0.600 0.200 0.4~~ 0.200 o.:n:1

I odha 0.!!5'! 0.2X I 0.625 0.281 0.532 -- - -- --------- -

Malu,hiya 0.559 0.588 0.4!(5 0.588 0.515 --- -----

' I Munda 0.640 0.320 0.660 0.320 0.4X I

---- - --·~--- C----

San<al 0.521 0.292 0.417 0.292 0.563 ----- -- ---- - -- --- -------- ---1---

hUJti 0.433 0.406 0.718 0.406 0.656

'lippcrah 0.590 0.313 0.549 0.313 0.811 -

lycngcr 0.540 0.461 0.559 0.461 0.461 -----

lycr 0.570 0.420 0.510 0.420 0.430

V<UJniyar 0.620 0.410 0.570 0.410 0.490

Ambalakaran 0.480 0.370 0.650 0.370 0.390

Vcrrakodivellalar 0.663 0.288 0.605 0.288 0.488

Mvskoke 0.700 0.790 0.490 0.460 0.570

Alaskan natives 0.583 0.917 0.298 0.415 0.619

French Acadians 0.510 0.480 0.430 0.420 0.18

Inuit, Greenland 0.548 0.786 0.333 0.452 0.607

HispannicAmerican 0.545 0.705 0.625 0.364 0.523

Maya, Yucatan 0.680 0.900 0.650 0.450 0.790

Tuva 0.737 0.803 0.462 0.397 0.590

Yakut 0.578 0.836 0.524 0.551 0.698

Bury at 0.734 0.851 0.521 0.287 0.511

Papua New Guinean, Costal 0.660 0.300 0.160 0.170 0.360

Papua New Guinean, Highlanders 0.740 0.300 0.160 0.010 0.240

Australian 0.910 0.650 0.130 0.040 0.150

Guarani 0.829 0.935 0.710 0.394 0.783

Kaingang 0.543 0.872 0.675 0.706 0.793

I

I

liM

l'ahlc ~.H The numhcr of indi,·idual' at each locus 'tudied in sc\·cnty one World

