Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances and Mixtures · 2015-08-11 · elements, and compounds?...

Chapter Menu

Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Substances and Mixtures

Lesson 2 The Structure of Atoms

Chapter Wrap-Up

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How does the classification of matter depend on atoms?



What do you think?

Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.



1. Things that have no mass are not matter.

2. The arrangement of particles is the same throughout a mixture.

3. An atom that makes up gold is exactly the same as an atom that makes up aluminum.

Do you agree or disagree?



4. An atom is mostly empty space.

5. If an atom gains electrons, the atom will have a positive charge.

6. Each electron is a cloud of charge that surrounds the center of an atom.



Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

• What is the relationship among atoms, elements, and compounds?

• How are some mixtures different from solutions?

• How do mixtures and compounds differ?

Substances and Mixtures


Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

• matter

• atom

• substance

• element

• molecule

Substances and Mixtures

• compound

• mixture

• heterogeneous mixture

• homogeneous mixture


Lesson 1-1

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

• Anything that does not have mass or volume is not matter.

What is matter?


Lesson 1-2

• An atom is a small particle that is the building block of matter.

• It is the many kinds of atoms and the ways they combine that form the different types of matter.

What is matter made of?

atom

from Greek atomos, means ―uncut‖


Lesson 1-3

Scientists place matter into one of two groups—substances and mixtures.

Classifying Matter


Lesson 1-4

• A substance is matter with a composition that is always the same.

• A certain substance always contains the same kinds of atoms in the same combination.

What is a substance?


Lesson 1-4

• An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom.

• For example, the element gold is made of only gold atoms, and all gold atoms are alike.

• Sodium chloride (salt) is also a substance.

What is a substance? (cont.)


Lesson 1-4

Element symbols have either one or two letters. Temporary symbols have three letters.


321_links/periodic_table.swf

Lesson 1-4


How are atoms and elements related?


Lesson 1-4


• A molecule is two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit.

• In some elements, the atoms are grouped into molecules.


Lesson 1-4


• A compound is a substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined in a specific combination.

• Because each compound is made of atoms in a specific combination, a compound is a substance.


Lesson 1-4


• Many compounds exist as molecules, but some, such as table salt, do not.

• Sugar particles are molecules because they always travel together as a unit. Salt particles do not travel together as a unit.


Lesson 1-4


How do elements and compounds differ?


Lesson 1-4

• A chemical formula includes the symbols of each element in the compound and small numbers, called subscripts, that show the ratio of the elements in the compound.

• Sometimes the same elements combine to form different compounds.



Lesson 1-4


Lesson 1-5

• A mixture is matter that can vary in composition.

• A mixture is made of two or more substances that are blended but are not chemically bonded.

What is a mixture?


Lesson 1-6

• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the substances are not evenly mixed.

• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed, but not bonded together.

Types of Mixtures


Lesson 1-6

• A solution is another name for a homogeneous mixture and is made of two parts—a solvent and one or more solutes.

• The solvent is the substance that is present in the largest amount, and the solutes dissolve, or break apart, and mix evenly in the solvent.

Types of Mixtures (cont.)


Lesson 1-6

Types of Mixtures (cont.)

How are some mixtures different from solutions?


Lesson 1-6

• Compounds and solutions are alike in that they both look like pure substances.

• The atoms that make up a given compound are bonded together, which means the composition of a given compound is always the same.

Compounds v. Mixtures


Lesson 1-6

• The substances that make up a mixture are not bonded together.

• Adding more of one substance to a mixture does not change the identity of the mixture.

Compounds v. Mixtures (cont.)


Lesson 1-6


Lesson 1-6

How do mixtures and compounds differ?



Lesson 1-6

• The substances that make up a mixture are not chemically combined.

• The substances that make up a mixture can easily be separated by physical processes.

• The elements that make up a compound can be separated only by chemical processes.



Lesson 1-6

To separate a heterogeneous mixture, you use differences in the physical properties of the parts.


The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer


Lesson 1-6

You can separate some homogeneous mixtures by boiling or evaporation.


The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer


Lesson 1-6

• Matter can be classified as either a substance or a mixture.

• Matter is classified according to the types of atoms and the arrangement of atoms in matter.

Visualizing Classification of Matter


Lesson 1-6


Lesson 1 - VS

• An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom.


Lesson 1 - VS

• The substances that make up a mixture are blended but not chemically bonded.

• Homogeneous mixtures have the same makeup of substances throughout a given sample.


Lesson 1 – LR1

A. atom

B. compound

C. molecule

D. substance

Which term describes two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit?


Lesson 1 – LR2

A. compound

B. element

C. mixture

D. molecule

Which term refers to two or more substances that are blended but are not chemically bonded?


Lesson 1 – LR3

A. solvent

B. solute

C. mixture

D. element

Which term describes the substance in a solution that is present in the largest amount?


Lesson 1 - Now


1. Things that have no mass are not

matter.

2. The arrangement of particles is the

same throughout a mixture.

3. An atom that makes up gold is exactly

the same as an atom that makes up

aluminum.


Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

• Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located in an atom?

• How is the atomic number related to the number of protons in an atom?

• What effect does changing the number of particles in an atom have on the atom’s identity?