l'npulatinn' l'\llmint•d fur t·nmparison

l'npulatinn Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

A('E ~·xum I'LAT Ill I'V'H ---- ---

n n n n n - - -- -

Mhuli 14 .14 14 14 .14 - - - -- -- - --

Ali·icanl'ygmics 6S 6S 6S 6S 68 - - -- ----- f------

;\ liu ( 'ari hhcans S4 84 84 84 84 - - ---~--- ---- --- - f----

1krhcr so so 80 so 80 -- -- - -- ---- --

Moroccans 106 106 106 106 106

Arabs 100 100 100 100 100 ---- --------

Turks 86 86 86 86 86 -------

Pakislani 84 84 84 84 84

Shrilankan 96 96 96 96 96

Moor. Shrilankan 102 102 102 102 102

Han 98 98 98 98 98

Sibo 120 120 170 120 120

Korean 26 26 26 26 26

Uyghur 170 170 170 170 170

Taiwanese 92 92 92 92 92

Filipino 94 94 94 94 94

Moluccas 96 96 96 96 96

Nusa Tengarras 180 180 180 180 180

Javanese 64 64 64 64 64

Malaysians 94 94 94 94 94

Swiss 86 86 86 86 86

Basque 206 206 206 206 206

French 106 106 106 106 I 06

Greeks 102 102 102 102 I 02

Bretons 90 90 90 90 90

English 188 180 192 176 184 -- ,J

11'1

\butllln,U1.l i S-1 50 S.l SJ S I

i!J,on-homl\ !aria 60 59 60 59 sx I \ h1ria 4<J 49 4X 49 49 I

llalha 4X 4X 47 4X 4X --- ---

Kamar 57 57 57 57 57 1- -- - ---- --

( 'hinda Blumjia 27 27 27 27 27 - --··---- -· -------------~

( 'hauktia Bhlmjia 37 37 35 37 37 --

Katharia Thm·u 36 36 36 36 36 --- ----- -- -·---r-·

Rana 'l'haru 53 53 53 53 53 - ---- --~---

'!(>to. 29 30 30 30 30 ---

Mim 54 29 29 29 29

llo 50 54 54 54 54

Badaga 50 50 49 50 50

Irula 45 50 50 50 50

Kota 54 45 44 45 45

Kurumba 49 54 54 54 54

Agahria 24 24 23 24 24

Bagdi 31 31 31 31 31

Chamar 25 25 23 25 25

Gaud 15 15 15 15 15

lodha 32 32 32 32 32

Mahashiya 34 34 33 34 34

Munda 25 25 25 25 25

Santa! 24 24 24 24 24

I anti 15 15 16 15 15

Tipperah 39 39 41 39 39

Iyenger 50 50 51 50 50

Iyer 50 50 50 50 50

Vanniyar 50 50 50 50 50

Ambalakaran 50 50 50 50 50

Verrakodivellalar 43 43 43 43 4], ----- __ j

120

''"'"'" ! 100 100 100 100 100

·\l;"k.Ulll<l!ll L'' X4 !!4 H4 84 !!4 I I I· r,•nd1 Al."adiam 92 92 92 92 92

- - -

Inuit. ( ircenland X4 84 H4 84 84 -- --- --~- -· ----

-- -

I lispannic Amcricm1 XX XX 88 8X 88 - ---- - ---·---- --- +-- -· --f-------

Maya. Yucai<Ul 102 102 102 102 102 - ---- --------------- -----

l'uva 76 76 76 76 76 ------

Yakut 128 128 128 118 126 - ------------ - ---------1-----

lluryat 92 92 92 92 92 ---

Papua New Guinean, Coastal 96 96 96 96 96 -------

Papua New Guinean,llighlandcrs 136 136 136 136 136

Australian 138 138 138 138 138

Guarani 70 62 62 66 60

Kaingang 92 86 80 92 82

n =number of individual

Table 4.25 Heterozygosity at individual locus of five Alu insertion/deletion

polymorphic loci in seventy one World Populations

Tribe Alu Alu Alu Alu Alu

ACE D1 FXIIIB PV92 PLAT

Mbuti 0.4352 0.4838 0.0582 0.4550 0.3648

Afiican Pygmies 0.3443 0.4475 0.0295 0.4270 0.3443

Afro Carib beans 0.4988 0.4819 0.4278 0.2451 0.4084

Berber 0.4845 0.3574 0.4513 0.3932 0.4986

Moroccans 0.4134 0.4783 0.3606 0.3978 0.4955

Arabs 0.4118 0.4662 0.4278 0.3942 0.4758

Turks 0.4930 0.4066 0.4985 0.3809 0.4893

Pakistani 0.4928 0.2822 0.3542 0.4200 0.4998

Shrilankan 0.4697 0.3886 0.4744 0.4992 0.4807

Moor, Shrilankan 0.4834 0.3895 0.4687 0.4998 0.4596

Han 0.4422 0.2822 0.4118 0.2408 0.4550 I

I ----1

Sibo 0.4862 0.4058 0.2887 0.2550 0.497R -- -

122

ltt~dt U.-12-17 11.4579 0.457'1 0.4'179 0.4994 ' I

0..1848 l 'h;uttaJ 0.-1200 0.5000 0.5000 0.4968 -

! ( i.tud 0 .4KOO 0.32011 OJ200 0.4442 0.491 0

- -

I <~dha <J.24n 0.4040 0.4040 0.4979 0.4687 -- ------ -

~ lalu,hiya 0.49:10 0.4845 0.4X45 0.4995 0.4995 ~ - -- --

Munda 0.460K 0.4352 0.4352 0.4992 0.448K -~ -- -- ---------

Santa I 0.499 I 0.4134 0.4134 0.4920 0.4862 ----

hu1ti 0.4910 0.4823 0.4K23 0.4513 0.4049 ------ --- ·--- - -

!ippcnJ1 0.4838 0.4300 0.4300 0.3065 0.4951 --------

lycngcr 0.4968 0.4969 0.4969 0.4969 0.4930 -

lycr 0.4902 0.4872 0.4872 0.4902 0.4998

Vmmiyar 0.4712 0.4838 0.4838 0.4998 0.4902

Ambalakaran 0.4992 0.4662 0.4662 0.4758 0.4550

Verrakodivellalar 0.4468 0.4101 0.4101 0.4997 0.4779

Mvskoke 0.4200 0.4968 0.3318 0.4902 0.4998

Alaskan natives 0.4862 0.4855 0.1522 0.4716 0.4183

FrenchAcadians 0.4998 0.4872 0.4992 0.2952 0.4902

Inuit, Greenland 0.4953 0.4953 0.3364 0.4771 0.4442

HispannicAmerican 0.4959 0.4630 0.4159 0.4989 0.4687

Maya, Yucatan 0.4352 0.4950 0.1800 0.3318 0.4550

Tuva 0.3876 0.4787 0.3163 0.4838 0.4971

Yakut 0.4878 0.4947 0.2742 0.4215 0.4988

Btuyat 0.3904 0.4092 0.2535 0.4997 0.4991

Papua New Guinean, Costal 0.4488 0.2822 0.4200 0.4608 0.4608

Papua NewGuinean, Highlanders 0.3848 0.0198 0.4200 0.3648 0.4823

Australian 0.1638 0.0768 0.4550 0.2550 0.2688

Guarani 0.2835 0.4775 0.1215 0.3398 0.2688

Kaingang 0.4963 0.4151 0.2232 0.3283 0.2262

123

'luhl•· ~.2(• A'~ra~~ h~tcro1.y~osili~s and Standard error (SEl based on fin: Alu

inwrtiunilld<·liun pt>l)morphic loci in sc,·cnty one World l'opulations

l'upu Ia tiun An rage hclcrozygosil)' + SE -

' ' 0.07K979 \1huli 0.)1>4764

-· --

Ali·icanl'ygmi.:s 0 .. 120907 0.075lW7 ---- -- ---

/\fro l 'arihheans 0.4 I 4X I 9 0.045299 - - ------·-- ---------

Berber 0.439786 0.027 I 02 - -- --- -~ ------- --

Moroccans 0.43 I 210 0.025378 --- ------

Arabs 0.437347 0.015719

rurks 0.456361 0.024979 ~ ---

l'akisumi 0.4!2254 0.041761 - ---

Shrilankan 0.464998 0.019261 1------

Moor, Shrilankan 0.462509 0.019031

Han 0.368279 0.044112

Sibo 0.388218 0.049918

Korean .360910 0.058349

Uyghur 0.424558 0.037695

Taiwanese 0.335865 0.090559

Filipino 0.431978 0.031575

Moluccas 0.404869 0.033981

Nusa Tengarras 0.410661 0.042138

Javanese 0.326511 0.067949

Malaysians 0.432782 0.021479

Swiss 0.448330 0.033047

Basque 0.456288 0.036287

French 0.468249 0.028167

Greeks 0.436265 0.038147

Bretons 0.470522 0.019715

English 0.479866 0.018288

Abujhmaria 0.473859 0.015962

Bison-hom Maria 0.430691 O.OJ2JOR I

I --- J

124

\hu·r.t 0.-I~~K~~ 0 .ti:Hl2YI

llalha 0.-IXX~-1.1 0.006611

Ka111<tr 0.-IK% 79 0.00652:1 I

i ( 'hi11da Jlhunj ia 0.4S71X6 0.031 X 59

( 'hauJ..tia 1\lmnjia 0.417402 0.0 \6X65 - ----------.

Kat haria Th;mr 0.44297X 0.037673 ------ ----- ---------- -~---·---· ---

Rana 'l'haru 0.419989 0.043593 - ~-

"1<>10. 0.393419 0.082815 --- -- ·-- -- ----- ·-------

Mi/0 0.410827 0.045398 - ---- -·

llo 0.461246 0.023106 --·- -- ------·

Badaga 0.442810 0.034723 --

lnila 0.469656 0.022965

Kola 0.466807 0.012319

Kurumba 0.431116 0.034733

Agahria 0.497469 0.001149

Bagdi 0.475279 0.014306

Chamar 0.490311 0.015665

Gaud 0.425223 0.039276

lodha 0.409823 0.044966

Mahashiya 0.499625 0.003444

Munda 0.465159 0.012102

San tal 0.470675 0.019871

Tanti 0.478156 0.016579

Tipperah 0.434646 0.033854

Iyenger 0.501134 0.000804

lyer 0.495879 0.002343

Vanniyar 0.490667 0.004719

Ambalakaran 0.477253 0.007523

Verrakodivellalar 0.454231 0.018154 i Mvskoke 0.449970 O.O:P668 ---1

Alaskan natives 0.405225 0.64251 -----

125

ill" Ill h. \c·:lliJ:Uh 0.-l:ii>XOl (). ().j()() 7-1

/runt.! iJL"<"IIiaml I 0.-l:i~ liJt> 0.0.1000-1

' I I 0.0 1503'1 I llhpan!llc AnH:ricwt 0.-1711'17 i

\lay a. Yucatan lUll I ~I>'! 0.056'144

l111a 0.415611 0.015190 .

Yakut 0.4.17202 0.042885 ----- -- -~-~ ..

llwyat 0.4!2688 0.0454.16 . ~- ---- ---- ---- ---- -----

Papua N~w ( iuincan. ( 'ostal 0.378089 0.04!882 -~~ -- - --- -- -·

Papua N~w (iuinc;m,llighlandcrs 0.2927!6 0.072699 .. - ----- --~-~- -------

i\ustmli.u1 0.236216 0.063067 ~. ~--~----

<Juanmi 0.3294!9 0.06!351 -------

Kaingang 0.382555 0.047933

Table 4.27 Results of gene diversity analysis of seventy one World population

for individual loci and for all loci considered jointly

Locus H,.