The Structure of Atoms


Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

• nucleus

• proton

• neutron

• electron

The Structure of Atoms

• electron cloud

• atomic number

• isotope

• ion


Lesson 2-1

• Atoms are made of several types of tiny particles.

• The number of each of these particles in an atom is what makes atoms different from each other.

The Parts of an Atom


Lesson 2-1

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)


321_links/atomic_structure.avi

Lesson 2-1

An atom has a center region with a positive charge.


charge

Science Use an electrical property of some objects that determines whether the object is positive, negative, or neutral

Common Use buying something with a credit card


Lesson 2-1

• The nucleus is the region at the center of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom.

• Two kinds of particles make up the nucleus—protons and neutrons.

• A proton is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

• A neutron is an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.



Lesson 2-1

An electron is a negatively charged particle that occupies the space in an atom outside the nucleus.


Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located in an atom?


Lesson 2-1

• An electron cloud is the region surrounding an atom’s nucleus where one or more electrons are most likely to be found.

• Electrons occupy certain areas around the nucleus according to their energy.



Lesson 2-1

• Electrons close to the nucleus are strongly attracted to it and have less energy.

• Electrons farther from the nucleus are less attracted to it and have more energy.



Lesson 2-2

• Every solid, liquid, and gas is made of millions and millions of atoms.

• If you could multiply the width of an atom by 100 million, it would be the size of an orange.

The Size of Atoms


Lesson 2-3

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

Differences in Atoms


Lesson 2-3

• Every element in the periodic table has a different atomic number.

• You can identify an element if you know either its atomic number or the number of protons its atoms have.

Differences in Atoms (cont.)


Lesson 2-3


How is the atomic number related to the number of protons in an atom?


Lesson 2-3

An isotope is one of two or more atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.



Lesson 2-3

• Because electrons are negatively charged, a neutral atom that has lost an electron has a positive charge.

• A neutral atom that has gained an electron has a negative charge.



Lesson 2-3

An ion is an atom that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons.



321_links/ionic_bonds.swf

Lesson 2-4

• When elements combine to form compounds, the number of electrons in the atoms can change.

• The ways in which the atoms combine result in the many different kinds of matter.

Atoms and Matter


Lesson 2-4


Lesson 2-4

Atoms and Matter (cont.)

What effect does changing the number of particles in an atom have on the atom’s identity?


Lesson 2 - VS

• All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.


Lesson 2 - VS

• An orange is about 100 million times wider than an atom.

• Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.


Lesson 2 – LR1

A. electron cloud

B. ion

C. isotope

D. proton

Which term refers to the region surrounding an atom’s nucleus where one or more electrons are most likely to be found?


Lesson 2 – LR2

A. atomic number

B. ion

C. isotope

D. molecule

Which term describes one of two or more atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons?


Lesson 2 – LR3

A. positive

B. neutral

C. negative

D. atomic

Because electrons are negatively charged, a neutral atom that has lost an electron has what kind of charge?


Lesson 2 - Now

4. An atom is mostly empty space.

5. If an atom gains electrons, the atom will have a positive charge.

6. Each electron is a cloud of charge that surrounds the center of an atom.



Chapter Review Menu

Key Concept Summary

Interactive Concept Map

Chapter Review

Standardized Test Practice

321_links/321_concept-map.swf


The BIG Idea

There are a finite number of different types of atoms that combine in a multitude of ways. Matter is classified according to the combination and arrangement of atoms from which it is made.


Key Concepts 1

• An atom is a building block of matter. An element is matter made of only one type of atom. A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements.

• A heterogeneous mixture is not a solution because the substances that make up a heterogeneous mixture are not evenly mixed. The substances that make up a solution, or a homogeneous mixture, are evenly mixed.

• Mixtures differ from compounds in their composition, whether their parts join, and the properties of their parts.

Lesson 1: Substances and Mixtures


Key Concepts 2

Lesson 2: The Structure of Atoms

• The center of an atom is the nucleus. The nucleus

contains protons and neutrons. Electrons occupy the space in an atom outside the nucleus.

• The identity of an atom is determined by its atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom.

• The identity of an atom stays the same if the number of neutrons or electrons changes.


Chapter Review – MC1

A. compound

B. element

C. mixture

D. solvent

Which term refers to matter that can vary in composition?



A. molecular

B. homogeneous

C. heterogeneous

D. atomic

Which type of mixture is one in which two or more substances are evenly mixed, but not bonded together?



Which phrase describes the process that separates the elements of a compound?

A. change atomic number

B. chemical change

C. gain or lose electrons

D. physical change



A. proton

B. nucleus

C. neutron

D. electron

Which describes the region at the center of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom?



A. atomic number

B. ion

C. isotope

D. molecular number

Which term refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element?


Chapter Review – STP1

A. atom

B. element

C. matter

D. substance

What term refers to anything that has mass and takes up space?



A. heterogeneous

B. homogeneous

C. molecular

D. solution

Which type of mixture is one in which the substances are not evenly mixed?



A. molecule

B. mixture

C. element

D. compound

Which is a substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined in a specific combination?



A. electron

B. electron cloud

C. neutron

D. proton

Which is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom?



A. electron

B. ion

C. isotope

D. molecule

Which is an atom that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons?


Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances and Mixtures · 2015-08-11 · elements, and compounds?...

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Transcript of Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances and Mixtures · 2015-08-11 · elements, and compounds?...