A1uACE 0.487197

AluDJ 0.465362

A1uFXIIIB 0.497458

AluPV92 0.499906

A1uPLAT 0.499583

All1oci 0.489901

HT =Total genomic diversity among the populations

H, ~ Diversity between individuals within populations

G,T ~Between population genomic diversity

Hs Gsr

0.446437 0.083664

0.428752 0.078669

0.390324 0.215363

0.417164 0.165515

0.451903 0.095438

0.426916 0.128567

Table 4.29 References of Studied Populations taken for comparison

S.No Location Population Reference

1. Africa Mbuti Bowcock eta!., 1987

2. Africa African Pygmies Stoneking eta!., 1997

3. Africa Afro Caribbeans Stoneking et al.. 1997

4. Africa Berber Stoneking et al.. 1997

5. Africa Moroccans Stoneking ct al.. 1997 -- ---- - '

12b

I> -\_...i.l Arab' ( 'hbd ct a!.. ~00.1

' 7 A:-.ta Juri., ( 'oma' ~I al.. ~004

s 1\:-.ia Pakistani Ston~king ~~ ai.. 19'!7 i

!) Asia Shril.uli-:m Antun~t.-de-Mayolo ~~a!.. 2002

Iii Asia Moor. Shrilankan Antun~z-de-Mayoio cl al.. 2002

12 J·:ast Asia I i<m Mellon ct al.. I 995 ---- --- ------ . --

11 !·:astAsia Sibo Xiao cl al., 2002 - - ----- ---------

14 l ·:tL~t Asiu Korean Antuncz-dc-Mayolo ct al.. 2002 ---- - - --- - --·-

15 l'ast Asia llygbur Xiao ct al., 2002 --- ---- ---- --

16 !·:astAsia Taiwanese Melton et al., 1995 - '-----

17 East Asia Filipino Melton et al., 1995 - --

18 East Asia Moluccans Perna et al., 1992 ---

19 East Asia N usa Tengarras Perna et al., 1992

20 East Asia Javanese Melton et al., 1995

21 East Asia Malaysians Melton eta!., 1995

22 Europe Swiss Batzer eta!., 1996

23 Europe Basque Antunez-de-Mayolo eta!., 2002

24 Europe French Monson eta!., 1995

25 Europe Greeks Comas eta!., 2005

27 Europe Bretons Monson eta!., 1995

28 Europe English Mastana et al., 2003

29 Indian Agahria M~umder eta!., 1999

30 Indian Bagdi Majumder eta!., 1999

31 Indian Chamar Majumder et al., 1999

32 Indian Gaud Majumder eta!., 1999

34 Indian Tanti Majumder eta!., 1999

35 Indian Mahashiya Majumder eta!., 1999

38 NothAmerica Mvskoke Weiss et al., 1993

39 NothAmerica Alaskan natives Batzer et a!., 1996

40 NothAmerica FrenchAcadians Batzer et al.. 1996

41 NothAmerica Inuit Greenland Batzer eta\.. 1996 ------'

127

·L' '-'othAmcri<:a I lli~txumi<: .1\m~ri<:<m Batter <:tal .. 1 1l1l6 ---- --- -- . ----

-

.J' I ~othAmcri<:a 1\·laya. Yu<:atan Weiss <:tal.. liJIJ1

! .j.l SilX'ria lu\'a .i\ntunc/·tk-Maynlo ct al.. 2002

4~ SilX'ria Yakut Khitrinskaya d al.. 2001 - -

4fl Siocria llwyal .1\nluncz-de-Mayolo cl al.. 2002 - -- ---

--

41J ( kcania Papua New Perna ct al.. 1992

(iuincan. Costal ---- - --- - ---- -~----- ------

)II Oceania Papua New Guinean, Perna ct al., 1992

llighlandcrs - ------

51 Oceania Aust.rdlian Perna et al., 1992

52 South America Guarani Battilana et al., 2002

5:1 South America Kaingang Battilana et al.. 2002

4. 9 Comparison with World Populations

To determine the genetic relationships of the three ethnic populations of Bastar,

Chhattisgarh of India with populations of other regions of the World we have compared the

available data on five Alu insertion loci that are common with our study. These loci are Alu

ACE, Alu FX!llB, Alu PLAT, Alu Dl, and Alu PV92.

The number of chromosomes examined and allele frequencies for each five Alu insertion

polymorphic loci are given in Table 4.23. Locus specific allele frequencies for the seventy

one world populations studied are presented in Table 4.24. All the loci were polymorphic in all

populations, with the lowest level of polymorphism at Alu FXIIIB (0.0 15) in African Pygmies

followed by Toto (0.033) in Alu PLAT.

Heterozygosity for each locus for each population are given Table 4.25. All populations

exhibited high levels of diversity at most of the loci. The heterozygosity for Alu FXI!IB was

relatively low in all populations. The average heterozygosity and associated stadard error for

each locus for each 71 populations of world are given in Table 4.26. The average heterozygosity

over all five insertion polymorphic loci for each population was substantial and varied from

23% (Australian) to 50% (Iyenger).

The GsT value for each locus (Table 4.27) was calculated in order to measure the degree

of gene differentiation between these populations. They ranged from a low of 0.078 for Alu

D I to a high of 0.215 for Alu FXlllB. The GsT value for all loci was 0.128. which revealed

that 0.2% of the total variation in allele frequency differences at these loci \\as due to

differences between populations and 99.8% was due to differences within populations.

l2H

fllhk .S.2H ( ;t•nt·lk Uhlam·~ uf sn~nl' unc Wurld pnpulatiuns

', r~u 1 / b 8 9 10 11 11 13 14 15

\J UUI'!l 1J U.\1(1 0 O_H)f () 0444 0 04 t 0 01J4 () 0/~8 0 01/4 0 Oltil 0 0062 0 0/~~J 0 0;158 0 0096 0 0059 0 0033 0 04~0 0 0503 0 0093 0 0031 0 0116 0 0063 u 0403 0 0311 0 0115 0 0014 0 0091 0 01 0 0094 ,, 0 0864 0 0939 0 037 0 0174 0 0334 0 0315 0 0139 0 0247

10 UOB99 0091 00409 0 0181 00333 0 0316 0 0153 0 0259 0 0003 11 0 1188 0 1341 0081 0 0644 00885 00768 00554 0 0685 00263 00283 1) 0 1409 0 1531 0 0964 0 0671 0 0864 00792 00574 0.0776 0 0227 0022 0008 1:1 0 14/9 0 1502 01004 0 0689 0 0926 0 0808 0 0586 0 0777 0 0295 0 0293 0 0064 0.0045 14 01173 0 123 0 0557 0 0341 0.0576 0 0504 0 0256 0 0435 0 0048 0 0054 0.0165 0 0133 0.0157

" 0 1934 0 2112 0 1444 0 1086 0 01263 0 12 0.0948 01261 0 0504 0.0474 0.033 0 0101 0 0175 0 0348

16 0 1146 0 129 0 0797 0 05 0 062 0 0601 0.0444 0 06 0 0149 0.0134 0.0155 0 004 0 0129 00137 0 0167

17 01304 0 1374 0 0736 0.0463 0 0705 0 0643 0 0387 0.0546 0.0091 0.0093 0 0095 0 0061 0 0092 0.0023 0 0252

18 0 1159 0 12 0051 0 0373 0 0625 0 0499 0 0249 0.0472 0.0105 0.0124 0.0176 0.0188 0 0171 0 0027 0.0422

19 0 177 0 2029 0.1182 0 1077 0 1326 0.1199 0 0883 0 1213 00446 0047 00211 0.0163 0 0265 0 0288 0 0245

20 0 1111 0 1217 0.0647 0 0426 0 0617 0.0505 0 0345 0 0509 0 0086 00092 0007 0 0043 0 0091 0.0043 00246

21 0 0484 0 05 0.0094 0 0045 0 0092 0.0049 0 0013 0 0128 0.0201 0 021 0 0698 0.0678 0 0701 0.0342 0 1029

22 0 0509 0 0601 0.0136 0 0104 00105 0.0087 0 0061 0.0219 0.0226 0.0227 0.079 0 0696 0.0777 0 0388 00988 23 0 0447 0 0554 0.0109 0 0074 0.0084 0.0091 0 0057 0.0154 0.0173 0 0179 0.0726 0 0667 0.0774 0 0356 0.1088 24 0 0538 0 057 0.0191 0 0097 0 0088 0.0076 0 0077 00207 0 0276 0 0268 0.0855 0 0751 0.0799 0 0442 0.1037 25 0.0438 0 051 0.0112 0 0037 0 0069 0.0075 0 0036 0 01 0.0137 0.0143 0.0644 0.0611 0 0697 0.0311 00972 26 0.0435 0.0548 0 0109 0.0094 00108 00074 0.0042 0.0191 0 0162 0 0172 00612 0 0563 0 0642 0.0305 0 0878 27 0 0942 0.1091 0.0487 00284 0.0391 00378 00219 0.0406 0.0045 00035 00303 0 0169 0.0276 0.0081 0 0334 28 0 1207 0.1307 0.0573 0 0361 0.0577 0 0528 0 0274 0.0476 0.0045 00045 00233 0015 0 0214 0.0013 00328 29 0.1075 01192 0.0539 0 0318 0.0463 0.0428 0 0236 0.0452 0.0055 0 0044 0 0291 0 0152 0 0229 0.0053 00289 30 0 0585 0.0742 0.0326 0.02 0.0262 0 0275 0.0189 0.0246 0 0073 0.0082 0.0331 0.0313 0.0444 0 0196 0.0638 31 0.0547 0 0696 0.0293 0 0185 0.0248 0.025 0 017 0.0228 0.0075 0 0088 0 0321 0032 0 044 0 0196 0.0658 32 0.0871 0 1162 0.0399 0 0422 0.0504 0.0489 0 0322 0.0545 0.0178 0 0198 0.0541 0.0454 0 0655 0 027 0.0703 33 0.0618 0 0684 0 0333 0.0132 0.0206 0.0285 0.0204 0.0135 0.0135 00137 0.0593 0.0587 0.0715 0.0327 0.0988 34 0.086 0 1017 0.0673 0 0361 0.0392 0.049 0.0415 00407 0.1076 0.0155 0.0461 0 0341 0.0516 0.0326 0 0581 35 0.0994 0 1189 0.0839 00523 0.0565 0.0651 0.0562 00567 0.244 0.0225 0.0383 00275 0 0461 0.0361 0.0492 36 0.0477 0.053 0 0364 0.0513 0.0593 0.0412 00416 00503 0.0569 00632 00506 0.0764 0.0715 0.0627 01272 37 0076 0 0847 0.0727 0.045 0.0514 0.055 0 0509 0.0417 0.0289 00293 0.027 0.0325 0.0417 0.04 0 0681 38 0.0791 0 0988 0.0472 0.0304 0.0378 0.0434 0.0307 0.0359 O.D1 0 0102 0042 0.0353 0.0538 0.0234 0.0645 39 0.0378 0 0357 0.0232 0.005 0 0092 0.012 0 0122 0.0028 0 019 0.0197 0.0552 0 0615 0 0652 0.0376 0 106 40 00796 0 1068 0.0373 0.0369 0 044 0.0426 0 0279 0.0484 0 0141 0.0158 0.0473 0 039 0 0576 0 0234 0 064 41 00754 00983 0.0306 0.0262 0 0298 0.0318 0.0201 00394 0.0151 0.0151 0 0674 0.0527 0.0711 0.029 0.0758 42 0.1023 0.1295 0071 0.0544 0.0629 0 0675 0.0516 0.0615 00193 0.0197 0.0372 0 0288 0 0506 0.0284 0.0524 43 0.0449 0.054 0.0228 0.0079 0.0086 00102 00085 0.0143 0011 0.0107 0.0503 0 044 0.0532 0.0267 0 0748 44 0.0777 0.1062 0.0379 0 0401 0.0455 0.0415 00285 00534 0.0172 0.019 0.0462 0.0368 0.0541 0.0247 0.0588 45 0 0592 0 0796 0.0286 0.0281 0.0355 0 0309 0.0207 0.0349 0 0118 0.0144 0 031 0.0323 0.0447 0.0204 0.0648 46 0.0374 0 0348 0.0148 0.0077 0.0165 0.0159 0 0129 0.0036 0.0243 0.0274 0 0616 0.0762 0.0787 00424 01292 47 0.077 0.0884 0 046 0 0326 0.0461 0.0508 0.0369 0.03 0.0194 0 022 0.0475 0.0561 0 0704 0 0343 0 1015 48 0 0623 0.085 0.0325 0.0284 0.031 0 0277 0.02 0.04 0 013 0.0138 0.0394 0.0307 0.0444 0.0219 0.0537 49 00565 0.0652 0.0309 0.013 0.02 0 0252 00177 0.014 0 0096 0.0102 0 0464 0.0467 0.0588 0 0264 0 0853 50 00372 0 0411 0.0242 0.0123 0.0176 0.0155 0.0142 0.0113 0.0158 0.0178 0 0346 0.0436 0.0475 0 0293 0.0862 51 0.0649 0.0762 0.0516 0.0236 0024 0.0302 0.0278 0.0284 0 015 0.0131 0.0424 0 0326 0.045 0.0298 00582 52 0 0664 0 076 0.06 0.0634 00424 0 0444 0.0404 0.0347 00224 0.023 0 0245 0.0294 0.0383 0 0334 0.0649 53 0 0508 0 0653 0.0233 0.0131 0.0164 0 0167 00108 0.0203 0.0075 0.008 0.0421 0.0369 0.0486 0.0209 0 0671 54 0.0455 0.0578 0 0175 0 0101 0.0148 0.0141 0 0081 0 0155 0.0078 0 0092 0.0421 00413 0.0514 00216 0.0762 55 0.0528 0.0663 0.0253 0 014 0.0198 0.0211 0.0134 0 0185 0.0067 0.0077 O.D385 0.0371 0 0492 00204 0 0714 56 0 0482 0.0557 0 0227 0.0061 00086 0.0128 0.0092 0.0107 0.0105 0 0102 0.0559 0 0508 0.0612 0.0283 00849 57 0.053 0 0599 0.0289 0.013 00212 0.0251 0.0178 00122 0 0112 0.0126 0 0442 0 0489 0.0591 0.0276 0 0911 58 0.1075 0.1286 0 0544 0 0456 00609 0 0538 0 0324 0 0591 0.0107 0.0118 0.0241 0.0153 0.0264 0 0084 0 0315 59 0.1281 0.1449 0.0729 0 0661 0.0844 0.0684 0 0461 00824 0.0282 0.0298 0.0241 0 0168 0.0192 0.0162 0 026 60 0.0485 0.0573 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133

I hl' all~.:lc: frclJUCI\(~ l'(lr ca...:h ln..:u' in ca\:h population wa.., u~cd to calculate the Nci 's

... r.1ndard dl ... tann:' (Nci. I"J72) hctv.ccn the population~ lahlc 4.2H. Ba"cd on this di~tancc

· · 1 " 1 k, 1 l·t· 1 · indudin" the 26 ethnic mat! 1\, a 1\Ct!-!,hhor-JtHI\\Il~ ( NJ) trcc rclatmg llC ).1 g t)p,\ pnpu cl 101 s. t:"

pnpulatlllll' of India 1'0 prc..,cntcd in l"igurc ·l.\3.

PNGhHi<thlandot>!S Aus'tr-alta.ns

Figure 4.13 Neighbour-joining tree depicting genomic affinities among 71 global populations based on allele frequencies at 5 Alu insertion loci

On the tree, all the African populations clustered together, as did the East Asia and

Europe populations.ln the present study out of the three populations of Bastar, Bison-horn

Maria (BHR) and Muria (MUR) clusterd together, showing significantly nearer except

Abujhmaria (ABM). Bison-horn Maria as well as Muria lie in between the East Asian

populations, indicating that the Bison-horn Maria and Muria have similar genetic composition

with the East Asian populations.

It is seen that, by and large, the Indian populations lie in between the Mongoloid population

groups (Filipino, Malaysian, Koreans etc) and Caucasoid populations groups (Greeks. French.

134

"'~ ,.., ... ) II"".' Hknt tromthc dcn(.h1~ram that BP·am-horn Mana and Muria ... howing intcrmcdiatc

.tlltlltl_l \\tilt tllollgnlnul pnpulattnll'- .African populations an: genetically quite distance from

the <tlltcr global populations.Sincc the ancestral stale (non-insertion) nf these Alu

pnl_1 morphisms arc known, it is possible to root the unrooted NJ tree hy using the ancestral

population (with 1crn inscrtinn-alklc frequencies at allloei) as an outgroup. The root lies

l'ery dose tot he duster of African populations. This provides additional evidence for the

suppnrl oft he ··out-of-Africa" hypothesis of modern human ( Cann ct al1987; Bowcock ct

al. IIJIJ4).

Table 4.30 l>istance from Centroid & Heterozygosity among the population

Tribe l>istance from Centroid Heterozygosity

Ahujhmrnia 0.0100 0.4160 --

Bison-horn Maria 0.0142 0.3786 f---

Muria 0.0052 0.3949

Halba 0.0100 0.4269

Kamar 0.0052 0.4134

Cllinda Bhunjia 0.0031 0.4032

ChaukatiaBhunjia 0.0229 0.4069

Munda 0.0037 0.3991

Lodha 0.0577 0.3659

San tal 0.0059 0.4001

Katharia Tharu 0.0130 0.3494

RanaTharu 0.0130 0.3520

Dangwia(B) 0.0059 0.3847

Dangwia 0.0264 0.3312

Pachchimaha 0.0212 0.3752

Toto 0.0241 0.3360

Mizo 0.1319 0.2998

Ho 0.0241 0.3523

Tipperah 0.0123 0.3550

Badaga 0.0142 0.3977

lrula 0.0031 0.4202

Kota 0.0123 0.3608 l -

-- - -- --- ------- --~---

\unha ().(} 156 0.1H07 -

lod a 0.1 h~4 0.1141 -- ------ --- c--· - .

1da Rcddi 0.0017 0.407 5 - ------- ·-- --- -·-- -- --------- - --- ---- ----

·a Dora O.OOH3 0.1800 - ------ - ---- - -------·--

lll 0.0242 0.3770

Min 0.0031 0.2998 ---- ---------

M:Lx 0.1624 0.4269 -

4.10 Gene Flow Among Populations

With the objectives to know what are the genetic characteristics of the populations

under study and what are the evolutionary forces generated the observed patterns; and to

test whether in a group of incompletely isolated populations distributed over geographical

space (Wright's island model), the observed patterns of genomic diversity are generated by

interactions with populations outside the set of populations under consideration, Harpending

and Ward (1982) derived a regression of heterozygosity on genetic distance. This theory

assumes that the genetic distance of an island population from the gene frequency centroid

(the overall mean gene frequencies of all populations) and the relative homozygosity of that

island population should be linearly related if exchange with populations from outside is the

same for each island. If gene flow from outside varies in amount from one population to

another, this linear relationship no longer holds. Very isolated populations should be less

heterozygous than the linear prediction, whilst populations which receive more genes should

be more heterozygous than predicted. As this model states that given the uniform systematic

pressure (gene flow) from outside, the average genetic heterozygosity within a population is

negatively correlated with genetic distance from the centroid of the gene frequency array

(rii), higher than average heterozygosity than predicted by the regression model and lie above

theoretical regression line. Conversely, population experiencing isolation and less than average

gene flow from outside show lower values of heterozygosities and lie below the regression

line.Harpending and Ward (1982) model is somewhat analogous to the Wright's island model.

We have performed this centroid analysis hy pooling the data of the present study with

those of other populations oflndia. This analysis was hased on data of eight Alu polymorphic

loci.The result of heterozygosities along with descriptive statistics. at eight individual loci i.e.

Alu mt NUC, Alu APO, Alu ACE,Alu CD4, Alu PV92, Alu Dl, Alu PLAT, Alu FXlllB are presented in Table 4.15

A regression plot of average heterozygosity verses distance of each of the populations

under study along with 23 populations taken for comparison, to the centorid is given in

Figure 4.14, along with theoretical regression line. From the Figure 4.14 it is indicated the

136

4400 H<1lba.

.4200; lrula

~IIJhmana ar KondaRectflaukatraBhu

.4000 1 Ch'~f£'' dag~

M...wa ~

>- I Dangl!na-B f-.3aooJ

KoY@fl<i«l,na Kurumba (/) -' PanBhlrnaha

0 I Lodha CJ ' >- Kota

N .3600 j T1~nli 0 lf.ft\~c .rw,.,o 0:: IJ..I 34ooJ Toto f- Danguna IJ..I I

.3200- Toda

Mrzo

.30001

.2800 , --- --,-··------,--- -~ --- - 1 --··- ~----------.---- - -- --r--~r - ---------j

- 0250 0.0000 .0250 .0500 .0750 .1000 .1250 .1500 .1750

DISTANCE FROM CENTROID

Figure4.14: Plot of heterozygosity vs distance from allele frequency centroid of twenty six Indian ethnic populations based on allele frequency data of eight loci

137

11.111 lhl· Jhi(HJIHilllll' ha\~ c.\(H.:ncnccd lc,~cr ~cnc flu\\ than prcdidcd. \\hilc the other

pt~pul.tttorh ha\c ht~hcr than prcd11..:tcd I he fi~urc abo indi~:tHcs that for most of the populations

'"''"""~ g""') i' hi!:htr hut hu<l 11 n11rrow range (O.JJOO lo 0.4.100) 11nd lend lo dnslcr close

"''" apr"'imately 1UlU25 ro 0.00225 di,tance from centroid. Only three populations vii. l.odha.

\111o and Jod11 seems t<><tuit distinct and fall awny from the ccntroid.The analysis revealed

that the i\BM & MliR have experienced higher gene !low than predicted in terms of having

""'n than predicted heterozygosity while the IHIR has experienced less gene !low than

l"'·diclcd. In the regression plot i\hujhmaria is far moved above the centroid line. which

ma) suggest that they have experienced more external gene flow than BH Rand MUR. BHR

is plnced nearer to theoretical regression line as well as relatively closer to the centroid. This

observation may be explained by population history. A likely explanation is that a gene l1ow

occurcd prior to the sub-division of these populations into largely endogamous units, long

before the region has been restricted. However, evidence favouring inflow of genes from

difi'crent external sources pertaining to the study populations, while scanning through

anthropological literature. Although Jain (1961) reported that extensive tour of that area

was made by the foreigners since 1863 and that might be the source ofthe inflow of genes.

The ethnohistory of ABM suggest that they have migrated from Karnataka, South India to

Bastar around 1112 AD (Dubey,2000) and after they were driven away with their kinsmen.

Therefore, their position in the above regression plot may reflect bottleneck effect of certain

degree.Abujhmaria inhabit in geographically isolated area- Abujhmarh, and the region is a

restricted area for about 25 years by the Government order.Even one has to take permission

from the Government authority to enter Abujhmarh. However, some morphological evidences

suggest intermarriage with some Aryan stock (Guha, 1931 ).

Noronha (1962) also states that there are 3 district racial type in Abujhmarh-

(1) the red bronze, almost cauiasion type,

(2) very dark symmetrical pravidian type and

(3) the primitive Bushman type. He further noted that the orignal population in

Abujhmarh must have been the Bushman type who was squeezed into the centre of

Marh by sucessive waves of outsiders of the two other types. He estimated that

the Bushman type is 20% and the Caucasian type and Dravidan type are 40%.

each. However, it is difficult to understand how these have been coupled, as these

are quite distinct and extreme types. Noroha opines that this area was orurrun by

the Aryans in the 4th century A.D. as is recorded in the Puranas.

The history of Abujhmarh in particular and that ofBastar in general. still remains lar\:t:h

unexplored. Possibly one reason for this has been the widely held belief that the AB'Vl arc

the most primitive tribe, as popularised in anthropological I iteraturc. acwrdi n\:h to Duhc'. ' . .

13K

tilt· \11\h are lit> dt>uht a !!L't>}:!itphi.:all) i,o{att:d art: c<:onomicall) backward pcopk but

thn .ue nu m..:ans !'rum the trihal ,tock. I ht:) art: the de<:.:mknts of an aristnnati<: dill:

,·I·•" "hi .:It in th.: days of) llrl' ruled llastar region through a powerful ( 'hakrakote Kingdom

11 11h "'capital loeated at llarsur. I k was also quit<: ama1.<:d by th.: fair compkxion, blu.:

cH·.cvtn:mcly handsom, sharp katur.:s and dirty rust ~:nlnured hair of a good proportion of

tlt<·nt. Sueh feature do not suppnrt the views tlwt th<.: II ill Marias ar<: tribes like Oonds,

1\aigas. 1\.orkus and So on (Dubey. 2000).

tilasl'urd ( 1906) during his visit to 1\hujhmarh recorded that their phisique is good,

though most arc small and rarely is a dark coloured Maria seen. Their skin arc wonderfully

fair. in snmc cases as light in tint as that of a fair Brahman.

The ABM still retain thccomplexion and feature of their elite ancestors, who originally

came from Kannad country of the Tamil Nadu. These observation suppor our genetic findings.

Further, it was found that all the poulations showed considerably higher levels of

heterozygosity than that predicted by the Harpending- Ward gene flow model.lfthis pattern

of high heterozygosities were simply due to higher levels of gene flow, then one would have

expected that tribal populations ofBastar would be genetically less differentiated. The findings

reveals that the co-efficient of gene differentiation among tribes ofBastar is lower than that

among populations inhabiting all other parts oflndia. Drift effect could have accentuated the

process of genetic differentiation and has altered ancestral gene frequencies. Several lines

of evidence suggest that genetic drift/gene flow has been the major evolutionary force to

shape genetic variation in populations. This, by and large, is in agreement with anthropological

findings. Since this analysis does not permit timing of the period during which the gene flow

may have occured between these populations, we unable to offer a clear interpretation of

this finding. This represents important feature of populations under study, which has to be

taken into account in any attempt to reconstruct the history of this populations.